PSY 1010 Chapter 5: Learning

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Blank conditioning can produce immunosuppression, a decrease in the production of antibodies.

Classical

The study involving little Albert and the white rat was an experiment in what type of learning?

Classical conditioning

_____ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.

Counterconditioning

_____ learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.

Insight

In _____, pleasant feelings from eating chocolate chip cookies are incompatible with the fear produced by being in an elevator, allowing the fear to be weakened or extinguished.

counterconditioning

Stimulus blank is a classical conditioning concept that involves the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

discrimination

When the red light is on, the pigeon does not peck on the disk because it has learned that food will only be presented when the green light is on. This is due to _____.

discrimination

In Pavlov's original experiment, the bell began as a blank stimulus and by the end became a blank stimulus.

neutral conditioned

Every time Max, the family dog, sits on command, he receives a treat. The treat would be considered _____.

reinforcement

Tiffany usually fastens her seat belt so that the buzzing sound will stop. This would be considered negative blank

reinforcement

Earning an "A" in a course is an example of a(n) blank reinforcer.

secondary

The term for reinforcers that are learned by association is _____ reinforcers.

secondary

Although behaviorists maintain that the principles of learning are the same for all species,

secondary reinforcers are likely to be more effective with humans than with animals.

A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

Slot machines reward an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis. This is an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

Positive punishment ________. Negative reinforcement ________.

weakens behaviors; strengthens behaviors

Which of the following are considered primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply.)

1) Water 2) Food

Which of the following are examples of primary reinforcers? (Select all that apply.)

1) sex 2) food 3) water

According to Thorndike's law of effect, which of the following are true? (Select all that apply.)

1)Behaviors followed by bad results are less likely to occur. 2)Behaviors followed by good results are more likely to occur again.

Learning

1)involves a systematic change 2)involves a relatively permanent change in behavior. 3)is central to behaviorist theories.

What is operant conditioning?

A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence

What is insight learning?

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution

Which of the following BEST illustrates positive punishment?

A parking ticket

Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?

A pig shoves an object on the ground instead of learning to carry it in its mouth.

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response

What is the definition of learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience

What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

How did Pavlov discover classical conditioning?

Accidentally after discovering that dogs salivated to various stimuli such as a food dish or a door opening

_____ involves the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.

Acquisition

Positive punishment is which of the following?

Addition of a stimulus to decrease a behavior

The theorist blank blank developed the theory of observational learning.

Albert Bandura

Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?

Albert Bandura

Which of the following describes spontaneous recovery?

An extinguished conditioned response reemerges.

What is an unconditioned response?

An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Blank conditioning refers to a form of treatment that involves repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus to change an association.

Aversive

Blank modification is the use of operant conditioning to change human behavior by analyzing and adjusting the rewards and punishments in a particular setting.

Behavior

Which of the following would be considered a primary reinforcer?

Food, sex, or water

Which of these was the neutral stimulus (NS) in Pavlov's original experiment?

Bell

Blank in operant conditioning means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

Discrimination

True or false: A variable-interval schedule is a timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis.

False

True or false: Stimulus generalization occurs when one responds only to the original conditioned stimulus.

False

Latent learning is

Latent learning is

The consequences of an action influence the frequency with which that action is displayed in the future. What does this describe?

Law of effect

The idea that consequences of a behavior can increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated is referred to as which of the following?

Law of effect

_____ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

Learning

Which of the following is likely to be a conditioned (secondary) reinforcement?

Money

What type of punishment is a time-out?

Negative

Blank reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior, whereas blank reinforcement is the presentation of a stimulus after a behavior.

Negative, positive

Blank conditioning is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.

Operant

Ivan blank was the researcher who originally described classical conditioning.

Pavlov

What behavior do rats engage in while in a Skinner box?

Perform a behavior to receive food

_____ punishment occurs when a behavior decreases when it is followed by a stimulus.

Positive

Blank blank is the presentation or addition of a stimulus after a behavior occurs that increases how often that behavior will occur.

Positive Reinforcement

Blank aversion involves learning the association between conditioned stimuli and nausea after only a single pairing.

Taste

Which of the following is NOT a schedule of partial reinforcement?

Ratio-interval

Blank is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.

Reinforcement

Negative punishment is which of the following?

Removal of a stimulus to decrease a behavior

Which of the following is a variable-ratio schedule?

Sam is reinforced every two to five times he puts his toys away.

Blank of reinforcement are timetables that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.

Schedule

Which of the following refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior?

Shaping

________ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.

Shaping

Even though his owner has a ring tone on his cell phone that sounds like a door bell, Buster, the family dog, only barks when the door bell rings and not when the phone rings. This is an example of which of the following?

Stimulus discrimination

Pavlov's dogs would salivate at the ring of a bell but not at the chime of a clock. What concept is this an example of?

Stimulus discrimination

True or false: A fixed-ratio schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

True

True or false: Acquisition in classical conditioning is the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.

True

True or false: Aversive conditioning is a form of conditioning that repeatedly pairs a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

True

In classical conditioning situations, the ________ connection is unlearned, but the ________ connection is learned.

US-UR; CS-CR

Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of

a reflex.

A therapist may use ________ to help John identify rewards that may be encouraging his negative behavior. The goal of the therapy is to change John's behavior for the better.

applied behavior analysis

The form of blank learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called classical conditioning.

associative

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

After receiving her first low grade on a geography exam, Dora changed her study habits so that she would never score below an 80 again. Dora's change in behavior illustrates blank learning.

avoidance

To prevent a headache, Mariah takes her medication as soon as she feels pressure near her eyes. This is an example of _____.

avoidance learning

Applied behavior analysis or _____ modification is the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

behavior

The ________ approach defines learning and change through experiences.

behavioral

In Pavlov's original experiment, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was the _____.

bell

The blank was the neutral stimulus in Pavlov's original experiment.

bell

A learned association between a particular taste and nausea is a special kind of _____ conditioning.

classical

Sometimes real estate agents will provide freshly baked chocolate chip cookies at open houses in hopes that potential buyers will associate the smell of the cookies with positive feelings about the house. In this case, they are applying blank conditioning techniques.

classical

The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic inborn response is called blank conditioning

classical

In Watson and Rayner's study of an infant named Albert, the fear was developed through

classical conditioning

Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of

classical conditioning.

Learning involves observable behaviors; however, it also involves _____ factors, which involve understanding the thoughts of the learners.

cognitive

Although latent learning is unreinforced, it is stored ______ in the observer's memories.

cognitively

After little Albert was blank to fear white rats, he also feared similar objects such as white rabbits.

conditioned

In Pavlov's work on classical conditioning with dogs, the bell became a(n) _____ because it was originally neutral but it became paired with the UC (food).

conditioned stimulus

In John Watson's Little Albert experiment, the white rat was the ________ and the loud noise was the ________.

conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Research on the placebo effect shows that the secretion of hormones from the endocrine system can be influenced by classical blank

conditioning

In _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in _____ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.

continuous; partial

Generalization occurs when learning that occurred in one setting is _____ in other similar settings.

exhibited

In classical conditioning, the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent is known as blank

extinction

Lori used to rush to her infant son and pick him up every time he cried. Lately, she has stopped rushing to him, and he has decreased his crying. According to the principles of operant conditioning, this is due to _____.

extinction

When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears, blank has occurred.

extinction

True or false: When 3-year-old Maddy calls out "grandma" and reaches to hug every gray-haired, older woman she encounters, Maddy is demonstrating stimulus discrimination.

false

A(n) blank -interval schedule of reinforcement is a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed.

fixed

The pattern of partial reinforcement in which responses are regularly reinforced after a set period of time has passed is called a _____ schedule.

fixed-interval (FI)

A _____ schedule reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

fixed-ratio

A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?

fixed-ratio

The pattern of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement requires a set number of responses is called a(n) _____ schedule.

fixed-ratio (FR)

In classical conditioning, the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response know as _____.

generalization

In operant conditioning, blank means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

generalization

Mark's dog, Gus, sits whenever he says, "Sit." Mark now wants to teach Gus a new trick. He wants to teach him to bark each time he says, "Speak," but whenever Mark says, "Speak," Gus sits. The dog's behavior is an example of

generalization.

Based on the principle of classical conditioning, we might develop a fear of dogs after

having been bitten by one.

Ratio schedules of reinforcement tend to create a _____ response rate compared to interval schedules.

higher

Unlike positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement is the removal of a stimulus after a behavior to _____ the frequency of that behavior.

increase

Primary reinforcers are _____, whereas secondary reinforcers are learned.

innate

Being exposed to other cultures and diversity promotes ________ learning.

insight

Unlike positive punishment, negative punishment _____.

involves removing a stimulus

Learned information stored cognitively in an individuals memory but not expressed behaviorally is called _____ learning.

latent

The term used to describe learning that is not reinforced and is not reflective immediately in behavior is blank learning.

latent

Unlike primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers are _____.

learned

Taking away television from a child who speaks back to her mom is an example of blank punishment

negative

Luis cleans his room so that his parents will not scold him. This is an example of _____.

negative reinforcement

When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, _____ is said to have occurred.

negative reinforcement

Tyler puts on his seat belt as soon as he gets into his car so that he will not get a ticket, which is an example of blank reinforcement. Leon puts on his seat belt because he gets compliments for being a safe driver, which is an example of blank reinforcement.

negative, positive

Blank punishment is when a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.

negitive

A Skinner box is a chamber with a highly controlled environment that was used to study _____.

operant conditioning processes with laboratory animals

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through

operant conditioning.

Winning on a slot machine would be considered blank reinforcement because winning only occurs some of the time.

partial

Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered _____ punishment.

positive

Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, etc.) are called _____ reinforcers.

primary

Steven has been fired twice for being late. In his new job, he has never been late. The consequence of being fired would be considered _____.

punishment

In operant conditioning, if one wants a high rate of responding, a blank schedule should be utilized.

ratio

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous

recovery

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous blank

recovery

Both positive and negative punishment _____.

reduce the frequency of a behavior

Punishment is a consequence that _____.

reduces the frequency of a behavior

An unlearned stimulus-response connection, such as blinking when air is blown into someone's eyes, is considered a blank

reflex

When a rat enters a Skinner box, it has to learn to press a lever to get food. At the very beginning of this process, it is rewarded with food when it is in the vicinity of the lever. Then it is rewarded when it touches the lever, and so on. This technique of rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior is blank

shaping

The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called blank recovery.

spontaneous

In Pavlov's work, he found that dogs would salivate to various _____, such as seeing someone who usually brings food enter the room or a cabinet door opening.

stimuli

A bird learns to peck a red disk and not to peck a green disk. This would be an example of _____.

stimulus discrimination

In classical conditioning, the sight of a food dish would be considered a _____, and the dog's salivation would be considered _____.

stimulus; response

In operant conditioning

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when _____.

the unconditioned stimulus is absent

A(n) _____ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.

unconditioned

A(n) blank response is an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.

unconditioned

When a dog salivates after having food placed in its mouth, the food is called the blank stimulus.

unconditioned

When a dog salivates upon tasting food, the salivation is called the blank

unconditioned

When a dog salivates after having food placed in its mouth, the salivation is called the _____.

unconditioned response

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with little Albert, they paired a loud noise with a white rat. Although Albert had not initially been afraid of the rat, after only seven pairings of the loud noise with the white rat, Albert began to fear the rat, even when the loud noise was no longer sounded. In this experiment, the loud noise is an example of a(n) _____.

unconditioned stimulus

You cringed the first time you saw a bright light; therefore, the light is likely a(n) _____.

unconditioned stimulus

Watching for shooting stars is an example of a blank blank schedule, because many can be observed every night, but they occur on an unpredictable basis.

variable, ratio

A(n) _____ schedule is a timetable in which a behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

variable-interval

The pattern of intermittent reinforcement in which responses are reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed is called a _____ schedule.

variable-interval (VI)


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