PSCH 352 Cognition and Memory Ch. 1, 3-7

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 1492911176

1492 911 1776

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

Short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. these are known as different types of

cognition

The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of

physical regularity

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

rehearsal in short term memory

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

transfer-appropriate processing

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on

facts

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?

"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, formmotion, and location are combined to create our perception of coherent object?

Binding

Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?

IP involves stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes.

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeshia decides to watch a two-hour movies on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation.

What were the results of the false memories lab?

Results replicate prior data. Related lures were falsely recognized more frequently than unrelated lures.

What were the results of the Sternburg lab?

Results replicate prior data. The data showed a serial exhaustive search. This means that each item was considered in succession and set size matters and that all items were searched in STM before making a response, present trails = absent trials.

What were the results of the production effect lab?

Results replicated prior data. Reading words out loud made them more memorable. Methods-based considerations: recognition not recall - observable in recall? Only observable in within-subject design.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

an intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called ________ blindness.

change

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as

dichotic listening

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is

encoding

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

inferred from the participant's behavior.

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

inverse projection problem

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ________ memory.

long-term

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of

meaning

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

operant conditioning

The Gestalt psychologists believe that

perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____________ in LTM.

retrieval cues

Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of

scene schema

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a

simple reaction time task.

Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing