PSY 235 Exam 1

attachment figures

any kind of caregiver, biological tends to be more common

laboratory studies

artificial environment allows researchers to control conditions and variables, can determine casual direction; how one variable might casually influence another, bring people into a lab and have people have a standard experience, artificial experiment

WEIRD samples

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic

attachment article: study 2- what did they find for each of their hypotheses? Was the hypothesis supported?

Consistent with our predictions, individuals lower in avoidance were more likely to be in a CNM relationship over a monogamous relationship, inconsistent with our predictions, anxiety was unrelated to current relationship status, there were more individuals involved in CNM relationships that identified as male compared to monogamous relationships- those relationships exhibit secure attachment, Additionally, a larger percentage of the CNM sample identified as male relative to the monogamous sample

probabilistic relationship

Early childhood attachment is only probabilistically related to adult attachment, attachment is learned through experiences with relationships

avoidant attachment

a negative way of reacting, the child is upset when the mom leaves, but when the mom comes back, they're stand offish and kind of ignoring the parent

culture

a pattern of shared meaning and behavior

what is a consensual non monogamy relationship?

all partners agree that it is acceptable to have more than one concurrent partner

Li, Zuckerman & Diner (2021) measured how different factors can influence social well-being. The study found that...

an increase in equality, specifically in more liberal countries, resulted in a higher sense of life sensation

They make separate predictions for anxiously attached people, avoidantly attached people, men and women. What are the predictions for each group? Why do they make predictions?

anxious individuals prioritize others' sexual and romantic needs above their own, thinking about CNM relationships may exacerbate anxious individuals concerns, hold more positive attitudes toward casual sex, women may be attracted to a relationship configuration that could allow them to engage in sex with multiple partners, women prefer these types of CNM relationships more than men do

antecedents of attachment style; inconsistently responsive to child's needs

anxious/resistant

online laboratory

artificial environment allows researchers to control conditions and variables, can determine causal direction, like lab work but conducted online, like a chatroom

what is included in social psychology?

attraction, attitudes, peace and conflict, social influence, social cognition, social development, emotions, positive relationships

attachment article: study 1- what did they find for each of their hypotheses? Was the hypothesis supported?

avoidance was robustly linked with positive attitudes toward and desire to engage in CNM among individuals who had never engaged in CNM, men reported higher levels of avoidance, more positive attitudes toward CNM, and greater willingness to engage in CNM than women

antecedents of attachment style; unresponsive to child's needs

avoidant attachment

attachment behaviors

behaviors that kids have when separated from parents

in social psychology studies involving deception, sometimes a person who appears to be a participant is actually working for the researcher. What is this person called?

confederate

Harry Harlow's research

Rhesus monkeys formed connections to the terrycloth-covered mother, only going to the wire monkey for food, showing the importance of contact comfort

psychological adaptions

mechanisms of the mind that evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction

impact on relationship functioning; higher security

more satisfying, less conflict, more enduring relationships, more likely to provide support to partner in times of distress

disadvantage of surveys

no causality & social desirability, more likely to be representative

how to scientists think?

observation, when scientists are approaching the world, they take a stance of being observing and curious, observations about the world and social behavior, learning from things before us, using knowledge of human behavior

why would cross-cultural psychologist Harry Traindis be interested to compare cultures of Australia and Taiwan?

one is an individual culture and the other is a collectivist

swinging

partners agree on sexual relationships with others, typically engaged in as a couple and often at parties

polyamory

partners involved agree on loving sexual and romantic relationships with others

why do the authors think that consensual non-monogamy might reflect secure attachment bonds?

positive relationship qualities reported by those in such relationships are notably similar to those of secure attachment relationships, research suggests that individuals in CNM relationships report relatively high levels of trust honestly, intimacy, friendship, and satisfaction & low levels of jealousy

sexual strategies theory- women

possession of resources, access to resources, commitment

social understanding

relationships are essential, early forms of social understanding, social referencing, observation and explanation

Millie's parents respond to her in a sensitive manner, reinforcing her belief that they can be relied upon in times of need. As a result, Millie is most likely to develop a ______ attachment.

secure

three styles of attachment

secure (about 60%), Avoidant (about 20%), anxious-resistant (about 20%)

antecedents of attachment style; responsive caregiving

secure attachment

why do partners prefer to have a similar comfort style?

secure partners are more attractive, influence partner, because there is numerically more secure people, they tend to find each other, people develop and shape each other in a relationship

Which laboratory procedure, designed to assess attachment styles in children, involves exposing a child to separation from their caregiver followed by reunification?

strange situation

adaptations

survival adaptations- keep you alive longer, having camo when needed, being able to fight when you need, mate competition

criticisms and controversy of sexual strategies theory

"just so" stories: assumes present day behaviors affected by precise conditions of distant past, often cannot observe these conditions nor this casual path; Reifies existing gender and sex differences: heteronormative, provides "justification" for bad behaviors

secure children are likely to

- have better peer relationships - be better evaluated by teachers - persist on challenging tasks

research issues

Measurement, ethics, WEIRD samples

field studies

in the real world

disadvantage of non-conscious research

no social desirability

Study 1: Trolly Experiment

5 mice being shocked or only one mouse being shocked (none are shocked in the end). Result: o Participants were more than twice as likely to make a deontological decision (shock 5) vs. a consequentialist decision (change to shock 1) when faced with the hypothetical dilemma (34% of decisions) than they were when faced with the real-life version (16% of decisions)

insecure (avoidant) children are likely to

Be classified as bullies Have difficulty making and maintaining friendships

The percentage of people who engage in CNM is relatively small and they are stigmatized. This makes it challenging to collect data on this subpopulation. How did they try to recruit this subpopulation?

Participants were recruited online via social networking sites, as well as listservs and websites devoted to CNM to ensure that a substantial number of individuals in CNM relationships participated. This type of targeted recruitment was required to obtain a large enough sample for comparisons.

Study 2: Morals and Markets

decision to receive no money and save a mouse, or receive money and except that you killed the mouse, subjects were informed about the killing process. Results: When no marketing involved, about 40-50% of people are making 10 euros to kill the mouse, As the markets increase, the decisions to kill the mice do as well

studying social psychology

detailed observations, studying it as a science, might observe with surveys, bring people into a lab

strange situation

developed by Mary Ainsworth- the parents leave their child and a stranger comes in to keep the baby company, the studies are more focused on the reunion when the mother comes back

different behaviors can be explained by

different adaptations

after making observations and forming a research question, scientists should

form a hypothesis

what gap in the research literature are these scholars trying to fill with their work?

gender and attachment in relation to consensual non-monogamy relationships. Monogamous relationships set this as the default and something to "look up to" whereas CNM was stigmatized by society and researchers. Trying to find what human experience or emotion we haven't learned about, what are they missing.

gene selection theory

genes increase their own replication in two ways: influence individual bodies to survive and reproduce, influence individual bodies to help other bodies that are likely to contain copies of themselves

archival research

go to existing data, social media cites, records, see how people change and develop, natural behavior, look at what goes viral or what gets shared a lot

disadvantages of lab and online experiments

help establish causality, can lack ecological validity

sexual strategies theory

humans have evolved of a menu of mating strategies, which are selected based on culture, social context, parental influence, and personal mate value

types of research

lab, online lab, field studies, archival research

anxious-resistant attachment

like avoidant, but when the caregiver comes back, the child wants to be with the mother but is also pushing the mother away

how do children learn about racism

majority of white parents avoid talking about race with their children, when they do they often fail to mention race/racism explicity

attachment and dating

tend to have a partner of similar style

attachment article: what was the purpose of Study 2?

test if attachment is related to actual engagement in CNM

cultural intelligence

the ability and willingness to apply cultural awareness to practical uses

what is social psychology?

the branch of psychological science that is mainly concerned with understanding how the presence of others affects our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, how we treat the people we are in relations with, the subtle things we do during our daily interactions

secure attachment

the children miss their parent and are happy to see them back

sexual selection theory

the evolution of characteristics not because of survival advantage, but because of mating advantage

independent variable

the variables are experimentally manipulated, they predict things, trying to get causality

dependent variables

the variables that are measured, the variables that are being produced

ethics

there are rules and ethics that need to be followed- do what is best for participants and not harming them, ex: Stanford prison experiment was not ethical, majority of old studies were just crimes

attachment behavioral system has adaptive value

this is a way of trying to get your caregiver to stick around

disadvantage of archival research

typically no causality, but often real-world behaviors

attachment article: how did they measure their key variables in Study 1?

using a 6-item scale, in which participants rated the extent to which they were willing to engage in each type of CNM using a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (very unwilling) to 7 (very willing)

disadvantages of field research

when experimental, can help establish causality, often contrived, resource intensive

was study 1 & 2 ethical?

yes, If mice don't die now from experiments, they will soon, They try to find something that most people believe to be unethical, Want us to generalize when people are negotiating a business deal and are only considering themselves or their pay

sexual strategies theory- men

youth, health, attractiveness