PSY 207: Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development, Middle/Late Childhood

______ is the second leading cause of death in children 5-14 years of age.

Cancer

Various in intelligence across countries were linked to these factors: (1) income (2) educational attainment (3) ________ (4) ___________ status

(3) health (4) socioeconomic status

______________thinking is when a person thinks reflectively, productively, and evaluates evidence.

critical

Thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating evidence.

critical thinking

Condition in which there is no evidence of organic brain damage but the individual's IQ is between 55 and 70.

cultural-familial intellectual disability

Psychologists suspect that _____ often results from growing up in a below-average intellectual environment. transitivity Asperger syndrome metabolic syndrome cultural-familial intellectual disability

cultural-familial intellectual disability

A severe autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior.

autistic disorder

Among the explainations for gender differences in LD diagnosis are greater biological vulnerability, and _______ bias.

Referral bias

______ is a cross-disciplinary term that involves the study of how various types of mental and physical training might enhance children's development

contemplative science

The ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions.

transitivity

Robert Sternberg's ______ theory of intelligence claims that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. Multiple choice question. modular component compartmentalized triarchic

triarchic

Children's advances in grammar increases from about ______ words at age 6 to an average of ________ by age 11

14,000; 40,000

A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs _____ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD. more often in adulthood three years later two years earlier more often in infancy

3 years later

Tests of intelligence that are designed to be free of cultural bias

culture-fair tests

A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.

dysgraphia

A category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.

dyslexia

What disability involves a severe impairment of a child's ability to read and spell? Multiple choice question. dyscalculia dysgraphia attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) dyslexia

dyslexia

Problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to the experiences of everyday life.

intelligence

The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along a quantitative dimension (such as length).

seriation

Austin lines up all his toy trucks around the rug on the floor, from largest to smallest. This indicates that Austin is capable of Multiple choice question. centration. egocentrism. seriation. schemes.

seriation.

Improvements in memory during middle and late childhood are reflections of increases in which of the following? Multiple select question. use of strategies concrete operations intelligence knowledge

use of strategies knowledge

Although individuals of all ages extract gist, young children tend to store and retrieve ______ traces.

verbatim

Those with ADHD have higher levels of _________ abnormalities.

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short time frame has been called the ____ effect

Flynn effect

_______ is knowledge about memory.

Metamemory

Cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing.

metacognition

An approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children's natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful.

whole-language approach

During the middle and late childhood years, children gain about ______ pounds a year. Multiple choice question. 8-10 4-6 5-7 1-3

5-7

Most people who suffer from an organic intellectual disability have IQs between 0 to 90. 0 to 50. 100 and above. 0 to 75.

0-50

Research review has concluded that there may be more than ______ genes that affect intelligence.

1,000

The Stanford-Binet 5 analyzes individual's responses in 5 content areas: (1) ______ reasoning (2) _________ (3) _________ reasoning (4) _____-______ reasoning (5) ________ memory

1. fluid reasoning 2. Knowledge 3. quantitative reasoning 4. visual-spatial reasoning 5. working memory

Ellen Winner (96) described 3 criteria that characterize gifted children, whether in art, music, or academics: (1) _________ (2) Marching to their own drummer (3) A passion to ______

1. precocity 3. Passion to master

On average, African American school children in the US score ___-____ points lower on standardized intelligence tests than White American schoolchildren do

10-15

People with an IQ of ______ have a mental age that is identical to their chronological age. Multiple choice question. 110 140 100 90

100

Of all the children in the United States, ____% from 3-21 years of age received special education or related services in 2015-2016 (a 3% increase since 1980)

12.9%

_In 2015-2016, _____% of 6-11 year olds were classified obese.

18.4%

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of __________ inches a year.

2-3 inches

About ____x as many boys as girls have a LD.

3x

About _____ million American have an intellectual disability

5

Kimberly is 7 years old. She asks her mother to buy her clothes at the start of the new academic year. However, her mother tells her that she won't buy too many clothes now as Kimberly will grow out of them soon. She expects Kimberly to gain _____ pounds per year, on average, during middle and late childhood. 7 to 10 5 to 7 1 to 2 2 to 3

5-7

During middle to late childhood, children gain about___-___ pounds a year

5-7 #s

IN one study, showed that ____ min or more of moderate-to vigorous physical activity daily was associated with a lower incidence of obesity.

55 min

Boys are _____x more likely than girls to be diagnosed and ______% of individuals aged 3-21 years old were receiving special education

5x; 8%

There are about ____-___% of US students that are classified as gifted.

6-10%

____% of US students with a disability spent more than 80% of their school day in a general classroom

61%

ASD had increased to 1 in _____ for 8 year old children.

68

By _____ years of age, children's hands have become steadier.

7

Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from about ____-____years of age. In this stage, they can reason logically as long as ______ can be applied to specific and concrete examples.

7-11 years old; reasoning

An intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below _____ on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life; and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age _____

70; 18 years old

Howard Gardner suggests that there are_____ types of intelligence, or "frames of mind"

8

The CDC estimates that ADHD has continued to increase in 4-17 year old children from ____% in 2003 to ____% in 2007 and to ____% in 2016

8%; 9.5%; 11%

About _____% of those with an LD have a reading problem.

80%

In a recent review, it was concluded that there are about _____ genes linked to ASD>

800 genes

Children at the _____% are in the obesity category, and at or above the ____th % are at the overweight category, and children at or above the ____th% are at risk for being overweight.

97th; 95th; 85th

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) A disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and (3) impulsivity.

ADHD

Which of the following statements about learning disabilities is true? About three times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability. Girls are more likely to be referred by teachers for treatment because of troublesome behavior. Learning disabilities reside in a single, specific brain location in all individuals. Girls have a greater biological vulnerability than boys to being diagnosed with a learning disability.

About three times as many boys as girls are classified as having a learning disability.

Who created the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ)? William Stern David Wechsler Alfred Binet Robert J. Sternberg

Alfred Binet

__________ principle is that the letters of the alphabet represent sounds on the language

Alphabet principle

A relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language skills, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships.

Asperger syndrome

______ thinking produces one correct answer and characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence. Multiple choice question. Critical Convergent Elaborative Divergent

Convergent

______ intelligence consists of the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine. Multiple choice question. Imaginative Creative Practical Analytical

Creative

______ thinking produces many different answers to the same question and characterizes creativity. Multiple choice question. Elaborative Divergent Convergent Critical

Divergent

______ refers to the central idea of the information

Gist

Which of the following statements about cardiovascular disease in children is true? Cardiovascular disease is common in children. Behaviors in childhood do not affect the development of cardiovascular disease in later life. High blood pressure goes undiagnosed in 75 percent of children with the disease. There is no scientific evidence of high blood pressure in children.

High blood pressure goes undiagnosed in 75 percent of children with the disease.

Which of the following statements about IQ or intelligence is true? Schooling has been shown to have no influence on intelligence. IQ scores have been rapidly increasing around the world. Modifications in environment have no impact on one's IQ score. The conception of intelligence is the same across cultures.

IQ scores have been rapidly increasing around the world.

The most common cancer in children is ________, a cancer in which bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells that crowd out normal cells.

Leukemia

____________age is Binet's measure of an individual's level of intellectual development compared with that of others.

Mental

______ awareness refers to knowledge about language, such as knowing the definition of a preposition or being able to discuss language sounds. Multiple choice question. Multicultural Lingual Metalinguistic Bilingual

Metalinguistic

Which of the following are characteristic of the whole-language approach? Multiple select question. Reading is connected with listening and writing skills. Children are given material in its complete form, such as stories and poems. Reading instruction is focused on teaching basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. Reading is integrated with other skills and subjects, such as science and social studies.

Reading is connected with listening and writing skills. Children are given material in its complete form, such as stories and poems. Reading is integrated with other skills and subjects, such as science and social studies.

_____ develops more rapidly during early childhood, and _____ develops more rapidly during middle and late childhood. Expertise; knowledge Short-term memory; long-term memory Long-term memory; short-term memory Knowledge; expertise

Short-term memory; long-term memory

An intellectual disability is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has which three of the following characteristics? Multiple select question. a low IQ, usually below 70 requires supervision either at home or in an institution does not do well in social settings and cannot make eye contact first exhibits characteristics by age 18 difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life

a low IQ, usually below 70 first exhibits characteristics by age 18 difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life

Compared with novices, experts have poorer overall memory, regardless of their area of expertise. lower levels of motivation. acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area. less experience in their area of expertise.

acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area.

When learning a second language, which group tends to learn faster but attain a lower final level of second-language attainment? Multiple choice question. children Latinos adults non-Latino whites

adults

In a recent study, reduced ________-_______connectivity occurred in children with ASD

amygdala-prefrontal

According to Howard Gardner, who among the following would need to have good spatial abilities to be successful? architects and sailors theologians and psychologists journalists and authors botanists and landscapers

architects and sailors

Which of the following is/are the second leading cause of death in U.S. children from 5 to 14 years of age? drowning motor vehicle accidents cardiovascular disease cancer

cancer

A key component of working memory is the _______ _________, which supervises and control the flow of information and is especially involved in selective attention and inhibition, planning and decision making, and troubleshooting.

central executive

Changes occur in the thickness of the ____ ______in middle and late childhood and particularly in the ______ and ______ lobe areas that function in language.

cerebral cortex; temporal and frontal lobes

Thinking that produces one correct answer and is characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests.

convergent thinking

Emily has the ability to think about things in novel and unusual ways, and this allows her to come up with unique solutions to problems. This ability is called _____ thinking. analytical critical creative logical

creative

When a person thinks in novel and unusual ways and comes up with unique solutions to problems, they are engaging in _____ thinking. Multiple choice question. dialectical creative critical elaborative

creative

The ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.

creative thinking

In addition to an IQ below 70, which of the following factors are necessary for a diagnosis of intellectual disability? Multiple choice question. difficulty adapting to everyday life difficulty in social relationships difficulty focusing on classroom material difficulty sitting still in a classroom setting

difficulty adapting to everyday life

Which of the following is a component of a learning disability? Multiple choice question. emotional disorder mental disorder economic disadvantage difficulty using language

difficulty using language

Thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity.

divergent thinking

Also known as developmental arithmetic disorder; a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.

dyscalculia

An important strategy for remembering that involves engaging in more extensive processing of information.

elaboration

Scott tries to remember his neighbors' names by putting them in ABC order. This is a more engaging extensive mental strategy for processing, called Multiple choice question. elaboration. imagery. repetition. strategies.

elaboration.

Researchers have found that ______ _____ is better predictor of school readiness than general IQ.

executive function

Three important aspects of thinking are _____ ____, ______ thinking, and ______ thinking

executive function, critical thinking, and creative thinking

Knowledge about language, such as understanding what a preposition is or being able to discuss the sounds of a language.

metalinguistic awareness

States that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: (1) verbatim memory trace, and (2) gist. In this theory, older children's better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting the gist of information.

fuzzy trace theory

Having above-average intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something.

gifted

Abigail is 10 years old and is learning to play tennis. Which of the following changes in development are related to her ability to learn the sport? Multiple choice question. greater coordination thickening in the cerebral cortex synaptic pruning in the temporal lobe decreased motor skills

greater coordination

In middle to late childhood, the increased pathways and circuitry in the prefrontal cortex are related to which improvements? Multiple select question. improved cognitive control improved visual perception improved reasoning ability improved attention improved sensory perception

improved cognitive control improved reasoning ability improved attention

inclusion Educating a child with special requirements full-time in the regular classroom.

inclusion

What new skills do children gain upon entering school? Multiple select question. ability to engage in telegraphic speech increasing use of language to talk about things that are not physically present ability to recognize and talk about sounds knowledge of what a word is increasing use of overextension

increasing use of language to talk about things that are not physically present ability to recognize and talk about sounds knowledge of what a word is

Which of the following concepts encompasses problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to experiences? Multiple choice question. metamemory intelligence metacognition concrete operations

intelligence

__________________quotient is a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by one hundred.

intelligence

A concept created by William Stern: ________ is a person's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified by Howard Gardner? creative intrapersonal practical analytical

intrapersonal

A recent research review of Chinese children revealed that childhood obesity was linked to access to which of the following? consumption of powerbars excessive use of fitness equipment lack of a gym membership lack of access to fruits and vegetables

lack of access to fruits and vegetables

Students with a ________ disability were by far the largest group in special ed, followed by speech and hearing impairments, ASD, ID, and ED

learning

A(n) ____________ ___________includes difficulty in learning that involves understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics.

learning disability

Difficulty in understanding or using spoken or written language or in doing mathematics. To be classified as a learning disability, the learning problem is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.

learning disability

A setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

least restrictive environment (LRE)

One expert on intelligence, Nathan Brody, has observed that people who excel at one type of intellectual task are proof that intelligence is a number of specific abilities. evidence that multiple-intelligence approaches are correct. likely to underperform in other tasks. likely to excel at other tasks, too.

likely to excel at other tasks, too.

A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time.

long-term memory

Which of the following is a relatively permanent and unlimited type of memory that increases with age during middle and late childhood? Multiple choice question. short-term memory working memory sensory memory long-term memory

long-term memory

In a two-year intervention study with families living in poverty, ________ ______ and positive home stimulation improved young children's intellectual functioning

maternal scaffolding

Using mental images, or imagery, is a strategy for improving Multiple choice question. elaboration. self-efficacy. memory. executive function.

memory.

Binet's measure of an individual's level of mental development compared with that of others.

mental age (MA)

Which of the following are strategies that can be used by teachers who are helping to improve children's long-term memory? Multiple select question. mental imagery variation rehearsal elaboration

mental imagery variation elaboration

In which period of the life span do individuals have the lowest rates of disease and death? Multiple choice question. infancy middle to late childhood adolescence early to middle childhood

middle to late childhood

Being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.

mindfulness

To increase children's executive functioning, typical children should use ________ training and non-typically developing children should use _________teaching involving self-regulation and biofeedback-enhanced relaxation

mindfulness; strategy

Developmentalists who argue that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision. They have elaborated on Piaget's theory, giving more emphasis to information processing, strategies, and precise cognitive steps.

neo-Piagetians

Researchers have been exploring the possibility that __________might improve the attention of children with ADHD.

neurofeedback

A symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.

normal distribution

With regard to exercise, America's children are Multiple choice question. not spending enough time in structured exercise that is proven to maintain healthy weight. not getting enough. spending too much time exercising and not enough on their studies. getting too much.

not getting enough.

A genetic disorder or condition involving brain damage that is linked to a low level of intellectual functioning.

organic intellectual disability

What cognitive ability is especially important for good writing? Multiple choice question. creativity organization understanding of syntax gross motor skills

organization

Which skills are most important to becoming a good writer? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. organization and logical reasoning skills monitoring writing progress being receptive to feedback employing stream of consciousness ignoring formal rules

organization and logical reasoning skills monitoring writing progress being receptive to feedback employing stream of consciousness

The _____ approach to reading instruction emphasizes the teaching of basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds. phonics morphological balanced-instruction whole-language

phonics

**A recent research review (Jeyanthi, Arumugam, & Parasherr, 2019) concluded that _____ improved the attention of children with ADHD. carbohydrates physical exercise group therapy time outs

physical exercise

In one study with individuals from 6-22 years of age, connectivity between the ______ and __________ lobes in childhood was linked to better reasoning ability later in development.

prefrontal and parietal

The highest level of the brain is the: Multiple choice question. temporal lobe. prefrontal cortex. parietal lobe. occipital lobe.

prefrontal cortex

Carl's son has been diagnosed with a learning disability. Since then, Carl has spent a significant amount of time trying to understand the causes of his son's disability. He learns that even though several research studies have been conducted, the precise causes have not yet been determined. He comes across a research finding that indicates that it is unlikely that learning disabilities are a result of subtle impairments in brain structures. occur as a result of subtle impairments in brain functions. reside in a single, specific brain location. are due to problems in integrating information from multiple brain regions.

reside in a single, specific brain location.

The dimension of executive function that are most important for 4-11 year olds cognitive development and school success are: self-______/inhibition, ______memory, and _________.

self-control/inhibition, working memory, and flexibility

Working memory is closely linked to Blank______ memory. Multiple choice question. short-term sensory register long-term deficient

short-term

What type of memory increases during early childhood but does not increase much after the age of 7? Multiple choice question. short-term memory sensory memory abstract memory long-term memory

short-term memory

*During the elementary school years, boys are usually (taller/shorter) on average than girls.

shorter

Which of the following are the job of the working memory? Multiple select question. solve problems manipulate and assemble information when making decisions hold information for brief periods of time but do not manipulate it comprehend written and spoken language

solve problems manipulate and assemble information when making decisions comprehend written and spoken language

The anxiety that one's behavior might confirm a negative stereotype about one's group.

stereotype threat

Which was the largest group of students with a disability to be served by federal programs and receive special education in the 2015-2016 school year? emotionally disturbed students students with a specific learning impairment students with speech or language impairments students with an intellectual disability

students with a specific learning impairment

Those in middle and late childhood pay more attention to _____-______ stimuli than to salient stimuli

task-relevant

Researchers suspect which of the following causes for a drop in intelligence test scores in Norway? technological advances nutritional deficiencies violence in music and television climatic changes

technological advances

Sternberg's theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

triarchic theory of intelligence

Which of the following issues are NOT included in a true learning disability? Multiple select question. visual impairments cognitive and/or language impairments hearing impairments motor disabilities

visual impairments hearing impairments motor disabilities

For late language learners like adolescents and adults, it is easier to learn new ______ than it is to learn new sounds or new grammar. Multiple choice question. meaning order vocabulary languages

vocabulary

In classrooms adopting a ______ approach, beginning readers are taught to recognize words or even entire sentences and to use the context of what they read to guess at the meaning of words. Multiple choice question. bilingual whole-language pragmatic metalinguistic

whole-language

A mental "workbench" where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending written and spoken language.

working memory