PSY 240 Chapter 2

A set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon is called which of the following?

A theory

Today, psychosurgery is more precise and safer due to which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.)

Advances in modern neurological assessment Advances in modern surgical techniques

Which of the following statements are true about chromosomes? (Select all that apply.)

Alterations in the structure or number of chromosomes can cause major defects. Chromosomes contain individual genes, which are segments of DNA. Chromosomes determine inherited characteristics.

Besides lithium, which drugs are also being used in the treatment of mania?

Anticonvulsants

___________________ drugs reduce symptoms of depression.

Antidepressant

Which of the following drugs reduce low motivation and sleep and eating disturbances?

Antidepressants

___________________ drugs help reduce the symptoms of psychosis.

Antipsychotic

Which types of drugs help reduce hallucinations and delusions?

Antipsychotic drugs

For which purpose are benzodiazepines most often used?

As sleeping pills

Which of the following newer medications seem to be effective in treating psychosis without some of the side effects of the earlier drugs?

Atypical antipsychotics

Which of the following is the part of the neuron that is a long, slender, tubelike extension?

Axon

Which of the following were the first group of antianxiety drugs?

Barbiturates

The study of the genetics of personality and abnormality is called which of the following?

Behavioral genetics

Which of the following views disorders as the result of abnormal genes or neuro biological dysfunction?

Biological approach

Which of the following is the name of the approach that recognizes that psychological disorders often are caused by a combination of factors?

Biopsychosocial

SNRIs are designed to target which of the following?

Both serotonin and norepinephrine

Which of the following statements is true of biological approaches to understanding abnormality?

Brain dysfunction, biochemical imbalances, and genetic abnormalities can influence one another.

Which of the following are parts of a neuron? (Select all that apply.)

Cell body Dendrites Axon

Which area of the hindbrain is concerned primarily with the coordination of movement?

Cerebellum

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called?

Cerebral cortex

No longer viewing psychological disorders as either present or absent, proponents of the biological approaches have adopted which of the following models?

Continuum

Psychological approaches to disorders have also been moving toward which type of model?

Continuum model

Which of the following is the procedure in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain?

Deep brain stimulation

Those who view psychological disorders from a biological perspective focus on which of the following?

Deficits in neurobiological processes

Which of the following is the process in which receiving neurons release an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals?

Degradation

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for the treatment of which of the following?

Depression

Which model suggests that psychological disorders emerge when a risk factor and a trigger or stress come together in the same individual?

Diathesis-stress model

Which neurotransmitter is prominent in those areas of the brain associated with our experience of rewards or reinforcements?

Dopamine

Which transmitter is important to the functioning of muscle systems and plays a role in disorders such as Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine

Which of the following is the most common biological treatment for abnormality?

Drug treatment

Which of the following statements reflects the best rationale for using drugs to treat psychological disorders?

Drugs improve the functioning of neurotransmitter systems.

The hypothalamus regulates which of the following behaviors? (Select all that apply.)

Eating Drinking Sexual behavior

People who favor a sociocultural approach generally view psychological disorders as which of the following?

Falling along a continuum

Which neurotransmitter inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters?

GABA

_______________ factors can influence the kinds of environments we choose, which then reinforce our genetically influenced personalities and interests.

Genetic

Which of the following are causes of abnormality on which the biological approach often focuses? (Select all that apply.)

Genetic abnormalities Brain dysfunction Biochemical imbalances

Which of the following is not a part of a neuron?

Glia

The brain structure that sits on the top of the spinal cord and is crucial in basic life functions is called which of the following?

Hindbrain

Which part of the limbic system plays a role in memory?

Hippocampus

Chemicals that travel throughout the body potentially affecting a person's moods, levels of energy, and reactions to stress are called which of the following?

Hormones

Messenger chemicals traveling throughout the body are called which of the following?

Hormones

The endocrine system secretes messenger chemicals called which of the following?

Hormones

Which structure of the forebrain is involved in regulating eating, drinking, and sexual behavior?

Hypothalamus

Which is a significant side effect of a lobotomy?

Inability to initiate activity

GABA is which of the following?

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Tardive dyskinesia has which symptoms?

Involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth or jaw

The pituitary gland is called the master gland because of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

It controls the secretions of other endocrine glands. It produces the largest number of different hormones.

Which of the following statements are true about tardive dyskinesia? (Select all that apply.)

It is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements. It results from taking antipsychotic drugs for an extended period of time.

Which of the following statements are true about the cerebral cortex? (Select all that apply.)

It is composed of two hemispheres. It is divided into four lobes. It is involved in advanced thinking processes.

Which set of structures regulates many instinctive behaviors?

Limbic system

______________ is widely used as a mood stabilizer and is a metallic element.

Lithium

Common side effects of SSRIs and SNRIs include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Nausea Diarrhea Sexual dysfunction

Lithium's side effects include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Nausea Tremors Blurred vision

What biochemicals act as messengers by carrying impulses from one neuron to another?

Neurotransmitters

Which of the following are the two main chemicals in the brain?

Neurotransmitters and hormones

Cocaine and amphetamines prolong the action of which neurotransmitter, causing the stimulating psychological effects of these drugs?

Norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter is produced mainly by neurons in the brain stem?

Norepinephrine

_________________ were the first group of antipsychotic drugs.

Phenothiazines

Which gland in the endocrine system is called the master gland?

Pituitary gland

One of the most invasive treatments for psychological disorders is which of the following?

Psychosurgery

Which of the following is a new procedure that exposes patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses focused on particular brain structures?

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Which neurotransmitter plays an important role in depression?

Serotonin

Which neurotransmitter plays an important role in emotional well-being?

Serotonin

Which part of the midbrain forms a crucial part of the pathway that regulates responses to reward?

Substantia nigra

Which of the following structures are part of the midbrain? (Select all that apply.)

Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Substantia nigra

Which areas of the midbrain relay sensory information and control movement?

Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

Information goes from one neuron to the next at which of the following?

Synapse

Which of the following is the part of the neuron that, when stimulated, releases a neurotransmitter?

Synaptic terminal

Which structure of the forebrain is the sensory relay station to the cerebrum?

Thalamus

Polygenic refers to which of the following?

The effect of multiple genes on a trait

Which of the following lists the three main regions of the brain?

The hindbrain, midbrain, and the forebrain

Which of the following is not true about synaptic transmission?

The impulse travels down the dendrite to cause the release of more neurotransmitters.

Which of the following is true of neurotransmitters?

They carry impulses from one neuron to another.

Which of the following are dangers of using benzodiazepines? (Select all that apply.)

They cause withdrawal symptoms of profuse sweating. They are highly addictive. They cause withdrawal symptoms of irritability.

Behavior genetics is concerned with which of the following questions? (Select all that apply.)

To what extent are behavioral tendencies inherited? What are the processes by which genes affect behavior?

True or false: Anticonvulsants used to treat mania have fewer side effects than lithium.

True

Which of the following is the procedure in which electrodes are attached to the vagus nerve?

Vagus nerve stimulation

Phenothiazines caused which of the following side effects? (Select all that apply.)

Visual disturbances Severe sedation Tardive dyskinesia

When does reuptake occur?

When the initial neuron releasing the neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs the neurotransmitter

When does degradation occur?

When the receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals

Which of the following are dangers of using barbiturates? (Select all that apply.)

Withdrawal delirium Withdrawal convulsions Highly addictive

The three general approaches to understanding psychological disorders are the sociocultural approach, the psychological approach, and the _____________________ approach.

biological

The _______________________ approach to understanding psychological disorders recognizes that disorders are often a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

biopsychosocial

The environment may act as a ____________ for a genetic tendency; for example, the presence of at least one s allele on the serotonin transporter gene may increase an individual's chance of developing depression.

catalyst

A ______________________ is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes.

chromosome

The ____________ system consists of a system of glands throughout the body.

endocrine

The three main regions of the brain are the hindbrain, midbrain, and the _______________. .

forebrain

The two main chemicals in the brain are neurotransmitters and ________________ .

hormones

The ________________________ is released into the gap and binds to special receptors, molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons.

neurotransmitter

The first group of antipsychotic drugs was known as ________________________ .

phenothiazines

Many psychological disorders occur because of the impact of numerous genetic influences. This is referred to as a _____________ effect.

polygenic

According to the __________________ approaches, cognition and emotional control fall along a continuum.

psychological

The process of ____________ occurs when the initial neuron releasing the neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs the neurotransmitter.

reuptake

Originally developed to treat ____________________, electroconvulsive therapy was a common form of treatment up to the 1970s.

schizophrenia

The ____________________ approach generally views psychological disorders as falling along a continuum because it does not view these disorders as vastly different from normal functioning.

sociocultural

The gap between neurons is called the ______________ gap.

synaptic

The ________________ directs incoming information from the sense receptors to the cerebrum.

thalamus

A(n) _______________ is a treatment that addresses those factors the theory says cause the phenomenon.

therapy

The diathesis-stress model places importance on both a risk factor and a ________________ or stress.

trigger