PSY 120 CH 7

How common was it that people produced a false memory in the "lost-at-the-mall study"?

30% of participants

What is chunking?

A method of compounding information into an item for Short-term memory

According to the text, there are a few challenges when it comes to studying sensory store memories. Which of the following is one of these challenges?

All of the above are challenges with studying the sensory store.

Which of the following is true regarding memories?

All of the above are true

Which of the following statements is true regarding false memories?

All of the above are true

Using the "lost-at-the-mall study" method which kinds of memories can be created?

All of the above can be falsely created

What is the capacity of the sensory store?

Almost limitless

The method of loci is strategy that some people use to improve their memory of specific things. The text gave an example how one could imagine a list of items in familiar places and mentally "revisit" those places when trying to recall the items from the list. This seemed to be an effective strategy for recalling information from long-term memory as long as the locations that the items were "stored" held meaning of significance.The method of loci is _________.

An example of a mnemonic

Why is it virtually impossible to study "Forgetfulness" in long-term memory?

Because lab studies fail to distinguish memory retrieval problems from forgetting

The text gave an example involving a court case between former President Nixon and one of his staffers. In court testimony, his staff member Mr. Dean gave some false testimony against Mr. Nixon. Specifically, he reported things that never occurred.Which of the following possibilities can bias our memory of an event and cause us to recall things that never occurred, similar to the case of Mr. Dean's testimony?

Both a and b are true

Flashbulb memories are those that are extremely evocative and sensually rich; they often feel "frozen" or "burned" into one's mind. These types of memories are a specific type of _________ memory

Episodic

The technical term or phrase for memories of events or ideas that never actually occurred is

False memories

Why do people forget?

Forgetting is a natural process to improve cognitive efficiency

In the famous case study of H.M., what evidence suggested he was able to form new memories?

He improved at complex, strategy-related puzzles

The ___________ is the brain structure most associated with taking short-term memory and encoding it into long-term memory?

Hippocampus

A child psychologist wants to test the memory of children in kindergarten. She presents a short movie that features a red cat and a small black dog playing with a toy. After the movie has ended, she asks each child, "What kind of toy were the red dog and black cat playing with?" How is this question likely to affect memory?

It will alter the memory of the object being used

Amber made flash cards to help her study for her upcoming midterm. She keeps going through the flash cards by creating stories and relating the ideas to her life and the people in it. What level of depth of processing is she producing with this method?

Maximum levels of depth

The most successful mnemonics tend to utilize ______ levels of processing.

Maximum/ deep

Which of the following memories is most likely to be encoded as a flashbulb memory?

Meghan's memory of a traumatic car accident.

A student crams for a test by reading and re-reading his notes. What level of depth is he achieving for memory formation?

Minimal depth

Strategies that can help one recall memories are known as

Mnemonics

The text listed several things that may make a jury biased in their perception of a defendant who is at trial. Which of the following is one of the examples the text listed?

NOT All of the above were listed as things that may bias a jury

Brandy uses the method of loci to improve her memory of a list of items that she wants to remember. She pictures herself putting the items from the list in very meaningful and important places. For example, she imagines storing a journal under her mattress, and she remembers the weight of the mattress, the color of the sheets, and the sound of the sheets as they brush against her skin. She also imagines herself placing her comb under a rug. When it comes time to recall these two items from her list, Brand will more easily recall the _______ because ____________.

NOT Comb; her mind is less cluttered with the details of where she stored it

The fact that the earth is round, the sky is blue, and the grass are green are all facts. Therefore, this knowledge is best described as

NOT Declarative memory

How does the pleading effect alter jury-trials?

NOT Even with excellent police work, nearly half of jury trials may involve innocent suspects

Which of the following is true of the sensory store?

NOT Information in the sensory store is already well-processed by the sensory system

Which of the following statements is true regarding the idea of a semantic network?

NOT None of the above are true regarding the idea of a semantic network

Research suggests that witnesses will be less likely to identify a suspect in what type of lineup?

NOT Photo parallel

The _________ lineup involves witnesses assessing photos one at a time to determine if any of the individuals match their memory of the criminal.

NOT Photo parallel

Barbara is helping her son tie his shoe before school. She does this for him every morning since he doesn't know how to tie his own shoe yet. Her son asks her one morning, "Mom, can you teach me how to tie my shoe?" When she starts to answer his question, she realizes that she can't quite verbalize how to tie a shoe - she just knows how to do it. This phenomenon represents the concept of

NOT Procedural memory NOT Implicit memory

Often, witnesses to a crime are asked by law enforcement to report what the criminal looked like. What type of descriptions are most likely to be problematic?

NOT Reports about the criminal's age NOT Reports about the criminal's height

The text gave an interesting experiment where students waited in an office for about ten or fifteen minutes before being moved to a different room. Once they left the original office, they were asked to list what items they remember from the office and write them down. Most of the participants in the study listed books despite the fact that no books were in the room.In this study, many participants had a _______ about what was in offices; in most offices, you are likely to find books. This explains why many students reported seeing them. Since there were no books in the office, though, we can say that their report of seeing books is a ______.

NOT Schema; flashbulb memory

Explicit memories differ from implicit memories in that

NOT They are harder to recall verbally NOT They are harder to recall consciously

How long can something stay in short-term memory?

NOT Usually a few hours at a time

When does an idea become a memory?

NOT When an idea has been consciously processed and considered

What is the major disadvantage of a parallel line-up method?

NOT Witnesses rarely are able to determine a match from the suspect set NOT Witnesses lose confidence with a set of similar-looking suspects

People have better memory for the __________ following an event and more difficulty recalling __________________.

NOT implicit details; explicit details

Guilty suspects are more likely to plead ________; innocent suspects are more likely to plead ________.

NOT innocent; innocent NOT innocent; guilty

The text described anterograde amnesia as a debilitating condition affecting memory; which of the following best describes anterograde amnesia?

NOT it is a deficit to short-term memory

Which best describes the "lost-at-the-mall" study?

Participants were prompted to freely recall real memories and a false memory

What is a "foil" in a typical suspect line-up?

Person that looks similar to the perpetrator and is known to be innocent

The _________ is the most commonly used type of lineup in police departments. These types of lineup are advantageous in that they _________.

Photo parallel lineup; allow a larger pool of foils

Memories that are easy to recall at a later date and that seem to stay clear in your mind were probably encoded at a __________ level.

Semantic

The vast network of ideas, experiences, and facts that one can recall whenever it is needed best describes the structure of

Sensory store

________ lineups produce fewer false alarms than ________ lineups.

Serial; parallel

Why are inmates typically used as foils in a lineup, according to the text?

Since they were in jail, it is virtually impossible they committed the crime

A witness accidentally describes a perpetrator as having black hair instead of light brown hair. How will this affect her subsequent identification of suspects in line-ups?

Somewhat, her memory will continue to include the mistaken hair color

What term or phrase refers to the level of meaning a person is able to form a connection to information during the process of encoding?

The depth of processing model

You are a psychiatrist and you meet a patient at the hospital that you work at. He tells you his name and some things about his past. You leave and come back the next day to speak with him for the second time, and he doesn't remember you. You can't figure out if he is joking with you or if he has some sort of memory condition. You consult with his previous surgeon and find that he had a portion of his brain removed to reduce the amount of seizures he was having, as he suffered from severe epilepsy. Based on the story, which brain structure was most likely removed during surgery that impacted his ability to form new long-term memories?

The hippocampus

Which of the following is a feature of schemas that can result in negative consequences?

They may bias memories to adhere to expected events

Let's say you are trying to remember something that is stored in your long term memory but you can't seem to recall it. However, you know that by understanding the idea of a semantic network, you can increase the likelihood of remembering the information. Based on the premises of a semantic network, what can you do to help yourself remember the idea that you forgot?

Think of related concepts in order to increase connections to the concept

Which of the following best describes how the semantic network is conceptualized?

an interconnected network of related concepts

Experiencing intense emotions while witnessing a crime _________ the reliability of their eyewitness testimony.

usually decreases