PSY 1010 Chapter 5: Learning
Blank conditioning can produce immunosuppression, a decrease in the production of antibodies.
Classical
The study involving little Albert and the white rat was an experiment in what type of learning?
Classical conditioning
_____ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.
Counterconditioning
_____ learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.
Insight
In _____, pleasant feelings from eating chocolate chip cookies are incompatible with the fear produced by being in an elevator, allowing the fear to be weakened or extinguished.
counterconditioning
Stimulus blank is a classical conditioning concept that involves the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
discrimination
When the red light is on, the pigeon does not peck on the disk because it has learned that food will only be presented when the green light is on. This is due to _____.
discrimination
In Pavlov's original experiment, the bell began as a blank stimulus and by the end became a blank stimulus.
neutral conditioned
Every time Max, the family dog, sits on command, he receives a treat. The treat would be considered _____.
reinforcement
Tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered negative blank
reinforcement
Earning an "A" in a course is an example of a(n) blank reinforcer.
secondary
The term for reinforcers that are learned by association is _____ reinforcers.
secondary
Although behaviorists maintain that the principles of learning are the same for all species,
secondary reinforcers are likely to be more effective with humans than with animals.
A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-ratio
Slot machines reward an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis. This is an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
variable-ratio
Positive punishment ________. Negative reinforcement ________.
weakens behaviors; strengthens behaviors
Which of the following are considered primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply.)
1) Water 2) Food
Which of the following are examples of primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply.)
1) sex 2) food 3) water
According to Thorndike's law of effect, which of the following are true? (Select all that apply.)
1)Behaviors followed by bad results are less likely to occur. 2)Behaviors followed by good results are more likely to occur again.
Learning
1)involves a systematic change 2)involves a relatively permanent change in behavior. 3)is central to behaviorist theories.
What is operant conditioning?
A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence
What is insight learning?
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution
Which of the following BEST illustrates positive punishment?
A parking ticket
Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?
A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in its mouth.
What is a conditioned stimulus?
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response
What is the definition of learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
How did Pavlov discover classical conditioning?
Accidentally after discovering that dogs salivated to various stimuli such as a food dish or a door opening
_____ involves the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.
Acquisition
Positive punishment is which of the following?
Addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
The theorist blank blank developed the theory of observational learning.
Albert Bandura
Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?
Albert Bandura
Which of the following describes spontaneous recovery?
An extinguished conditioned response reemerges.
What is an unconditioned response?
An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
Blank conditioning refers to a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus to change an association.
Aversive
Blank modification is the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior by analyzing and adjusting the rewards and punishments in a particular setting.
Behavior
Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?
Food, sex, or water
Which of these was the neutral stimulus (NS) in Pavlov's original experiment?
Bell
Blank in operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
Discrimination
True or false: A variable-interval schedule is a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis.
False
True or false: Stimulus generalization occurs when one responds only to the original conditioned stimulus.
False
Latent learning is
Latent learning is
The consequences of an action influence the frequency with which that action is displayed in the future. What does this describe?
Law of effect
The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as which of the following?
Law of effect
_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
Learning
Which of the following is likely to be a conditioned (secondary) reinforcement?
Money
What type of punishment is a time-out?
Negative
Blank reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior, whereas blank reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus after a behavior.
Negative, positive
Blank conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
Operant
Ivan blank was the researcher who originally described classical conditioning.
Pavlov
What behavior do rats engage in while in a Skinner box?
Perform a behavior to receive food
_____ punishment occurs when a behavior decreases when it is followed by a stimulus.
Positive
Blank blank is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.
Positive Reinforcement
Blank aversion involves learning the association between conditioned stimuli and nausea after only a single pairing.
Taste
Which of the following is NOT a schedule of partial reinforcement?
Ratio-interval
Blank is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.
Reinforcement
Negative punishment is which of the following?
Removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior
Which of the following is a variable-ratio schedule?
Sam is reinforced every two to five times he puts his toys away.
Blank of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
Schedule
Which of the following refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?
Shaping
________ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.
Shaping
Even though his owner has a ring tone on his cell phone that sounds like a door bell, Buster, the family dog, only barks when the door bell rings and not when the phone rings. This is an example of which of the following?
Stimulus discrimination
Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?
Stimulus discrimination
True or false: A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
True
True or false: Acquisition in classical conditioning is the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.
True
True or false: Aversive conditioning is a form of conditioning that repeatedly pairs a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
True
In classical conditioning situations, the ________ connection is unlearned, but the ________ connection is learned.
US-UR; CS-CR
Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of
a reflex.
A therapist may use ________ to help John identify rewards that may be encouraging his negative behavior. The goal of the therapy is to change John's behavior for the better.
applied behavior analysis
The form of blank learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called classical conditioning.
associative
According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?
attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement
After receiving her first low grade on a geography exam, Dora changed her study habits so that she would never score below an 80 again. Dora's change in behavior illustrates blank learning.
avoidance
To prevent a headache, Mariah takes her medication as soon as she feels pressure near her eyes. This is an example of _____.
avoidance learning
Applied behavior analysis or _____ modification is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
behavior
The ________ approach defines learning and change through experiences.
behavioral
In Pavlov's original experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was the _____.
bell
The blank was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original experiment.
bell
A learned association between a particular taste and nausea is a special kind of _____ conditioning.
classical
Sometimes real estate agents will provide freshly baked chocolate chip cookies at open houses in hopes that potential buyers will associate the smell of the cookies with positive feelings about the house. In this case, they are applying blank conditioning techniques.
classical
The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called blank conditioning
classical
In Watson and Rayner's study of an infant named Albert, the fear was developed through
classical conditioning
Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of
classical conditioning.
Learning involves observable behaviors; however, it also involves _____ factors, which involve understanding the thoughts of the learners.
cognitive
Although latent learning is unreinforced, it is stored ______ in the observer's memories.
cognitively
After little Albert was blank to fear white rats, he also feared similar objects such as white rabbits.
conditioned
In Pavlov's work on classical conditioning with dogs, the bell became a(n) _____ because it was originally neutral but it became paired with the UC (food).
conditioned stimulus
In John Watson's Little Albert experiment, the white rat was the ________ and the loud noise was the ________.
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
Research on the placebo effect shows that the secretion of hormones from the endocrine system can be influenced by classical blank
conditioning
In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.
continuous; partial
Generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is _____ in other similar settings.
exhibited
In classical conditioning, the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent is known as blank
extinction
Lori used to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. Lately, she has stopped rushing to him, and he has decreased his crying. According to the principles of operant conditioning, this is due to _____.
extinction
When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, blank has occurred.
extinction
True or false: When 3-year-old Maddy calls out "grandma" and reaches to hug every gray-haired, older woman she encounters, Maddy is demonstrating stimulus discrimination.
false
A(n) blank -interval schedule of reinforcement is a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed.
fixed
The pattern of partial reinforcement in which responses are regularly reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a _____ schedule.
fixed-interval (FI)
A _____ schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
fixed-ratio
A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?
fixed-ratio
The pattern of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement requires a set number of responses is called a(n) _____ schedule.
fixed-ratio (FR)
In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response know as _____.
generalization
In operant conditioning, blank means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
generalization
Mark's dog, Gus, sits whenever he says, "Sit." Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says, "Speak," but whenever Mark says, "Speak," Gus sits. The dog's behavior is an example of
generalization.
Based on the principle of classical conditioning, we might develop a fear of dogs after
having been bitten by one.
Ratio schedules of reinforcement tend to create a _____ response rate compared to interval schedules.
higher
Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to _____ the frequency of that behavior.
increase
Primary reinforcers are _____, whereas secondary reinforcers are learned.
innate
Being exposed to other cultures and diversity promotes ________ learning.
insight
Unlike positive punishment, negative punishment _____.
involves removing a stimulus
Learned information stored cognitively in an individuals memory but not expressed behaviorally is called _____ learning.
latent
The term used to describe learning that is not reinforced and is not reflective immediately in behavior is blank learning.
latent
Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are _____.
learned
Taking away television from a child who speaks back to her mom is an example of blank punishment
negative
Luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of _____.
negative reinforcement
When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, _____ is said to have occurred.
negative reinforcement
Tyler puts on his seat belt as soon as he gets into his car so that he will not get a ticket, which is an example of blank reinforcement. Leon puts on his seat belt because he gets compliments for being a safe driver, which is an example of blank reinforcement.
negative, positive
Blank punishment is when a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.
negitive
A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study _____.
operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals
Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through
operant conditioning.
Winning on a slot machine would be considered blank reinforcement because winning only occurs some of the time.
partial
Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered _____ punishment.
positive
Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, etc.) are called _____ reinforcers.
primary
Steven has been fired twice for being late. In his new job, he has never been late. The consequence of being fired would be considered _____.
punishment
In operant conditioning, if one wants a high rate of responding, a blank schedule should be utilized.
ratio
The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous
recovery
The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous blank
recovery
Both positive and negative punishment _____.
reduce the frequency of a behavior
Punishment is a consequence that _____.
reduces the frequency of a behavior
An unlearned stimulus-response connection, such as blinking when air is blown into someone's eyes, is considered a blank
reflex
When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is in the vicinity of the lever. Then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is blank
shaping
The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called blank recovery.
spontaneous
In Pavlov's work, he found that dogs would salivate to various _____, such as seeing someone who usually brings food enter the room or a cabinet door opening.
stimuli
A bird learns to peck a red disk and not to peck a green disk. This would be an example of _____.
stimulus discrimination
In classical conditioning, the sight of a food dish would be considered a _____, and the dog's salivation would be considered _____.
stimulus; response
In operant conditioning
the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.
In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when _____.
the unconditioned stimulus is absent
A(n) _____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.
unconditioned
A(n) blank response is an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
unconditioned
When a dog salivates after having food placed in its mouth, the food is called the blank stimulus.
unconditioned
When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is called the blank
unconditioned
When a dog salivates after having food placed in its mouth, the salivation is called the _____.
unconditioned response
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with little Albert, they paired a loud noise with a white rat. Although Albert had not initially been afraid of the rat, after only seven pairings of the loud noise with the white rat, Albert began to fear the rat, even when the loud noise was no longer sounded. In this experiment, the loud noise is an example of a(n) _____.
unconditioned stimulus
You cringed the first time you saw a bright light; therefore, the light is likely a(n) _____.
unconditioned stimulus
Watching for shooting stars is an example of a blank blank schedule, because many can be observed every night, but they occur on an unpredictable basis.
variable, ratio
A(n) _____ schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
variable-interval
The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed is called a _____ schedule.
variable-interval (VI)
