PSY 240 Final Exam Review

_____ develops more rapidly during early childhood, and _____ develops more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

Short-term memory; long-term memory

You are working on some school programs to help adolescents feel better about themselves. You watch this video to get some information, and then you read your textbook. Based on what you learn just from these two sources, which of the following would help with psychosocial adjustment?

having good friendships

Studies of teen electronic and social media use have shown

high levels of social media use are related to heavy drinking.

Ethnic ________ is an enduring, basic aspect of self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

identity

According to Erikson, the stage individuals experience during adolescence is

identity versus identity confusion.

Erikson's psychosocial stage of development for adolescents is called

identity versus identity confusion.

One-third of the Fast Track program's reduction in crime outcomes during emerging adulthood was attributed to

improvements in social and self-regulation skills.

Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of craft paper, something she could not do at age 3. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?

increased myelination of the central nervous system

A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 would indicate that person's

intelligence quotient

Sadie has a learning disability and is being educated in the least restrictive environment possible. This means that Sadie

is placed in as regular a classroom as possible.

In contrast to Piaget's views, the development of formal operational thinking

is promoted by education in the logic of science and mathematics.

The second girl mentions that you have to like your ethnicity because

it makes you who you are.

Which of the following is associated with juvenile delinquency?

lack of parental monitoring and involvement

Bulimia nervosa typically begins in

late adolescence or early adulthood.

Lillette, 9, has been diagnosed with _____, a cancer in which the bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells that crowd out normal cells, making her susceptible to bruising and infection.

leukemia

What is the term for a girl's first menstruation?

menarche

Knowledge about memory is known as

metamemory

Most arguments between parents and adolescents are about

mundane issues like cleaning the room.

Gavin is rarely nominated as a best friend, but his peers don't dislike him. In the context of peer statuses, Gavin would be classified as a(n) _____ child.

neglected

Several research studies were conducted by Mary Carskadon and her colleagues on the sleep patterns of U.S. adolescents. They concluded from the studies that

older adolescents tend to be sleepier during the day than younger adolescents.

Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and _____ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning.

peer interaction

"I know I can handle the car at high speeds much better than others can," says 18-year-old Jake. This reflects the tendency of adolescents to engage in the _____ aspect of adolescent egocentrism.

personal fable

Leila, a 14-year-old girl, feels that nobody understands her, especially her parents and teachers. Leila's feelings reflect the _____ aspect of an adolescent's egocentrism.

personal fable

The _____ is the part of adolescent egocentrism that involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility.

personal fable

Which of the following is a strategy for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students in schools?

placing students from different cultural backgrounds in a cooperative group in which they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a common goal

In the context of peer statuses, _____ children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, maintain open lines of communication with peers, are happy, control their negative emotions, act like themselves, show enthusiasm and concern for others, and are self-confident without being conceited.

popular

Although Casey scores only about average on standardized intelligence tests, she is street-smart and has excellent social skills and good common sense. Given a problem, Casey will try her best to arrive at a solution. Most of her friends and family appreciate this about her, as she seems to be able to find ways to get things done on her own. In the context of Sternberg's theories, she has _____ intelligence.

practical

In a recent study of urban, predominantly Latino and African American adolescents, talk with extended family members about sexual _____ was linked to adolescents having fewer sexual partners, while talk about sexual _____ was associated with adolescents having more sexual partners.

protection; risks

The first stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence is triggered by

puberty.

Which of the following characterize(s) persons suffering from anorexia nervosa?

restricted energy intake, low body weight, and an intense fear of gaining weight

When Robert says, "I have brown eyes and black hair," it reflects Robert's

self-concept.

Ten-year-old Jose finds that he needs to talk to Richard, his friend, in order to know whether his feelings about his own brothers and sisters are normal. Which friendship function does Richard provide in this case?

social comparison

Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement?

stimulation

Which was the largest group of students with a disability to be served by federal programs and receive special education in the 2015-2016 school year?

students with a specific learning impairment

In the context of parent-child relationships, the major shift to autonomy with regard to children does not occur until about age _____ or later.

12

Sally's mental age is 12, but her chronological age is 10. Sally's IQ is _____.

120

Abby has been dating her boyfriend steadily for about a year, and she feels very serious about the relationship. Abby is most likely ________ years old.

17 to 19

An analysis of stepfamilies found that _____ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems.

25

Terence has a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation, sometimes referred to as developmental arithmetic disorder. Terence's classmate Mindy finds it extremely challenging to read or spell simple words. Based on the given information, which of the following statements is likely true?

Terence has dyscalculia, whereas Mindy has dyslexia.

What is one of the reasons Dr. Larson gives for why adolescents and parents do not always understand each other?

They have different emotional perspectives.

Many of today's children grow up receiving praise for mediocre or even poor performance. What could be a possible consequence of this practice?

They may have difficulty handling competition and criticism.

How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?

They should be taught to more accurately assess whether the intentions of their peers are negative.

George wants to ensure that his sons become competent decision makers. Which of the following is a strategy you would suggest for improving their decision making?

Provide more opportunities for them to engage in role playing and peer group problem solving.

Which of the following statements about the religiosity of adolescents is true?

Research has shown that religiousness declines from 14 to 20 years of age in the United States.

_____ learning is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.

Service

In the context of school accountability, which of the following is among the criticisms of state-wide standardized testing?

Using a single test as the sole indicator of students' progress and competence presents a very narrow view of students' skills.

The _____ not only provide an overall IQ score but also yield several composite indexes that allow the examiner to quickly determine the areas in which a child is strong or weak.

Wechsler scales

Mary is a cheerleader and also plays volleyball. She spends most of her time with other athletes. To what type of group does Mary belong?

a crowd

Paul is a gifted pianist. He has always been highly motivated to learn and become an artist of consummate skill. According to his mother, Paul always showed an intense and obsessive interest in learning the instrument. He was always self-motivated and never needed to be "pushed" by his parents. As described by Ellen Winner, what characteristic of gifted children is Paul exhibiting?

a passion to master

A high school graduation ceremony is an example of

a rite of passage.

Effortful control in adolescence is positively affected by

a secure attachment to parents.

Compared with novices, experts have

acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area.

Romantic relationships in adolescence have been shown to have positive effects when

adolescents have poor relationships with their mothers.

Individuals who _____ have the moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment.

are characterized as moral exemplars

Popular children

are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

Children with cancer

are surviving longer today than in the past.

In the context of reducing adolescent pregnancy, several recent research reviews have concluded that abstinence-only programs

are unable to delay the initiation of sexual intercourse

Dating at 14 to 16 years of age is marked by which of the following?

casual dating

Research has shown that infants born to adolescent mothers are more likely to have

childhood illnesses.

The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the ______ approach to learning.

constructivist

Violet is teaching her 6-year-old son to write sentences. She notices that, most of the time, if he can't spell a word, he makes up his own spelling. Which of the following approaches should she follow to make her son a competent writer over time?

She should encourage him to apply what he has learned in one paper to another paper.

In a study by Simmons and Blyth (1987), in the sixth grade, early-maturing girls showed greater satisfaction with their figures than did late-maturing girls, but by the tenth grade, late-maturing girls were more satisfied. A possible reason for this is that in late adolescence, late-maturing girls are _____ than early-maturing girls.

taller

Researchers suspect which of the following causes for a drop in intelligence test scores in Norway?

technological advances

Fifteen-year-old Juanita wants to skip school because she is having a bad hair day and is convinced that everybody will notice and think badly of her. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?

the imaginary audience

Louise is teaching her son to read by helping him sound out letters. She also plays a cartoon where the characters repeat the sounds of each letter. Watching her and the characters in the cartoon pronounce the letters, her son makes the effort to read aloud some of the letters. What approach is Louise using to teach her son?

the phonics approach

A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs _____ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD.

three years later

A recent study examined children's physical activity as they made the transition from elementary to middle school (Pate & others, 2019). In this study, which of the following was found to be associated with children's reduced physical activity?

time children spent indoors

The juvenile justice system has many options in it. Which of the following does NOT identify one of those options?

traditional schools

Thirteen-year-old Grace's blood tests indicate that her levels of testosterone are about twice as high as they were a few years ago and that her estradiol levels are about eight times higher than earlier. This indicates that Grace is most likely to

undergo normal pubertal changes.

Damon's teachers frequently complain that he disrupts his kindergarten class by fidgeting and moving about all the time. He does not pay any attention to what is being taught in class and behaves impulsively. Considering the presence of the tell-tale characteristics of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, Damon's pediatrician diagnosed him with _____ and put him on a combination of Ritalin and behavior therapy.

ADHD

In this clip, teenagers Natassia and Carla discuss ethnic and racial identity. The first girl identifies herself as ________; the second girl as ________.

African American; British

Which of the following statements about dating is true?

Asian American adolescents are less likely to have been in a recent romantic relationship than African American or Latino adolescents.

Peter is in charge of conducting an IQ test in the school where he teaches. Which of the following points should he keep in mind about the test and the results?

Aside from an IQ score, students' creative and practical skills matter, too.

Based on the research, which of the following statements is true of traditional bullying and cyberbullying?

Cyberbullying is more strongly associated with suicidal ideation than traditional bullying is.

Discuss two key components of adolescent egocentrism according to David Elkind.

David Elkind points out that adolescent egocentrism has two key components—the imaginary audience and the personal fable. The imaginary audience is adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as attention-getting behavior—attempts to be noticed, visible, and "on stage." The personal fable is the part of adolescent egocentrism that involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility or invulnerability that adolescents feel, often leading them to engage in risky behavior.

In the context of emotional and personality development, identify a true statement about perspective taking.

Executive function is at work in perspective taking.

Explore the link between hormones and behavior in adolescence.

Hormones play a massive role in all aspects of adolescent development including physical, emotional, and behavioral. While testosterone and estradiol are present in both males and females, the significant influx of testosterone in boys caused some to feel more "socially competent (Santrock, 2021)." Further, this same increase caused a lower capacity for delayed gratification. However, this testosterone spike did not show a significant influence on behavior change in males. Studies showed a greater preditor of behavior was social interactions. This is not to say that hormones themselves do not affect behaviors, like stress, eating patterns, exercise, sex, depression, and exercise can activate or suppress the hormonal system (Santrock, 2021).

In 1989, the Carnegie Corporation issued an extremely negative evaluation of U.S. middle schools. They made several recommendations for how to improve schools. Imagine you are a middle school principal and can institute any changes you want. Based on these recommendations, what kind of things would you do to create more effective schools for adolescents?

In 1989, the Carnegie Corporation issued an extremely negative evaluation of U.S. middle schools. It recommended that the nation develop smaller "communities" or "houses" to lessen the impersonal nature of large middle schools, have lower student-to-counselor ratios (10 to 1 instead of several hundred to 1), involve parents and community leaders in schools, develop new curricula, have teachers team teach in more flexibly designed curriculum blocks that integrate several disciplines, boost students' health and fitness with more in-school programs, and help students who need public health care to get it.

_____ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.

Intimacy in friendships

In the context of prosocial behavior, which of the following is true of perspective taking?

It improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.

Which of the following is true of the differences in the helping behavior of males and females?

Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature.

_____ refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.

Mindfulness

In a survey, participants were asked whether buying a stolen television is morally right. More than 80 percent of the respondents said that it is morally wrong. However, 50 percent of the respondents admitted that they would buy the television if guaranteed that they would not be caught. This scenario reflects what observation made by critics of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory on moral development?

Moral reasoning can sometimes be a shelter for immoral behavior.

Which of the following statements is true regarding stepfamilies?

Most stepfamilies are preceded by divorce rather than the death of a spouse.

________ refers to a self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others.

Narcissism

Which of the following statements is true of adolescent sexual behavior in the United States?

Oral sex is a common occurrence among American adolescents.

Which of the following is a recommendation offered by Eva Pomerantz for parents who want to increase the motivation of their children and adolescents to do well in school?

Parents should realize that children's and adolescents' abilities are not fixed and can change.

The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called _____ thinking. This kind of thinking characterizes creativity.

divergent

Samuel is an 8-year-old boy. He has difficulty solving numerical problems and has not been able to solve any of the problems in the math tests given by his teacher. His teacher gives him extra assignments and has him attend some remedial classes so that he can improve, but these do not help. Samuel's parents finally take him to a doctor, and the doctor diagnoses him with a learning disability called _____, or developmental arithmetic disorder.

dyscalculia

Based on the age of onset, when is anorexia nervosa most likely to begin?

early to middle adolescent years

A key component of self-regulation is

effortful control.

David Elkind suggested that adolescent _____ is characterized by "the imaginary audience" and the "personal fable."

egocentrism

From the following options, identify the disorder or group of disorders that consists of serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Approximately 8 percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification.

emotional and behavioral disorders

Many researchers feel that Marcia's four statuses of identity

fail to explain identity development with adequate depth.

Roman's parents have told him he must mow his grandparents' yard and volunteer at their church. These activities take up all of Roman's time. Roman is experiencing identity

foreclosure.

Juanita, a Latino girl, is entering adolescence, and her mother wants to keep her from risky sexual behavior. According to research, her mother should

foster a close and supportive relationship with Juanita.

Gina, a 15-year-old, needs to assess a risky situation to quickly get the gist of what is happening and glean that the situation is a dangerous context. She is unlikely to benefit from engaging in reflective, detailed, higher-level cognitive analysis about a decision, especially as it is a high-risk, real-world context where she would get bogged down in trivial detail. This kind of decision making is explained by the

fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model.

A recent large-scale study of seventh-graders found that girls' perception that teachers had gendered expectations favoring boys over girls was linked to

girls having more negative math beliefs and lower math achievement.

Carol Dweck concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets—namely, a fixed mindset or a _____ mindset.

growth

Which of the following qualifies as binge drinking, as defined in the University of Michigan surveys?

having five or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks