PSY-101 Ch. 7
retrieval
Carmen is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Carmen is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Carmen is using ___________cues to remember the woman's name.
retrieval
Gina adequately studied for her short-answer psychology exam. However, while taking the final she could not remember the material she previously retained. According to the computer information-processing model of memory, Gina is having difficulty with:
retrieval
In daily life, when one says one "remembers" some information or a piece of knowledge, one means that one is able to use it. Memory, therefore, entails not only encoding and storage, but also _____________.
hippocampus
Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her _____________, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.
proactive; retroactive
Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses, as she's had several addresses since. Owen is experiencing _______________ interference. Pippa is experiencing _______________ interference.
decrease environmental distractions.
To improve our encoding ability, we can a.increase environmental distractions. b.decrease environmental distractions. c.maintain environmental distractions. d. do none of these—it's impossible to improve our encoding ability.
7
We can keep about ______ bits of information stored in our short-term memory (plus or minus two).
50
We can remember, what percent after it is said?
misinformation
When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as: the _______________ effect.
state-dependent learning
When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as
one's conditioned fear of guns
Which memory would an individual MOST likely store as an implicit memory?
reconsolidation
It's evening and we're mentally replaying the day's events. We picture our facial expressions as we listened to a friend's tale of woe. Because we were unable to see these expressions at the time, our recall necessarily illustrates:
True
Most people can improve their memory. TRUE or FALSE
weak
New memories are _________; they need to be exercised if one wants to remember them.
explicit memory
Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as
proactive interference.
Ana learns some conversational Portuguese in advance of a vacation in Brazil. However, the Spanish she used at home as a child sometimes impairs her retrieval of Portuguese words and phrases. Ana is experiencing ____________________.
Regularly multi-tasking while studying
Which of the following would NOT help you improve memory? a. Getting adequate sleep b. Regularly multi-tasking while studying c. Spacing your study over several days rather than cramming the night before an exam d. Reducing distractions
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
memory retention
recall, recognition, relearning
retrieval cues
stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory
any
Forgetting can occur: at _______ stage of memory.
flashbulb
Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that: he has a ________________memory for this event.
implicit memory
Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
source amnesia
Lonnie often has vivid dreams. In the morning, he can recall them in great detail. This sometimes gets him in trouble because he can't figure out if he is remembering a dream or something that he actually experienced. This problem is known as:
implicit
Luke experiences some damage to his cerebellum. Based on information provided in the textbook, Luke's ___________ memory may be impaired.
tape or video recording
MaryAnne Garry explicitly states that viewing memory as a __________________ is mistaken. A. tape or video recording B. abstract painting C. novel or short story D. musical composition
short-term
Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her ___________ memory.
tip-of-the-tongue
Tanner's study partner asks him, "Which German physiologist is associated with the trichromatic theory of color vision?" "Um . . . von . . . von . . . . I know it! 'H' something . . . ," Tanner manages. Tanner is experiencing: the ____________ phenomenon.
Tips to Improve Memory
Test yourself! Frequent self-tests not only help you check your understanding, they actually help you learn and remember better. Avoid cramming. Instead, space your study sessions over an extended period of time. Reduce environmental distractions. Wait to text your friends or update social media until after you study. Get enough sleep. Grogginess and forgetfulness go hand in hand!
encode
To "get information into our brain" is to:
misinformation
Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the "young criminal," Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Yancy's experience BEST illustrates: the _____________ effect.
new memories
Damage to the hippocampus means no _____, while those formed before the damage stay
case study
Ebbinghaus himself was the only participant in his studies of memory. Ebbinghaus therefore used the ____________ method in his research.
proactive interference
Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty BEST illustrates:
memory retention
Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and taking the exam. To increase their _____________ while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider: the context in which learning occurred.
memory
Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory: helps us to understand how __________ works.
case study method
Research procedure in which a single person or small group is studied in detail. The method does not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships, and findings can be generalized only with great caution
proactive interference
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called:
mnemonics
The memory strategy that uses vivid imagery and organizational devices is called
frontal lobes and hippocampus
The network that processes and stores explicit memories includes the:
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
50
After a week of being asked about the false photo, what percent of students recalled having had a hot-air balloon ride? A. 15 B. 50 C. 75 D. 35