Psychology of Adolescence EXAM 2 CH 5-8
Trumak is growing up in a traditional Brazilian culture, and every day he participates in wrestling matches with his peers to learn skills required for warfare. Trumak has been losing his matches and is worried this will affect achieving the status of manhood. Which requirement for manhood is Trumak failing?
Protection
Spencer and his friends are surfers. When they catch good waves or make a good joke, they use the word sick to describe good events. Everyone in Spencer's middle school can identify the surfers because they use the word sick and greet each other as dude. Spencer and his friends are most likely using slang for which purpose?
Spencer and his friends are using slang to signify their membership in a specific peer group.
The frequent inclusion of taboo and vulgar words in adolescents' language most closely reflects which of the following purposes for slang?
To challenge adult norms
Which of the following summarizes the research evidence for the sociometric status of victims of bullying, along with the outcomes reported by victims of bullying?
Victims tend to be low-status adolescents who are rejected by their peers, and victims tend to report significant psychological and physical problems such as anxiety and headaches, respectively.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the postmodern identity?
When Ellen is around her close friends, she is more outgoing and when she is around her coworkers, she is more reserved; furthermore, since Ellen has transitioned to college from high school, she has found herself being more open-minded and is choosing to remain this way.
Individualistic cultures use _____ socialization to promote an ______ view of the self.
broad; independent
Among adolescent boys in traditional cultures, developing the character qualities of ____________ leads to sexual opportunities that help boys demonstrate the capacity to ____________ that is required to achieve manhood status.
confidence and boldness; procreate
Research on the identity status model has found that the identity statuses are differentially associated with aspects of adolescent development. For instance, adolescents in the __________ status report lower levels of self-esteem and poorer relationship quality with parents compared to adolescents in the __________ status.
diffusion; achievement
Conflict with parents tends to increase sharply in ___________ adolescence and according to research by psychologist Judith Smetana, parents and adolescents often disagree about who should have the authority over issues such as hairstyles and choice of friends, which reflects parent-adolescent differences in perceptions of the range of adolescents' ___________.
early; autonomy
In Marcia's system based on Erikson's identity development theory, the psychosocial moratorium entails ______ but not _________.
exploration; commitment
Recent sociologists have emphasized two central values to youth culture. Specifically, these values are a focus on seeking out pleasurable experiences, called __________, and a focus on seeking out eventful experiences, called _________.
hedonism; pursuit of adventure
Although researchers have found few differences between adolescents in dual-earner families and sole-earner families, studies have indicated that adolescents are at a _________ risk for problem behaviors if both parents work _________.
higher; full-time
Masculine traits such as being ambitious and competitive are referred to as ______ traits and are reflected in adolescents' perceptions of gender ideals because research has found that adolescents rank the important of having a good ______ as the most important quality for the ideal man.
instrumental; job
Researchers have found that the developmental pattern of bullying indicates it peaks in __________, and that across countries __________ are the least likely to be bullies as well as victims.
middle adolescence; girls
Collectivistic cultures use _____ socialization to promote an ______ view of the self.
narrow; interdependent
In traditional cultures, socialization becomes more ________ for girls during adolescence, as girls prepare for gender-specific adult responsibilities such as ________.
narrow; raising children
According to ____________, gender stereotypes persist because roles for males and females enhance or suppress different capabilities, so that males and females tend to develop different skills and attitudes, which then leads to gender-specific behaviors.
social roles theory
The qualities most likely to distinguish popular from unpopular adolescents on sociometry measures are ________, and asking an adolescent to identify with whom among their classmates that they'd most likely to be paired on a team is an example of ________ sociometric measurement.
social skills; indirect
Researchers have found that popularity and unpopularity are difficult to change during adolescence because the qualities that are predictive of popularity, such as intelligence and aggressiveness, are highly ________, and because the interactions among peers that serve to reinforce levels of popularity are ________.
stable; self-perpetuating
Transgender adolescents are at high risk for ________, but they also often demonstrate _______,
verbal and physical aggression; resilience
Parents in India generally expect adolescents to obey without questioning their parents' authority. This style of parenting is ______ with an underlying value of _________.
a custom complex; collectivism
A researcher is investigating differences between fifth and eighth graders' descriptions of their self-concepts. Which of the following best reflects a response an eighth grader would provide when asked to describe themselves?
"I am a serious flute player and I have a great best friend, Jen; we really know each other and trust each other."
Robert is a middle-school student who is participating in a study on the emotional status of adolescents when they are among friends and parents. When asked whether he is most likely to feel positive and happy around his friends or his parents, Robert is likely to say which of the following statements?
"I feel much more positive and happy when I'm around my friends because I know I can let loose and be myself around them."
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how a parent would describe the experience of their first child moving away from home to attend college?
"I have missed my son a lot since he moved out, but I have enjoyed being able to spend more quality time with my husband and as such our marital relationship has improved."
Akira is a 14-year-old girl growing up in India. When asked how she likes to spend her leisure time, Akira is likely to respond with which of the following statements?
"I like my friends, but I typically spend more of my leisure time with my family than my friends because I value and enjoy spending time with my family more."
Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for what an emerging adult would say in response to the question, "How has conflict with your parents changed since adolescence?"
"Since I started college and moved into the dorms, we argue less because we are not living on top of each other. Plus, I can control when I do and do not talk and spend time with my parents, and this time apart has helped me see my parents in a new light and establish a new sense of mutual respect with them."
Which of the following survey items best reflects the self-concept domain of romantic appeal?
"Some teenagers feel that they are fun and interesting on a date, but other teenagers wonder about how fun and interesting they are on a date."
Historian Anthony Rotundo refers to the ______ century as the era of ______ because an explicit emphasis on developing the individualistic character qualities considered necessary for manhood, such as self-control and independent decision-making, became paramount.
19th; self-made manhood
The current divorce rate in America is such that about _____ of the current generation of youth are expected to experience their parents' divorce by the time they reach late adolescence.
50%
Research on American minority cultures has found that because about ___________ of African American adolescents are being raised in single-parent households, extended family support is especially important and has been ___________ linked to adolescents' engagement in problem behaviors.
70%; negatively
Researchers have found that it is common for other-sex friendships in emerging adulthood to include a sexual element. Misunderstandings occur in these friendships as about _______ do not discuss the rules for their relationship, such as _______ rules, which include guidelines for honesty.
75%; communication
Richard is participating in an intervention for neglected adolescents. Which of the following reflects a step Richard might learn for improving his social skills, and why?
A step Richard will learn is to "make eye contact, smile, and nod when listening to someone talk," because as a neglected adolescent Richard needs to improve his social skills involved with learning how to make friends.
Although results from the General Social Survey (GSS) show a clear trend toward more egalitarian gender attitudes among Americans in recent decades, which of the following is a result from the GSS that reflects how Americans continue to harbor traditional gender attitudes?
About 25% of Americans report they believe women should focus on caring for children and running the household.
Which of the following BEST summarizes the research findings on the quality of adolescents' relationships with peers versus parents?
About 70% of adolescents report they agree that their close friend understands them better than their parents, and that they prefer to discuss personal issues with their friends and educational issues with their parents.
Which of the following best summarizes Carol Gilligan's perspective that girls "lose their voice" during adolescence, along with the major criticisms of this perspective?
According to Gilligan's research, girls "lose their voice" in the course of conforming to cultural pressures for the passive female role during adolescence; however, critics argue that this perspective is biased because of major flaws in Gilligan's research methods, including rarely assessing boys and only conducting qualitative research.
Which of the following best explains how Jean Phinney's model of ethnic identity development classifies adolescents into one of four different identity statues, and what are the resulting four identity statuses?
According to Phinney, identity development among ethnic minority adolescents involves a process in which youth must negotiate the values of their ethnic group with the values of the majority culture; the resulting combinations of this process are the four ethnic identity statuses of assimilation, marginality, separation, and biculturalism.
Which of the following best reflects the research evidence on androgynous adolescents and emerging adults?
Across adolescence and emerging adulthood, androgynous females have the highest level of peer acceptance and report the highest level of positive body image.
Although studies have found that within American multiethnic high schools there tends to be little crossing of ethnic boundaries in crowd membership, which of the following have researchers found to be an exception to this trend?
Adolescent boys who have a common interest in sports, or the "Athletes," are the most likely to form a multiethnic crowd.
According to historian Joan Brumberg, which of the following reflects how adolescent girls through American history were more supported than adolescent girls today?
Adolescent girls in the 18th and 19th centuries had the opportunity to participate in voluntary organizations, such as the YWCA, which taught girls valuable skills and connected them with female mentors in their communities.
Which of the following examples best reflects the research findings regarding the importance of attending to family processes versus family structure when investigating the effects of divorce on youth?
Adolescents and emerging adults in high-conflict nondivorced households have poorer adjustment than adolescents and emerging adults in low-conflict divorced households.
Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for an adolescent's explanation for the dissolution of a friendship, and why?
Adolescents are most likely to indicate violations of trust, such as divulging secrets or competing for a romantic partner, as the main explanation for the dissolution of a friendship because intimacy is more highly valued in adolescent friendships than in younger childhood friendships.
Which of the following best summarizes research evidence for how economic development in developing countries is influencing more egalitarian gender roles?
Adolescents in developing countries have less conservative perceptions of gender roles than adults.
Which of the following best summarizes adolescents' use of sarcasm and ridicule in traditional cultures?
Adolescents in traditional cultures sometimes direct their sarcasm and ridicule toward adults to enforce social norms
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for how ethnicity is related to adolescents' development of friendships?
Adolescents' ethnic identity development may promote adherence to one's own ethnic group to minimize interethnic tensions and conflict; thus, youth who align in their ethnicity are likely to become friends during adolescence.
John is a street child who has developed resourcefulness despite his challenging conditions. For instance, John buys souvenirs from his local market and then sells them at 75% mark-up to tourists in the nearby city to make a profit to give to his mother, who is a single parent. Given this information, where is John MOST likely from?
Africa
A researcher is investigating differences in self-esteem among American ethnic groups, specifically African American, Asian American, and white adolescents. After computing the mean self-esteem scores for each ethnic group, which of the following is likely to be the order of the self-esteem scores from highest to lowest, and why?
African Americans will report the highest self-esteem scores and Asian Americans the lowest, with white adolescents in between, because Asian cultures tend to discourage high self-evaluations.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how divorce affects adolescents' relationships with their fathers?
After James's parents divorced, he and his mom moved from Indiana to Florida to start a new life; subsequently, James has little contact with his dad and blames him for the divorce.
George is in the sixth grade and is overweight compared to the other boys in his class. One day in Physical Education class, the students were playing volleyball and George missed hitting the ball with his hands and it instead bounced off his belly. Jerry, the most popular boy in the class, made fun of George by yelling "Georgie Porgie" and all of the classmates laughed. Explain whether George experienced bullying.
Although George did experience the aggression and power imbalance components that are part of bullying, because the "Georgie Porgie" name-calling was an isolated incident, the repetition component that is also integral to defining bullying was missing; thus, George did not experience bullying.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding cultural differences with regard to self-esteem?
Americans value high self-esteem to a greater extent than people in other countries.
Which of the following best summarizes anthropologist Margaret Mead's description of how technological changes influence youth culture?
Among cultures in which the rate of technological change is fast, youth are more likely to learn from each other than from adults regarding what is required to succeed in their economy because there are likely generational differences in technology knowledge.
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for the general pattern of adolescents who run away from home in the United States?
Approximately 1 million adolescents run away from home every year in the United States, and one of the most common family factors linked to running away is experiencing physical or sexual abuse.
Which of the following scenarios reflects how gender expectations change form middle childhood to adolescence for adolescent girls in traditional cultures?
As a young girl, Sofia attended school for 10 years to learn how to read and write. Now that Sofia is 16 years old, she is considered to be marriageable age and is being chaperoned at public festivals to initiate courtship with adolescent boys.
Which of the following best summarizes how collectivistic cultures socialize adolescents on conceptions of the self?
Because narrow socialization values are emphasized within collectivistic cultures, an interdependent conception of the self prevails in which adolescents are socialized to focus on their own needs and interests.
Which of the following best explains how the parenting styles model classifies parental responsiveness in non-Western cultures and Western cultures?
Because the parenting styles model defines responsiveness as open expressions of affection, the model classifies non-Western parents as low in responsiveness compared to Western cultures; however, this is an erroneous conclusion because parent-adolescent relationships in non-Western cultures maintain a high level of closeness via the value of interdependence.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how family process may ameliorate the effects of divorce on adolescents?
Beth's parents are undergoing divorce mediation to negotiate an agreement regarding child support for her mom and a visitation schedule for her dad; as such, her parents are being less hostile and more civil in their communication.
Larry and Sarah are siblings who are in middle school. Whereas Larry spends most of his time away from school at home alone in his bedroom, Sarah spends most of her time away from school with friends. If Larry and Sarah are like many other adolescents studied with the same behaviors, which of the following are Larry and Sarah MOST likely to experience?
Both Larry and Sarah are likely to experience high rates of school problems and depression.
When Brittany received her driver's license, her parents initiated a discussion with her about changing her curfew from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. Her parents explained that with the driver's license, she has more ability to spend time with friends, but that this freedom comes with responsibility and that it is safer for Brittany to have a curfew of 10 p.m. versus midnight. What parenting style are Brittany's parents exhibiting?
Brittany's parents are exhibiting the authoritative parenting style.
Brooke was born female, but she does not identify with being female. Since the time that she was 12 years old, she has requested people address her as "Brooks" and has worn masculine clothes because she identifies with being male. Which of the following scenarios below demonstrates a challenge "Brooks" is at risk of experiencing compared to other adolescents?
Brooks has a higher risk of experiencing verbal and physical aggression compared to other adolescents.
A recent study of Bulgarian tenth-grade adolescents found that the more they learned and used American slang, which of the following occurred?
Bulgarian adolescents reported that the more American slang they knew and used, the more prestige and acceptance they gained with their peers.
Rebecca is in seventh grade, and her brother Alex is in fifth grade. Because their parents work late into the evening, when the school day ends Rebecca makes them an after school snack and helps Alex with his homework. What type of sibling relationship do Rebecca and Alex portray?
Caregiver relationship
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence that explains differences in self-esteem among adolescents?
Celine has a warm and supportive relationship with her parents, and in turn she has a high level of self-esteem.
Chen is a 12-year-old girl growing up in China. Chen really wants to go to the movies with her friends after school, but her parents have said "no" and instructed her to come home and finish her homework instead. How is Chen MOST likely to respond to this conflict with her parents if she is like the majority of adolescents from a traditional culture?
Chen disagrees with her parents' decision, but she will not argue with them or defy their decision out of respect and obligation for parental authority.
Which of the following reflects research results on gender stereotypes that provides insight into why gender stereotypes continue to exist?
College students rate articles they believe are written by males as higher in quality than articles believed to be written by females because of gender schemas that seek to confirm expectations that men are more intellectual than women.
Gene and Doug are planning to go to their high school's homecoming football game together so that they do not have to go alone and can sit by each other and hang out. What type of friendship support are Gene and Doug providing each other?
Companionship support
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from brain-imaging studies on emotional volatility during adolescence?
Compared to adults, adolescents had higher brain activation in the amygdala and lower brain activation in the frontal lobes in response to pictures displaying strong emotions, indicating adolescents are prone to respond to emotional stimuli in a less rational way.
Sociologist Dexter Dunphy described developmental changes in the structure of adolescent cliques and crowds, where in the fifth and final stage males and females paired off in more serious romantic relationships, which led to the breakdown of cliques and crowds. How does current research evidence on the developmental period of emerging adulthood support or refute this fifth stage?
Current research on emerging adulthood indicates that because the median age of marriage has risen to the late 20s, the committed romantic relationships that Dunphy proposed break down cliques in late adolescence is not supported; thus, membership in a variety of same-sex and mixed-sex groups is highly likely into emerging adulthood.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects a critical relationship between siblings?
Debbie and Amy are sisters who are both in middle school and often argue about how they feel like their parents do not treat them equally because Amy thinks it is unfair for her to have an earlier curfew than Debbie since she is only 1 year younger.
Which of the following research evidence on the gender intensification hypothesis best reflects how gender socialization changes from middle childhood to adolescence?
Despite a comparable amount of weight gain across adolescence, adolescent girls report increases in body dissatisfaction compared to adolescent boys.
Diego is a 13-year-old Latino boy who is being raised to obey his parents without question, especially his father, while also maintaining a high level of family closeness and mutual obligation. Which of the following two cultural beliefs is Diego being socialized to develop?
Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of respeto and familismo.
_________ is a principle of the family systems approach that explains why, for instance, the advent of puberty can result in poorer relationship quality between adolescents and their parents.
Disequilibrium
Donna's parents work full-time, and she often spends a few hours alone from the time school gets out to the time both of her parents get home from work. Donna is less likely to engage in problem behaviors if her parents do which of the following?
Donna is less likely to engage in problem behaviors if her parents consistently and caringly monitor her behavior from a distance by asking her to call them when she gets home from school.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how a secure attachment relationship established in infancy is linked to developmental outcomes during adolescence?
During childhood, Claire's parents consistently and caringly responded to her needs and she felt safe to explore her environment; as such, Claire developed a healthy level of relatedness and autonomy that has positively influenced her social skills and self-dependence as an adolescent.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence about adolescents' positive emotions during time spent with family versus friends?
Edith and her friends are so excited about getting tickets to see their favorite singer in concert that they are jumping up and down, laughing, and hugging each other with joy.
Which of the following reflects the research evidence for characteristics of friendships between adolescents and emerging adults?
Emerging adults are more likely to have other-sex friendships than adolescents.
Jenny is a first-year college student who lives in the dormitory on campus. Jenny has many interactions with people throughout a typical day, from chatting with roommates about their daily plans over breakfast to reviewing notes with classmates after physics lectures. Despite these many interactions, Jenny feels lonely because the interactions are not rewarding to her. What type of loneliness is Jenny experiencing?
Emotional loneliness
____________ tend to be the most common parent to physically and sexually abuse their adolescent children, and ____________ adolescents tend to be the most common recipient of physical abuse.
Fathers; male
Bethany has done well in high school and hopes to go to a good university, but she worries that she might do poorly and drop out like her older brother did. Bethany is imagining which type of possible self?
Feared self
Which of the following best reflects research evidence on the differential gender socialization that occurs in the school?
Female professors are less likely to agree with explicit stereotypes, such as "Men are better at math than women," compared with male professors.
Which of the following best summarizes research findings on the proportion of time youth in developed countries spend with friends and family during adolescence?
Findings indicate that youth spend increasingly less time with their parents and increasingly more time with their peers, especially other-sex peers, during adolescence; furthermore, about 60% of adolescents in developed countries across the world report having daily social media contact with their friends.
Which of the following best summarizes the general pattern for how friendships and romantic relationships intersect during emerging adulthood?
For most emerging adults, friends are more important in the early part of emerging adulthood, when an enduring romantic relationship has not yet developed, and less important later in emerging adulthood as they progress toward a long-term commitment to a romantic partner.
Research on friends' influence on risky behaviors and supportive behaviors during adolescence indicates which of the following general developmental patterns?
Friends' influence on risky behaviors and supportive behaviors tends to follow a similar developmental pattern, in which the influence of both domains rises in early adolescence, peaks in mid-adolescence, and declines in late adolescence.
Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for how the function and importance of crowds change from 6th through 12th grade?
From the 6th to 9th grade, crowds become more differentiated and increase in importance for defining social status, whereas from the 9th to 12th grade, crowds become further differentiated but have less importance in defining social status.
Which of the following reflects how globalization is influencing gender role socialization among adolescents in developing countries?
Globalization promotes more industrialized economies, which is influencing socialization of male adolescents toward technological careers versus traditional hunting careers.
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for links between intelligence and popularity among adolescents?
High intelligence is positively related to popularity among adolescents, but the perception that crowds such as "Academics" or "Nerds" lack social skills is what influences these groups' unpopularity.
Carlos is part of a clique of boys who play video games. To demonstrate their clique identity, every day the boys wear a t-shirt that depicts their favorite video game character and greet each other by pretending they are robots. Which of the following two components of youth culture style are Carlos and the clique of video game boys displaying?
Image and demeanor
Which of the following best summarizes how adolescent boys reach manhood compared to how adolescent girls reach womanhood in traditional cultures?
In traditional cultures it is common for adolescent girls to naturally obtain womanhood thorough the biological change of menarche, whereas adolescent boys must demonstrate their capacities to provide, protect, and procreate to achieve manhood status.
Which of the following reflects the typical living arrangements of families in traditional cultures, and how that is linked to family relationships?
In traditional cultures it is typical for newly married couples to live in the husband's parents' home; youth growing up in these households are in close proximity to their extended family, which promotes developing close and supportive relationships, especially with grandparents.
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for gender differences in adolescents' relationships with friends and family in traditional cultures?
In traditional cultures, adolescent girls' involvement with friends tends to be much less compared to boys; specifically, girls spend more time with adult females than boys do with adult males to garner the skills required to run a future household and raise future children.
Jamshed's family's poverty and overcrowded home led him to become a street child. On the street, he joined a gang of other street boys, and they often find time for play and recreation amidst working as shoe shiners. Mason enjoys the freedom and thrill of being on the street. Given this information, what country is Jamshed MOST likely from?
India
Melanie and Laura are juniors in high school and are both excited about going to college in 2 years. Laura has decided she wants to major in business and has a list of five colleges to which she will apply. However, Melanie has not decided any of these things and feels behind in her college plans; as such, Laura is giving her advice on how to figure out her interests and select colleges. What type of friendship support is Laura providing Melanie?
Informational support
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the family systems principle of subsystems?
Jaime and her brother, Jordan, are constantly fighting over who gets to use the family car on the weekends to hang out with their friends; as such, their fighting has negatively impacted both of their relationships with their parents, as well as their parents' marital relationship because their mom and dad disagree about how to handle their fighting.
As part of her fifth-grade science project, Jenna has to create bar charts using a computer program to show the differences in density between liquid substances like water and oil. Is Jenna likely to ask her friends, parents, or grandparents for help and why?
Jenna is most likely to ask her friends for help with creating the bar charts because their generation grew up with computers and thus have more experience with technological skills than adults belonging to other generations, such as her teachers and grandparents.
Which of the following scenarios reflects how adolescent girls growing up in the 18th and 19th centuries in America faced restrictive gender expectations?
Joan is pursuing a career as a seamstress because she has been sewing since she was a little girl.
Which of the following domains of self-concept is assessed by this survey item: "Some teenagers feel like they could do better at work they do for pay, but other teenagers feel that they are doing really well at work they do for pay."
Job competence
According to historian Anthony Rotundo, which of the following scenarios best reflects the ideal man of the era of communal manhood?
Joseph is working on his father's farm and is learning how to tend to crops and run a farming business so that he can prepare to become the provider for his future family.
The fact that about 80% of American adolescents today list at least one member of their extended family, notably their grandparents, among the people most important to them reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 200 years?
Longer life expectancy
According to Erikson's theory, identity confusion reflects a failure to establish commitments in which of the following areas?
Love, work, and ideology
The fact that the majority of American adolescents with siblings today have only one sibling reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 200 years?
Lower birth rate
Mark and Andrew are in the same sixth-grade class. Mark likes to practice his trombone during his free time, and Andrew likes to practice baseball during his free time. Which of the following best explains whether Mark and Andrew are likely to become friends?
Mark and Andrew are unlikely to become friends because they are dissimilar in their preferences for leisure activity.
Mateo is an adolescent who is being raised in a traditional Latino home. Which of the following scenarios reflects the ideology of machismo that Mateo is being socialized to develop?
Mateo's father is teaching him that as a man he is the head of the household and any decisions he makes should not be questioned.
Which of the following scenarios reflects the research evidence for differential gender socialization that occurs in the family?
Nate has a later curfew than his sister, and Nate is younger than his sister.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects an adolescent who has a separated ethnic identity?
Omar is an African American adolescent, and when asked to reflect on his ethnic identity he says "I am only part of one culture, and that is the proud Black culture."
Rachel's biological parents divorced when she was 11 years old and her younger brother, Richard, was 5 years old. Rachel's mother remarried 2 years after the divorce, and now Rachel and her brother have a stepfather. Based on the research evidence about remarriage, how are Rachel and Richard MOST likely to respond to their mother's remarriage and why?
Rachel will have more problems adjusting to her mother's remarriage than Richard because the closeness Rachel developed with her mother post-divorce will be disrupted by her stepfather, whom she views as an unwelcome intruder in their family.
Rachel found out that her friend, Emma, kissed the boy that she has a crush on. Rachel is mad at Emma for violating the trust in their friendship and wants to get revenge. Which of the following scenarios best depicts Rachel's use of relational aggression toward Emma to express her anger?
Rachel will instruct all of their friends to ignore Emma, including not letting her sit with them at lunch, and spread a rumor that Emma has a sexually transmitted infection.
When Damian transitioned from middle school to high school, he increasingly broke the boundaries his parents set and argued with his parents about their rules. In response, Damian's parents increasingly demonstrated an authoritarian parenting style because Damian ignored the explanations of the rules they previously established and because he repeatedly violated their trust. This scenario reflects which of the following principles about research on parent-child relationships?
Reciprocal effects
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for adolescent girls' and boys' use of relational aggression?
Research findings indicate that adolescent girls and boys both use relational aggression, but that it is a more common form of aggression among girls because gender socialization norms for girls prohibit direct and physical expressions of conflict.
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for the general pattern of how and why sibling relationships change from childhood into adolescence?
Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to be less conflictual and more casual, partly because adolescents' increasing involvement in friendships and employment outside the family results in less time spent with and thus less conflict with siblings.
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence on the general patterns of parents' development in midlife?
Research has found that midlife is a satisfying and enjoyable time of life, as job satisfaction and earning power increase and gender roles and personalities become more flexible; the research, evidence does not support the stereotyped "midlife crisis."
What does the research evidence suggest about emotionality in emerging adulthood?
Research suggests that from ages 18 to 25, negative emotions, such as feeling depressed or angry, decrease, indicating for most youth the self becomes happier and more stable from adolescence to emerging adulthood.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from the studies on differential parenting that tracked 720 families across the United States and included multiple types of two same-sex siblings within each family?
Results supported the existence of nonshared environmental influences, in that the siblings experienced different family environments and that these differences were evident in adolescents' behavior and psychological functioning.
The fact that more than 25% of young people today will spend some time in a stepfamily by the time they reach age 18 reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 50 years?
Rise in the divorce rate
Maggie has two teenagers and she works 40 hours a week as a legal aide at a law firm. Although Maggie's husband earns enough money so that she does not need to work, she says that she wants to keep working because she enjoys the challenge of the legal profession. Maggie's perspective reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 50 years?
Rise in the rate of dual-earner families
Most White and Black American adolescents today do not live with both biological parents. This reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 50 years?
Rise in the rate of single-parent households and the divorce rate
Which of the following best describes the current perspective on associations between school success and self-esteem among adolescents?
School success and self-esteem are mutually reinforcing, in that doing well in school enhances adolescents' self-esteem, which in turn gives them confidence that promotes further school success.
Which of the following best reflects the research evidence that describes how and why self-esteem changes during adolescence and emerging adulthood?
Self-esteem is lower during adolescence compared to emerging adulthood because adolescents tend to be more peer-oriented and self-conscious about harsh peer evaluations than emerging adults.
Results from the General Social Survey include which of the following about gender role beliefs among Americans since the 1970s?
Since the 1970s the proportion of Americans who endorse egalitarian gender roles has increased, such that fewer Americans today believes that preschoolers would suffer if their mothers worked.
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) studies on emotional volatility across adolescence?
The ESM results indicate adolescents reported experiencing more extremes of emotions, such as feeling embarrassed, compared to both preadolescents and adults, and that from fifth to eighth grade there was a 50% decline in the proportion of time youth reported feeling "very happy."
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) studies on adolescents' emotional states during times they are alone?
The ESM studies revealed adolescents spend about 25% of their time alone, and that although they report experiencing low moods during these hours, they use this time to engage in self-reflection and mood regeneration.
James Marcia and other psychologists extended Erikson's theory of identity development by creating and conducting research on a questionnaire called the Identity Status Interview that classifies adolescents into one of four different identity statues. Which of the following best explains how this questionnaire categorizes adolescents, and what the resulting four identity statuses are?
The Identity Status Interview has questions that tap into adolescents' level of engagement in identity exploration and commitment, and the resulting combinations of these processes are the four statuses of identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement.
When asked how she describes her personality, 15-year-old Serena said, "I am friendly and outgoing, but sometimes I can be self-conscious." Which of the following best explains why Serena described her self-concept this way?
The cognitive development that occurs in adolescence, specifically the attainment of formal operations, enables Serena to develop self-conceptions that are more complex and abstract.
Diana Baumrind and other psychologists conducted research on the kinds of practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and the effects of these practices, which resulted in identifying four distinct parenting styles. Which of the following best explains how parents are categorized into one of the parenting styles, and what the resulting four parenting styles are?
The level at which parents engage in the dimensions of demandingness and responsiveness in their parenting practices determines their parenting style; the resulting combinations of high and low levels of these dimensions are the four parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged.
Which of the following is the most important function of crowds for adolescents?
The main function of crowds is to help adolescents identify themselves and others within the social structure categories of their school.
From 1800 to 2000, the range of functions the family serves has been greatly reduced and transitioned to other social institutions, with the _________ function being one of the only functions the family still provides in modern day.
affective
The adolescent crowd structure in traditional cultures versus the American culture is different in that crowds tend to be less __________, especially because most youth sleep and spend their leisure time in a separate dwelling from their families, which is called a __________.
age-graded; dormitory
Tricia makes fun of the nerdy kids in her middle school, such as impersonating their social awkwardness to her close group of friends. Even within her group of close friends, Tricia makes direct comments to them about how "books are their best friends" if she sees them reading at school during their free time. Tricia is engaging in ___________ interactions, which promotes _____________ within her clique.
antagonistic; conformity
Research has found that a key family process variable that explains adolescents' responses to remarriage is the extent to which stepfathers use their ________ when parenting adolescents.
authority
Katherine argued with her sister during breakfast and felt angry on the car ride to school, but once she got to school and chatted with friends about planning a shopping trip to the mall she felt happy. Katherine soon felt miserable because she got a poor grade on her Language Arts test, but her spirits were quickly lifted when the boy she liked smiled at her during lunch. This scenario reflects fluctuations in _________ self-esteem.
barometric
Craig is one of five trumpet players in his middle-school band. The trumpet section members are good friends who often hang out together. Craig's friendship with the trumpet section members is an example of a(n) __________.
clique
Researchers have found that adolescents report they are most likely to exhibit a _______ self when interacting with _______, because they want to impress someone or to conceal aspects of themselves they do not want others to see.
false; dating partners
Longitudinal studies that include data before and after divorce indicate that adolescents' problems after divorce often began long before the divorce, as a consequence of high conflict between their parents. This research reflects a scholarly focus on ___________ to explain the effects of divorce.
family process
A psychologist has an adolescent patient who is sexually active with multiple partners and reports having suicidal thoughts and difficulty trusting others. If this adolescent follows general patterns of adolescents who have been researched, the sex of the adolescent is MOST likely _________, and the type of abuse the adolescent experienced is MOST likely _________.
female; sexual
According to findings from Susan Harter's research that evaluated Carol Gilligan's claim that girls "lose their voice" during adolescence, the results indicated some support for Gilligan's theory in that __________ girls reported lower levels of "voice" than boys did; however, __________ girls were equal to boys in "voice," suggesting that a "loss of voice" is not universal among adolescent girls.
feminine; androgynous
During adolescence, the development of cognitive skills such as ______ enhances adolescents' abilities to interpret ______, which are ways in which people organize and process information according to cultural norms of what it means to be "female" or "male".
formal operations; gender schemas
Research on adolescents' emotional states has found that youth report their ________ are the source of their most intense negative emotions.
friends
The fact that boys typically have less contact with their families, whereas girls maintain a close relationship with their mothers and spend much time with them on a daily basis, reflects a __________ difference between boys and girls during adolescence in traditional cultures.
gender
According to the ______ proposed by psychologists Hill and Lynch, behavioral and psychological differences between males and females become more distinct as adolescence progresses because of increasing socialization pressures to adhere to culturally prescribed gender roles.
gender intensification hypothesis
In response to rapid globalization, researchers have found that many adolescents are developing a ___________ identity, which integrates elements from their native culture, their current local culture, and the global culture.
hybrid
Researchers have found that adapting to the rapid changes of globalization has been difficult for adolescents in traditional cultures, and as such they are more likely to undergo _____________ and are more at risk for _____________.
identity confusion; suicide and substance use
Each stage of life has a central crisis of this kind, according to Erikson (1950). In adolescence, the crisis is ____________________.
identity versus identity confusion
Erikson's theory has been critiqued for being biased toward male development, notably within the stage of intimacy versus isolation, in that Erikson assumed that achieving ________ was a higher priority for males, whereas achieving ________ was a higher priority for females.
identity; intimacy
During adolescence, girls' friendships tend to be based more on ________, whereas boys' friendships tend to be based more on _________.
intimacy; shared activities
In general, the friendships of adolescent girls are based more on ______ than the friendships of adolescent boys, whereas the friendships of adolescent boys are based more on ______ than the friendships of adolescent girls.
intimacy; shared activities
Researchers have found that when describing ideal friendships, adolescents are more likely to identify characteristics that include _______, whereas younger children are more likely to identify characteristics that include _______.
intimacy; shared activities
Researchers have found that the family structure factor of ___________ and the family process factor of ___________ are strongly linked to increasing the likelihood of the occurrence of physical abuse toward youth.
large family size; high parental depression
Adolescents mostly depend on ______ for emotional support, whereas emerging adults depend mostly on _________.
parents; romantic partners
Adolescents raised by ___________ parents, who provide their children with love and give them a great deal of freedom to do as they please, tend to be ________________.
permissive; irresponsible and immature
Across the 18th and 19th centuries in America, women strove to achieve the female ideal of the time, which included wearing corsets to make their waists look smaller. This example reflects how adolescent girls have historically been narrowly constricted in the area of _____________.
physical appearance
Problems that arise from gender socialization among adolescent girls tend to be a result of a focus on ______, whereas problems that arise from gender socialization among adolescent boys tend to be because of a focus on ______.
physical appearance; aggressiveness
Research by Susan Harter and other scientists has found the domain of ________ has the most influence on global self-esteem during adolescence, and that this link is strongest among ________.
physical appearance; girls
Some sociologists have argued that a condition that is necessary for the development of youth culture is the existence of a _________ society, or a society that tolerates many forms of behavior and belief that depart from the norms as a whole.
pluralistic
Recent research has found that adolescent boys especially benefit from friendships with adolescent girls because the girls' provision of emotional support is __________related to boys' coping with emotionally challenging situations. Researchers refer to these friendships as __________.
positively; platonic
Sibyl and Cora are in the eighth grade and have been best friends since the fourth grade. Sibyl and Cora know more about each other's __________, such as their __________, now than they did in the fourth grade.
preferences; favorite school subjects
Tom and Harry are both boys in the same fifth-grade class. Tom is aggressive, disruptive, and selfish, and almost all of his classmates do not like him. Harry is aggressive, funny, and confident, and about half of his classmates do not like him. According to sociometric ratings, Tom would most likely be categorized as a __________ adolescent and Harry would most likely be categorized as a __________ adolescent.
rejected; controversial
The fact that females undergo menarche and males undergo significant muscular development during puberty reflects a ___ difference, which implies that the difference has a ___ basis.
sex; biological
Compared to runaway children in the United States, street children across the world are more likely to develop resourcefulness and cognitive skills despite their difficult conditions, which is called _________. Furthermore, the main factor that leads street children to leave home is _________.
resilience; family poverty
Research on friends' influence indicates that pressure to participate in ________ is often the weakest domain of influence compared to pressure to participate in ________, suggesting that friends' influence may be more positive than the general public perceives.
risky behaviors; school activities
Caroline and Kelly are friends in middle school and they both like to sneak beers out of their refrigerators at home to try out drinking. The fact that Caroline and Kelly's friendship may be explained by their shared preference for drinking is called __________.
selective association
According to historian Anthony Rotundo, gender expectations for young males in America during the 20th century reflected an increased emphasis on individualistic qualities in which _________ replaced self-control as a paramount virtue of young males. It is for this reason Rotundo refers to the 20th century as the era of _________ manhood.
self-expression; passionate
Research investigating links between Facebook use and body image has found that adolescent girls:
tend to draw negative conclusions about their appearance when making comparisons to the Facebook pictures of other girls.