research exam 2

The historical research process that attempts to establish whether a document is authentic is called

External criticism

When a national poll reports that it's survey has a margin error of 3%, it is referring to error due to

Sampling

The most frequent and severe criticism of meta-analysis is that

The studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements

T/F for a historical researcher, one of the important goals when determining what the evidence "is evidence of" is knowing what information they cannot obtain from a source

True

To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher should

Use follow up letter or emails and phone calls

In a meta analysis, the researcher found that the mean for the experimental group in a study was 14 and the mean for the control group was 10. The standard deviation of the control group was 5. From these data, what is the ES?

0.80

survey methods

questionnaire, interview, or normative survey

In a meta analysis of 100 studies that compared boys and girls knowledge of AIDS, an average ES of 0.50 Was found. This number represents

A difference of 0.50 standard deviation units

A major difference in the purpose of a meta analysis and a review of literature for a research paper is that the meta-analysis uses the literature

For empirical and theoretical conclusions

The type of criticism that seeks to determine the accuracy of a primary source is

Internal criticism

It is common to encounter extreme or unusual scores in a distribution that could have a misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed

Outliers

The framework that contains a historical scholars beliefs and assumptions about the world and the past as well as the scholars own views is called a

Paradigm

a scholars set of assumptions about the world, definitions of theory and data, and possible questions that can be pursued

Paradigm

A fundamental goal of philosophy is to examine reality primarily through

Reflective procedures

In a meta-analysis, the ES for the experimental versus control group was 0.68, which represents a percentile equivalent of 75. This means that

The average score of the experimental group was better than 75% if the control groups scores

The fact that meta-analysis quantifies findings from many studies is a frequently mentioned advantage. Another strong advantage of the meta-analysis over the normal review paper is

The description of the coding of study characteristics and criteria for excluding studies

In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and postest, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation

The pretest standard deviation

graphic displays as it related to sources of variation

graphic displays of effect size data are useful in showing sources of variation in effect size displaying the center, spread, and shape of distribution

sources of biases in philosophy

history, socialization, language, religion, sense perception

why survey cover letters are useful

if the cover explains the purpose of the survey in a professional manner, respondent will likely become interested and inclined to cooperate

Master narratives

single, universal stories and explanations. Rejected by most. Few assume they are adequate or possible, rather, particular sports will have particular histories

interview

survey technique similar to questionnaire except participants are questioned and respond orally rather than in writing

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the nature of things

Metaphysics

A researcher tests the knowledge about nutrition of 10,000 school children from the southwestern United States, and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade level. This type of research is _____ survey study

Normative

which of the following represents a primary source regarding a fight at a ball game

Notes taken by spectator at the game

Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study?

Open ended items

Primary sources

Original/firsthand source of information, actual evidence

A method of philosophy that is designed to liberate people from the claims of traditional claims of the other branches falls under the heading of deconstructionism, and is called

Poetry

internal criticism

establishes that the source is credible

fundamental goal of philosophy

examine reality by using reflective procedures, not the empirical tools of science

analytical history

stresses the explanation for some phenomenon or practice, employ all three intellectual processes (description, analysis, and synthesis), and focus on theme rather than story

methods used by researchers when survey return rates are low

survey a sample of the nonrespondents and get responses bc if responses are similar , you can assume the nonrespondents are not different from who replied. if they do not have similar responses, try to get a greater percentage of the nonrespondents or note those differences in report

meta analysis

technique of literature review that contains a definitive methodology and quantifies the results of various studies to a standard metric that allows the use of statistical techniques as a means of analysis

questionnaire

type of paper and pencil or electronic survey used in descriptive research in which info is obtained by asking participants to respond to questions rather than by observing their behavior

coding process meta analyses

when selecting items to code/ coding scheme, know theoretical/empirical literature. look for items to code that are likely to influence effect sizes.

Secondary sources

where to go to find out if anyone has investigated a topic. Books, articles, and other media that are histories.

how good philosophical research should begin

with definitions, descriptions, clarifications, and disclaimers, particularly when the object of analysis is too large or excessively vague

Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the value of things

Axiology

In historical research, the conditions in which evidence existed

Context

The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like

Delimitations

A survey technique that asks a jury of experts to respond to a series of questionnaires in order to reach a consensus about important issues is the

Delphi survey method

critical reasoning

activity intended to show reasoning errors, faulty claims, and misplaced beliefs

open ended questions

allos respondents considerable latitude to express and feelings and to expand on ideas

Modernization paradigm

also could be called a theory, has a predictive component, maintains that "progressive increases in per capita productivity set in motion" a whole series of changes common to a range of human institutions and activity.

ranking

closed question- forces respondent to place responses in a rank order according to criteria

categorical response

closed question- offers the participant only two responses (yes or no)

descriptive reasoning

describes lived experiences and relies on descriptions of observations

Human agency paradigm

elevates people to the status of the makers of their history rather than viewing them in more reactive ways as modernization theory does

narrative history

emphasizes a "story", but writing this story requires requires description and explanation, as well as synthesis

external criticism

establishes authenticity of source

speculation

investigates subjects, such as values, that are significant to humans but cannot be forcefully defended

branches of philosophy

metaphysics- addresses nature of things axiology- addresses value of things epistemology- addresses securing knowledge and understanding its status

Poststructuralism/ postmodernism

method, aesthetic. Reject positivism, absolute objectivity, and master narratives.

inductive reasoning

moves from a limited number of specific observations to general conclusions

deductive reasoning

moves from general claims to particular conclusions

closed questions

requires a specific response and often takes form of rankings, scaled items, and categorical responses

relationship survey return rates and credibility

results from a small return rate cannot be given much credibility

effect size

results of various studies quantified to a standard metric

Understanding that most historical sources such as records and newspaper stories are not complete accounts of an event represents which of the following rules that need to be applied to internal criticism

rule of omission

paradigm

scholar's set of assumptions about the world, definitions of theory and data, and possible questions that can be pursued.

advice of Henri Marrou

there is an unlimited number of different questions to which the documents can provide answers, one must ask each question properly

Reasoning that describes lived experiences and relies on descriptions of observations is termed ______ reasoning

Descriptive

The greatest weakness of _______ methodology is the effect internal biases have on how participants see the world

Descriptive

The practice of taking a small random sample of nonrespondents to a survey is primarily intended to

Determine whether the nonrespondents are a different population from the respondents

Choose the correct sequence for developing a questionnaire

Determining objectives, delimiting the sample, writing items, pilot testing

Consider the following questionnaire item: do you use objective test items or essay items? What rule regarding item construction does it violate?

Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item

In a meta analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure that is called

Effect size

Which one of the three branches of philosophy focuses on knowledge

Epistemology

T/F historical research is designed to answer a systemic layout of questions. However they are structurally dissimilar to scientific research designs

False

T/F in the context of historical research, secondary sources are the original accounts

False

T/F speculation is an activity commonly used to show reasoning error, faulty claims, and misplaced beliefs

False

Reasoning that moves from a limited number of specific observations to a general conclusions is termed _____ reasoning

Inductive

Scaled responses to questionnaire items such as strongly agree, agree, no opinion, and so on are referred to as ______ scale items

Likert-type

The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to

List specific objectives to be achieved

scaled items

closed question- requires participants to indicate the strength of their agreement or disagreement with some statement or the relative frequency of some behavior

why survey delivery time may be important

consider respondent's schedule, but do not give too much time because they may forget about it. one week is ample time to expect survey back

Direct literature

consists of monographs, anthologies, journal articles, and films about the history of sport, health, and so on