Psy 204 Launchpad

Which is an example of parallel play?

children playing with similar toys, but not together

Some infants have bouts of uncontrollable crying, called _____, which is probably the result of immature digestion.

colic

Two-year-old Tracy tightly holds her mother's hand as they walk through a crowded shopping mall. Once at the toy store, her mother may allow her to explore, but Tracy will look back at her mother to be certain she is still close by. These behaviors are examples of _____ behavior.

contact-maintaining

The parents of 3-year-old Kaylie have noticed that she is throwing tantrums less often and is able to better regulate her emotions. This is MOST likely the result of maturation of the:

cortex

In one set of experiments described in the textbook, some 4- to 7-year-old boys were told that boys in general are good at a particular game, whereas others were told that a particular boy was good at it. The boys who were told that that boys in general were good at the game "felt less happy and less competent, liked the game less, [and] were less persistent" (Cimpian, 2013, p. 272). The passage in quotations makes reference to _____ variables.

dependent

The type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to his or her caregiver is known as:

disorganized attachment (type D)

Karl is 6 years old. He now has the ability to regulate his emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination. This is called _____.

effortful control.

Self-soothing is to active as _____ is to _____.

effortful control; exuberance

Children who master _____ have learned when and how to express emotions.

emotional regulation

Ten-year-old Danny is told by his baseball coach that he has to sit out the first two innings in order to give other players a chance to start the game. While Danny is unhappy about this decision he does not show anger or resentment toward the coach. Danny is demonstrating:

emotional regulation

When emotional functions are linked to the prefrontal cortex in the brain:

emotional regulation is possible.

One of the most outstanding psychosocial accomplishments between the ages of 2 and 6 is:

emotional regulation.

Shawn is 5 years old. When he is angry, he can express this appropriately without becoming explosive. When he is sad, he can express this and can be consoled. Shawn seems to have mastered:

emotional regulation.

When 6-year-old Dejuan is told by his father that he cannot watch a movie because he is too young, he is disappointed but does not become angry and have an emotional outburst. Dejuan is demonstrating:

emotional regulation.

Billy and Tish do not believe that it is right to expect their children to exhibit self-control or to take responsibility for most of their behaviors. This aspect of Billy and Tish's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

expectations for maturity

Sean and Maria are very cold toward and critical of their children. They rarely hug and kiss them or tell them that they love them. This aspect of Sean and Maria's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting?

expressions of warmth

Rianne has to choose between returning to graduate school to pursue her love of philosophy or going to work for a bank in town. Although she does not enjoy banking, she knows she will receive a good salary and benefits there. If Rianne decides to take the position at the bank, she is exhibiting _____ motivation.

extrinsic

Roland is a sales associate in a jewelry store. He tries to sell as many expensive pieces as he can because of the commission he earns. In this example, Roland is demonstrating _____ motivation.

extrinsic

Tommy is 4 years old. He is MOST likely to model his sex roles after his:

father

A father who grabs and removes a child immediately when a big dog is approaching will MOST likely teach the child this emotional reaction.

fear of dogs

Longitudinal research suggests that from 4 months of age to 4 years of age, the temperament of _____ children is MOST likely to change, whereas the temperament of _____ children is LEAST likely to change.

fearful; exuberant

Elizabeth is 5 years old, and she likes to help her mother when it is time for supper. However, her mother is often quick-tempered at the end of the day, scolding Elizabeth when she tries to help. Her mother finds that she can get things done more quickly if Elizabeth stays out of the way. Based on Erikson's theory, Elizabeth may develop:

feelings of guilt.

All through her childhood, Ellie never seemed interested in playing. Some researchers predict that as Ellie gets older she may:

have emotional and academic problems.

Typical 2- to 5-year-olds tend to view themselves:

idealistically.

From ages to 2 to 7, the prevalence of imaginary friends:

increases.

Physical punishment _____ the possibility of aggression and temporarily _____ obedience.

increases; increases

Erik Erikson's THIRD developmental stage is called:

initiative versus guilt.

Ruth Ann does not notice when her mother leaves the day care center and ignores her mother when she returns. Ruth Ann's behavior is MOST characteristic of _____ attachment.

insecure-avoidant

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, such as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return, is known as:

insecure-avoidant attachment.

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who both repels and seeks contact when reunited with his or her caregiver?

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who both resists and seeks contact when reunited with his or her caregiver?

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

About one-fifth of all infants have a type of attachment that could be categorized as _____, either avoidant or unduly anxious, as in Type _____.

insecure; C

Three-year-old Tim knocks Dan to the ground to get a toy away from him. Tim is probably demonstrating _____ aggression.

instrumental

Marcus is taking advanced placement chemistry in high school because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he needed to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Marcus is motivated by _____ motivation, while Wade is motivated by _____ motivation.

intrinsic; extrinsic

A newborn has just been given an inoculation and cries. Variations in crying from one infant to another correlate with temperament and thus confirm that temperament:

is biologically based.

Lottie is 3 months old. Her MOST sophisticated emotional capability is:

laughter and curiosity.

Family income is _____ related to screen time among young children.

negatively

Thomas and Marta are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children's lives. Thomas and Marta are _____ parents:

neglectful/uninvolved.

A kind of play identified by Mildred Parten is:

onlooker

Ginger watches Hayley and Iris play with dolls. This exemplifies _____ play.

onlooker

Cara and Deanna are sitting side-by-side, playing with dolls. Each girl is talking to herself. Cara and Deanna are engaged in _____ play.

parallel

Twelve-year-old Josie's mother and father expect that when they ask Josie to clean her room, it will be done without arguing or complaining. Josie's parents have a(n) _____ that might be described as one that involves strict rule-setting.

parenting style

Parenting behaviors and attitudes that set the emotional climate of parent-child interactions are called:

parenting styles.

Johanna believes that her children can do no wrong and that they should be allowed to develop without interference. Accordingly, she accepts whatever they do without control or discipline. According to Diana Baumrind, her parenting style could be BEST described as:

permissive.

Mildred Parten identified five different types of:

play

Parten is to Ainsworth as _____ is to ____.

play; attachment style

Intrinsic motivation is _____ associated with achievement in math and early literacy.

positively

Throughout the second year and beyond, _____, which require social awareness and emerge from family interactions, appear.

pride, shame, embarrassment, disgust, and guilt

A lawmaker drafts a bill proposing temporary income supplements for at-risk families experiencing financial instability. This is an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.

primary

Terrance says to his daughter, "If you don't tell me that you love me, then I may go away and never come back." This discipline technique is called:

psychological control.

Between ages 2 and 6, instrumental aggression increases in frequency. Over this period, _____ aggression decreases in frequency.

reactive

Heidi, Peter, and Eric are jumping on a trampoline. They will often jump on top of each other and wrestle for a while before getting back up to continue jumping. These children are engaging in _____ play.

rough-and-tumble

When 6-year-old Juanita is asked by her teacher to tell the class something about herself; Juanita says that "I am good at soccer and I am a good helper at home." Juanita is describing her:

self-concept.

The still-face technique:

shows that babies expect a positive response from their caregivers.

Temperament is to personality as _____ is to _____.

shyness; humility

Gina and Tim frequently engage in games of make-believe, often pretending they are the mommy and daddy, animals, or heroes. This _____ play helps Gina and Tim to develop a self-concept in a nonthreatening context.

sociodramatic

Grace and Tabitha, both 4 years old, pretend to be Cinderella and Snow White and act out a story. They are engaging in _____ play.

sociodramatic

Jeremy is playing with building blocks. He is alone and talking quietly to himself. He seems unaware of the other children in the room. Jeremy is engaged in _____ play.

solitary

A newborn infant comes home from the hospital, and all appears to be well. He looks happy and relaxed after being fed and drifts off to sleep. Within a few weeks, however, everyone is on edge due to the infant's bouts of uncontrollable crying. The pediatrician has advised the family that:

some infants have bouts of colic, which is probably the result of immature digestion.

Happiness is expressed by the social smile, evoked by a human face at about 6 weeks of age. Because the social smile is affected by age since conception, preterm babies:

start to smile at people when they are a few weeks older.

Infants learn to develop social skills, such as paying attention and taking turns, as well as learning to read the emotions of others through:

synchrony.

Dr. Nguyen is analyzing the duration, tone, and loudness of infants' cries immediately after they receive their first inoculation. Dr. Nguyen is MOST likely engaged in a study of:

temperament

Gerard is taken to the hospital's emergency room by ambulance after a car accident. The doctors work diligently to tend to his injuries, assessing the situation and then treating the most serious injuries first. This is an example of _____ prevention.

tertiary

In psychoanalytic theory, the superego is:

the judgmental part of the personality that internalizes the moral standards of the parents.

Guilt is the negative consequence of which developmental stage of Erik Erikson's theory?

third

As compared with the corresponding rate among 6- to 10-year-olds, the rate among 2- to 5-year-olds of serious injury in car crashes is:

twice as high.

Baby Twana's brain responds to signs of fear in other people. Twana is probably at LEAST _____ months of age.

8

Separation anxiety is normal, but if it keeps occurring after age 3, it is considered to be:

an emotional disorder

Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best. They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without question and are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not. With respect to the caregiving styles discussed in the textbook, Joan's parents are:

authoritarian.

Of Mildred Parten's five types of play, which did she believe was the MOST advanced?

cooperative

Money is an _____ motivator.

extrinsic

What is relational aggression?

insults or social rejection aimed at harming the victim's social connections

In the Netherlands, parents especially try to teach children to control their:

moodiness.

Flashing lights on stopped school buses are an example of _____ prevention.

secondary

According to one study, the majority of "typical" middle-class children in the United States whose mothers are not clinically disturbed have a(n) _____ attachment.

secure

Research demonstrates that, in developed nations, the majority of infants are classified as:

secure

Which attachment style describes an infant who is mildly upset at his mother's departure in the Strange Situation, but who is easily soothed on her return?

secure

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver is known as:

secure attachment (Type B).

When a toddler begins to walk and talk, the social bond with the caregiver changes from _____ to _____.

synchrony; attachment

An example of rough-and-tumble play is:

wrestling

A typical infant begins expressing joy and even laughter between _____ months.

2 and 4

Esmeralda is able to accurately and consistently apply gender labels, such as using "Mister" for men and "Miss" for women. What is the YOUNGEST age that Esmeralda can be?

2 years old

By the age of _____, children are LESS likely to throw temper tantrums than they were at an earlier age.

5

At about what age is anger evident in infants?

6 months

Based on the textbook's discussion of the development of the social brain during infancy, which conclusion is MOST reasonable?

Caregiver responsiveness and infant temperament have interactive effects on early childhood development.

Which statement is TRUE about imaginary friends?

Imaginary friends meet some of the psychosocial needs of children.

_____ prevention refers to actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian.

Secondary

_____ play allows for children to act out various roles and themes in stories they create.

Sociodramatic

Why do experts prefer the term harm reduction to the term accident prevention?

The use of the term accident suggests that no one is at fault and that certain events are inevitable.

Which statement about the psychosocial development of typical 2- to 6-year-olds is TRUE?

They have immodest self-concepts.

Brandi wants to measure attachment via the Strange Situation laboratory procedure, but there are simply too many children involved in the study. Instead, she decides to use _____ and to interview parents.

a survey

Tommy is 5 years old, and he likes to help his father rake the leaves in the yard. Although Tommy's father is often tired at the end of the day, he never fails to reinforce Tommy's efforts with a "Good job!" Based on Erikson's theory, Tommy is likely to develop:

a tendency toward initiative.

The terms injury control and harm reduction refer to practices that are aimed at:

anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities.

The kind of play that involves children interacting and sharing without their play being mutual or reciprocal is:

associative.

The affectionate tie that an infant forms with a caregiver, binding them together in space and enduring over time, is known as _____.

attachment

Discipline and expectations of maturity are both moderate in _____ caregiving.

authoritative

Stress in infancy can affect many brain areas. It is LEAST likely to affect the:

cerebellum