PSY 235 Exam 1
attachment figures
any kind of caregiver, biological tends to be more common
laboratory studies
artificial environment allows researchers to control conditions and variables, can determine casual direction; how one variable might casually influence another, bring people into a lab and have people have a standard experience, artificial experiment
WEIRD samples
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
attachment article: study 2- what did they find for each of their hypotheses? Was the hypothesis supported?
Consistent with our predictions, individuals lower in avoidance were more likely to be in a CNM relationship over a monogamous relationship, inconsistent with our predictions, anxiety was unrelated to current relationship status, there were more individuals involved in CNM relationships that identified as male compared to monogamous relationships- those relationships exhibit secure attachment, Additionally, a larger percentage of the CNM sample identified as male relative to the monogamous sample
probabilistic relationship
Early childhood attachment is only probabilistically related to adult attachment, attachment is learned through experiences with relationships
avoidant attachment
a negative way of reacting, the child is upset when the mom leaves, but when the mom comes back, they're stand offish and kind of ignoring the parent
culture
a pattern of shared meaning and behavior
what is a consensual non monogamy relationship?
all partners agree that it is acceptable to have more than one concurrent partner
Li, Zuckerman & Diner (2021) measured how different factors can influence social well-being. The study found that...
an increase in equality, specifically in more liberal countries, resulted in a higher sense of life sensation
They make separate predictions for anxiously attached people, avoidantly attached people, men and women. What are the predictions for each group? Why do they make predictions?
anxious individuals prioritize others' sexual and romantic needs above their own, thinking about CNM relationships may exacerbate anxious individuals concerns, hold more positive attitudes toward casual sex, women may be attracted to a relationship configuration that could allow them to engage in sex with multiple partners, women prefer these types of CNM relationships more than men do
antecedents of attachment style; inconsistently responsive to child's needs
anxious/resistant
online laboratory
artificial environment allows researchers to control conditions and variables, can determine causal direction, like lab work but conducted online, like a chatroom
what is included in social psychology?
attraction, attitudes, peace and conflict, social influence, social cognition, social development, emotions, positive relationships
attachment article: study 1- what did they find for each of their hypotheses? Was the hypothesis supported?
avoidance was robustly linked with positive attitudes toward and desire to engage in CNM among individuals who had never engaged in CNM, men reported higher levels of avoidance, more positive attitudes toward CNM, and greater willingness to engage in CNM than women
antecedents of attachment style; unresponsive to child's needs
avoidant attachment
attachment behaviors
behaviors that kids have when separated from parents
in social psychology studies involving deception, sometimes a person who appears to be a participant is actually working for the researcher. What is this person called?
confederate
Harry Harlow's research
Rhesus monkeys formed connections to the terrycloth-covered mother, only going to the wire monkey for food, showing the importance of contact comfort
psychological adaptions
mechanisms of the mind that evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction
impact on relationship functioning; higher security
more satisfying, less conflict, more enduring relationships, more likely to provide support to partner in times of distress
disadvantage of surveys
no causality & social desirability, more likely to be representative
how to scientists think?
observation, when scientists are approaching the world, they take a stance of being observing and curious, observations about the world and social behavior, learning from things before us, using knowledge of human behavior
why would cross-cultural psychologist Harry Traindis be interested to compare cultures of Australia and Taiwan?
one is an individual culture and the other is a collectivist
swinging
partners agree on sexual relationships with others, typically engaged in as a couple and often at parties
polyamory
partners involved agree on loving sexual and romantic relationships with others
why do the authors think that consensual non-monogamy might reflect secure attachment bonds?
positive relationship qualities reported by those in such relationships are notably similar to those of secure attachment relationships, research suggests that individuals in CNM relationships report relatively high levels of trust honestly, intimacy, friendship, and satisfaction & low levels of jealousy
sexual strategies theory- women
possession of resources, access to resources, commitment
social understanding
relationships are essential, early forms of social understanding, social referencing, observation and explanation
Millie's parents respond to her in a sensitive manner, reinforcing her belief that they can be relied upon in times of need. As a result, Millie is most likely to develop a ______ attachment.
secure
three styles of attachment
secure (about 60%), Avoidant (about 20%), anxious-resistant (about 20%)
antecedents of attachment style; responsive caregiving
secure attachment
why do partners prefer to have a similar comfort style?
secure partners are more attractive, influence partner, because there is numerically more secure people, they tend to find each other, people develop and shape each other in a relationship
Which laboratory procedure, designed to assess attachment styles in children, involves exposing a child to separation from their caregiver followed by reunification?
strange situation
adaptations
survival adaptations- keep you alive longer, having camo when needed, being able to fight when you need, mate competition
criticisms and controversy of sexual strategies theory
"just so" stories: assumes present day behaviors affected by precise conditions of distant past, often cannot observe these conditions nor this casual path; Reifies existing gender and sex differences: heteronormative, provides "justification" for bad behaviors
secure children are likely to
- have better peer relationships - be better evaluated by teachers - persist on challenging tasks
research issues
Measurement, ethics, WEIRD samples
field studies
in the real world
disadvantage of non-conscious research
no social desirability
Study 1: Trolly Experiment
5 mice being shocked or only one mouse being shocked (none are shocked in the end). Result: o Participants were more than twice as likely to make a deontological decision (shock 5) vs. a consequentialist decision (change to shock 1) when faced with the hypothetical dilemma (34% of decisions) than they were when faced with the real-life version (16% of decisions)
insecure (avoidant) children are likely to
Be classified as bullies Have difficulty making and maintaining friendships
The percentage of people who engage in CNM is relatively small and they are stigmatized. This makes it challenging to collect data on this subpopulation. How did they try to recruit this subpopulation?
Participants were recruited online via social networking sites, as well as listservs and websites devoted to CNM to ensure that a substantial number of individuals in CNM relationships participated. This type of targeted recruitment was required to obtain a large enough sample for comparisons.
Study 2: Morals and Markets
decision to receive no money and save a mouse, or receive money and except that you killed the mouse, subjects were informed about the killing process. Results: When no marketing involved, about 40-50% of people are making 10 euros to kill the mouse, As the markets increase, the decisions to kill the mice do as well
studying social psychology
detailed observations, studying it as a science, might observe with surveys, bring people into a lab
strange situation
developed by Mary Ainsworth- the parents leave their child and a stranger comes in to keep the baby company, the studies are more focused on the reunion when the mother comes back
different behaviors can be explained by
different adaptations
after making observations and forming a research question, scientists should
form a hypothesis
what gap in the research literature are these scholars trying to fill with their work?
gender and attachment in relation to consensual non-monogamy relationships. Monogamous relationships set this as the default and something to "look up to" whereas CNM was stigmatized by society and researchers. Trying to find what human experience or emotion we haven't learned about, what are they missing.
gene selection theory
genes increase their own replication in two ways: influence individual bodies to survive and reproduce, influence individual bodies to help other bodies that are likely to contain copies of themselves
archival research
go to existing data, social media cites, records, see how people change and develop, natural behavior, look at what goes viral or what gets shared a lot
disadvantages of lab and online experiments
help establish causality, can lack ecological validity
sexual strategies theory
humans have evolved of a menu of mating strategies, which are selected based on culture, social context, parental influence, and personal mate value
types of research
lab, online lab, field studies, archival research
anxious-resistant attachment
like avoidant, but when the caregiver comes back, the child wants to be with the mother but is also pushing the mother away
how do children learn about racism
majority of white parents avoid talking about race with their children, when they do they often fail to mention race/racism explicity
attachment and dating
tend to have a partner of similar style
attachment article: what was the purpose of Study 2?
test if attachment is related to actual engagement in CNM
cultural intelligence
the ability and willingness to apply cultural awareness to practical uses
what is social psychology?
the branch of psychological science that is mainly concerned with understanding how the presence of others affects our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, how we treat the people we are in relations with, the subtle things we do during our daily interactions
secure attachment
the children miss their parent and are happy to see them back
sexual selection theory
the evolution of characteristics not because of survival advantage, but because of mating advantage
independent variable
the variables are experimentally manipulated, they predict things, trying to get causality
dependent variables
the variables that are measured, the variables that are being produced
ethics
there are rules and ethics that need to be followed- do what is best for participants and not harming them, ex: Stanford prison experiment was not ethical, majority of old studies were just crimes
attachment behavioral system has adaptive value
this is a way of trying to get your caregiver to stick around
disadvantage of archival research
typically no causality, but often real-world behaviors
attachment article: how did they measure their key variables in Study 1?
using a 6-item scale, in which participants rated the extent to which they were willing to engage in each type of CNM using a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (very unwilling) to 7 (very willing)
disadvantages of field research
when experimental, can help establish causality, often contrived, resource intensive
was study 1 & 2 ethical?
yes, If mice don't die now from experiments, they will soon, They try to find something that most people believe to be unethical, Want us to generalize when people are negotiating a business deal and are only considering themselves or their pay
sexual strategies theory- men
youth, health, attractiveness