research exam 2
The historical research process that attempts to establish whether a document is authentic is called
External criticism
When a national poll reports that it's survey has a margin error of 3%, it is referring to error due to
Sampling
The most frequent and severe criticism of meta-analysis is that
The studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements
T/F for a historical researcher, one of the important goals when determining what the evidence "is evidence of" is knowing what information they cannot obtain from a source
True
To help ensure an acceptable return rate in a questionnaire study, the researcher should
Use follow up letter or emails and phone calls
In a meta analysis, the researcher found that the mean for the experimental group in a study was 14 and the mean for the control group was 10. The standard deviation of the control group was 5. From these data, what is the ES?
0.80
survey methods
questionnaire, interview, or normative survey
In a meta analysis of 100 studies that compared boys and girls knowledge of AIDS, an average ES of 0.50 Was found. This number represents
A difference of 0.50 standard deviation units
A major difference in the purpose of a meta analysis and a review of literature for a research paper is that the meta-analysis uses the literature
For empirical and theoretical conclusions
The type of criticism that seeks to determine the accuracy of a primary source is
Internal criticism
It is common to encounter extreme or unusual scores in a distribution that could have a misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed
Outliers
The framework that contains a historical scholars beliefs and assumptions about the world and the past as well as the scholars own views is called a
Paradigm
a scholars set of assumptions about the world, definitions of theory and data, and possible questions that can be pursued
Paradigm
A fundamental goal of philosophy is to examine reality primarily through
Reflective procedures
In a meta-analysis, the ES for the experimental versus control group was 0.68, which represents a percentile equivalent of 75. This means that
The average score of the experimental group was better than 75% if the control groups scores
The fact that meta-analysis quantifies findings from many studies is a frequently mentioned advantage. Another strong advantage of the meta-analysis over the normal review paper is
The description of the coding of study characteristics and criteria for excluding studies
In calculating ES for a treatment effect between a pretest and postest, the text recommends the use of which standard deviation
The pretest standard deviation
graphic displays as it related to sources of variation
graphic displays of effect size data are useful in showing sources of variation in effect size displaying the center, spread, and shape of distribution
sources of biases in philosophy
history, socialization, language, religion, sense perception
why survey cover letters are useful
if the cover explains the purpose of the survey in a professional manner, respondent will likely become interested and inclined to cooperate
Master narratives
single, universal stories and explanations. Rejected by most. Few assume they are adequate or possible, rather, particular sports will have particular histories
interview
survey technique similar to questionnaire except participants are questioned and respond orally rather than in writing
Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the nature of things
Metaphysics
A researcher tests the knowledge about nutrition of 10,000 school children from the southwestern United States, and the scores are transformed into percentiles by grade level. This type of research is _____ survey study
Normative
which of the following represents a primary source regarding a fight at a ball game
Notes taken by spectator at the game
Which of the following are most difficult to analyze in a questionnaire study?
Open ended items
Primary sources
Original/firsthand source of information, actual evidence
A method of philosophy that is designed to liberate people from the claims of traditional claims of the other branches falls under the heading of deconstructionism, and is called
Poetry
internal criticism
establishes that the source is credible
fundamental goal of philosophy
examine reality by using reflective procedures, not the empirical tools of science
analytical history
stresses the explanation for some phenomenon or practice, employ all three intellectual processes (description, analysis, and synthesis), and focus on theme rather than story
methods used by researchers when survey return rates are low
survey a sample of the nonrespondents and get responses bc if responses are similar , you can assume the nonrespondents are not different from who replied. if they do not have similar responses, try to get a greater percentage of the nonrespondents or note those differences in report
meta analysis
technique of literature review that contains a definitive methodology and quantifies the results of various studies to a standard metric that allows the use of statistical techniques as a means of analysis
questionnaire
type of paper and pencil or electronic survey used in descriptive research in which info is obtained by asking participants to respond to questions rather than by observing their behavior
coding process meta analyses
when selecting items to code/ coding scheme, know theoretical/empirical literature. look for items to code that are likely to influence effect sizes.
Secondary sources
where to go to find out if anyone has investigated a topic. Books, articles, and other media that are histories.
how good philosophical research should begin
with definitions, descriptions, clarifications, and disclaimers, particularly when the object of analysis is too large or excessively vague
Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on the value of things
Axiology
In historical research, the conditions in which evidence existed
Context
The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like
Delimitations
A survey technique that asks a jury of experts to respond to a series of questionnaires in order to reach a consensus about important issues is the
Delphi survey method
critical reasoning
activity intended to show reasoning errors, faulty claims, and misplaced beliefs
open ended questions
allos respondents considerable latitude to express and feelings and to expand on ideas
Modernization paradigm
also could be called a theory, has a predictive component, maintains that "progressive increases in per capita productivity set in motion" a whole series of changes common to a range of human institutions and activity.
ranking
closed question- forces respondent to place responses in a rank order according to criteria
categorical response
closed question- offers the participant only two responses (yes or no)
descriptive reasoning
describes lived experiences and relies on descriptions of observations
Human agency paradigm
elevates people to the status of the makers of their history rather than viewing them in more reactive ways as modernization theory does
narrative history
emphasizes a "story", but writing this story requires requires description and explanation, as well as synthesis
external criticism
establishes authenticity of source
speculation
investigates subjects, such as values, that are significant to humans but cannot be forcefully defended
branches of philosophy
metaphysics- addresses nature of things axiology- addresses value of things epistemology- addresses securing knowledge and understanding its status
Poststructuralism/ postmodernism
method, aesthetic. Reject positivism, absolute objectivity, and master narratives.
inductive reasoning
moves from a limited number of specific observations to general conclusions
deductive reasoning
moves from general claims to particular conclusions
closed questions
requires a specific response and often takes form of rankings, scaled items, and categorical responses
relationship survey return rates and credibility
results from a small return rate cannot be given much credibility
effect size
results of various studies quantified to a standard metric
Understanding that most historical sources such as records and newspaper stories are not complete accounts of an event represents which of the following rules that need to be applied to internal criticism
rule of omission
paradigm
scholar's set of assumptions about the world, definitions of theory and data, and possible questions that can be pursued.
advice of Henri Marrou
there is an unlimited number of different questions to which the documents can provide answers, one must ask each question properly
Reasoning that describes lived experiences and relies on descriptions of observations is termed ______ reasoning
Descriptive
The greatest weakness of _______ methodology is the effect internal biases have on how participants see the world
Descriptive
The practice of taking a small random sample of nonrespondents to a survey is primarily intended to
Determine whether the nonrespondents are a different population from the respondents
Choose the correct sequence for developing a questionnaire
Determining objectives, delimiting the sample, writing items, pilot testing
Consider the following questionnaire item: do you use objective test items or essay items? What rule regarding item construction does it violate?
Do not use items that have two or more separate ideas in the same item
In a meta analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure that is called
Effect size
Which one of the three branches of philosophy focuses on knowledge
Epistemology
T/F historical research is designed to answer a systemic layout of questions. However they are structurally dissimilar to scientific research designs
False
T/F in the context of historical research, secondary sources are the original accounts
False
T/F speculation is an activity commonly used to show reasoning error, faulty claims, and misplaced beliefs
False
Reasoning that moves from a limited number of specific observations to a general conclusions is termed _____ reasoning
Inductive
Scaled responses to questionnaire items such as strongly agree, agree, no opinion, and so on are referred to as ______ scale items
Likert-type
The first step in conducting a questionnaire survey is to
List specific objectives to be achieved
scaled items
closed question- requires participants to indicate the strength of their agreement or disagreement with some statement or the relative frequency of some behavior
why survey delivery time may be important
consider respondent's schedule, but do not give too much time because they may forget about it. one week is ample time to expect survey back
Direct literature
consists of monographs, anthologies, journal articles, and films about the history of sport, health, and so on
