PSY 3210- Final Exam

Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

"Because he always jogs a mile"

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

Binding

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his

Broca's area

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story?

Dynamic

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Language has a structure that is governed by rules.

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?

Learning

although consolidation of memory begins rapidly, in which of the following time frames is a memory relatively more resistant to decay or consolidation errors?

after a good night's sleep

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

all of these are correct

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed.

ambiguity

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity

Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

an illusory correlation.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called

feature detectors

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

inferred from the participants behavior

The main point of the Donders' reaction time experiments was to

measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure

mental scanning

The application of a(n) _________________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.

permission schema

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement.

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.

reliving

one way to test changes in memory over time is to use a _______ procedure in which participants are asked to share details of a specific memory in sessions repeated over the course of many years

repeated recall

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring.

coding refers to the way information is _______ in memory, whereas encoding refers to the way information is _____ in memory.

represented ; stored

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________.

rules

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves

sample size.

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation

scale (degree of involvement)

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _______ on memory.

schemas

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

search

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.

selective

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of ________ memory.

semantic

the predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

semantic

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before

According to the concept of ________, when we read a sentence like, "Jorge grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Jorge's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

situation models

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

size of the field of view.

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

source misattribution

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations.

spatial

the principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she takes a route on her drive home that goes past the abandoned shacks, but she feels more negative when she takes a route that goes past the mansions with large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

the framing effect.

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.

the hippocampus

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.

the method of loci

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

the method of loci.

at a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because

the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.

Autobiographical memory research (Cabeza) shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

the person took himself or herself

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

the representativeness heuristic.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT

whether the perceptual load is low or high

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called

working memory

the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called

cognitive psychology

The given-new contract is a method for creating

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism.

conditional

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the

confirmation bias.

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks.

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory

which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?

cortisol

regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Intermediate states can be created by

creating subgoals.

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists?

Because he used behavior to infer mental processes

the likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

when does bottom-up processing start?

when environmental energy stimulates the receptors

the effective duration of short-term memory when rehearsal is prevented is

15-30 seconds or less

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major.

40 percent

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify

50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices.

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13.

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal.

___________is a "typical" member of a category.

A prototype

True or False: Our sense receptors detect the world as it really is

False

True or False: We are able to concurrently execute two or more tasks without a performance decrease

False

Individuals are prone to identify falsehoods as true if presented with a statement at least once and asked about it later (propaganda effect) or presented with a statement that is repeated (illusory truth effect). These errors are related to source misattributions and rely on our use of heuristics such as ______ and ______ to assist in judging the veracity of claims

Familiarity and fluency

Procedures in which participants are asked to remember stimuli without the stimuli presented are commonly used methods to test memory. The procedure in which participants are asked to remember as much as possible is known as _______, whereas the procedure in which participants are asked to remember as much as possible with a "hint" provided is known as ________.

Free recall ; cued recall

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Freedom

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?

Has one correct answer

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?

Image processing will be reduced by half.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

evidence that reconsolidation occurs and can be disrupted to induce forgetting in animals, and reduce the effects of PTSD in humans comes from studies that:

Inject chemicals such as anisomycin and propranolol to inhibit (re)consolidation

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model?

Problem Solving: Planning

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Endel Tulving created a procedure to distinguish between episodic and semantic memories. This method involves showing a mix of previously presented stimuli and novel stimuli to participants and asking for specific judgments. This method is called the _______ procedure and is similar to a _________ method.

Remember/Know; recognition

Which of the following is the core concept underlying the Gestalt perspective on problems?

Representation

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?

SKY

Observations from recall memory test of sufficiently large stimuli sets indicate that memory is better for items presented at the beginning and ending of the stimuli sets. Taken together, these findings are called the _______, the finding that items at the beginning of list are better remembered is called the ______, and the finding that items at the end of the list are better remembered is called the ______.

Serial position effect, primacy effect, recency effect

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?

Synapse activity

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow." Conclusion: Therefore, all dogs say "meow." Which statement below describes this syllogism?

The conclusion is valid.

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.

True or False: Context is a determining factor in how we perceive and interact with the environment

True

True or False: Processes outside conscious awareness are responsible for a very large amount of our day to day life and experience

True

a mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

cognitive map

Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using

a depictive representation.

Mental scanning experiments found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of

a permission schema.

Saccadic eye movement is a

a rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves

a smaller response set

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________.

abstractions

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

analogies

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.

analogies

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)

anaphoric inference.

which if the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text

angled orientation

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short and long term memories probably

are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.

artifact

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it

what does the field of neuropsychology study?

behavior of people with brain damage

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the _________________.

belief bias

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as

cognitive neuroscience

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

can fly; bird

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference.

causal

the key structural components of neurons are the

cell body, dendrites, axon

the difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called _______ blindness

change

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

cognition

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning.

deductive

which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation?"

default mode network

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated?

dictionary unit

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

distributed

the idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as

distributed representation

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective.

divided attention: distraction

Case studies from patients with brain trauma provide evidence that two or more mental processes function independently from each other. This is often observed when patient A has a loss of one mental function as a result of trauma to a particular brain location, while patient B had a loss of another, independent mental function resulting from injury to a different brain location. Taken together, these observations create what is known as:

double dissociation

case studies from patients with brain trauma provide evidence that two or more mental processes function independently from each other. This is often observed when patient A has a loss of one mental function as a result of trauma to a particular brain location, while patient B has a loss of another, independent mental function resulting from injury to a different brain location. Taken together, these observations create what is known as

double dissociation

A technique that records patterns of firing from many neurons firing together from several strategically placed electrodes which yields high spatial, but low temporal resolution is known as

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

The measurement taken from the answer in question 17 is referred to as an

event related potential

Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

expected emotion.

encoding specificity refers to the importance of ______ effects in memory formation, and state-dependent learning refers to the role of ______ effects in memory formation

external ; internal

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Rosa is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Rosa decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _________________ , she will use a _________________ strategy.

gains; risk-aversion

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share.

Current research in cognitive psychology and the applied area of education psychology suggests that which of the following is the best way to study for exams?

generate your own test questions and then test yourself with them

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation

extrapolating form the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

graduating from college at age 22

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates

group brainstorming.

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas.

high-saliency

stationary lights can be turned on and off in particular sequences to produce apparent motion. The findings, reported by the early Gestalt psychologists, is important because it demonstrates

humans interpret the world and sometimes perceive things that are not a part of the stimulus

Adding powerful machine-learning techniques to fMRI imaging has the potential to allow researchers to detect very specific patterns of mental activity. This technique of training a classifier program to identify activation patterns within specific voxel regions has been used to

identify neural activity associated with specific neurons

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory

implicit and procedural

which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

inattentional blindness

the primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariance

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves.

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

inverse projection problem

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of ____.

irrational; accepting only high offers

which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding

it is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each

The validity of a syllogism depends on

its form.

scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition.

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for

localization of function

according to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

the term semantics, when applied to perception, means the

meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's.

This idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames" divided attention was easier

once processing and become automatic

what is the key difference between dendrites and axons?

one sends information and the other receives information

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators.

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

order.

speech segmentation

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention.

overt

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage.

preattentive

The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language.

predictive

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the _________________ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the _________________ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome.

prefrontal cortex; insula

Reaction time refers to the time between the ______ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.

presentation

memories for facts or events can be manipulated. One technique that demonstrates this is called

presenting misleading post event information(MPI)

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts.

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics.

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____ in the receptor's axon.

rate of nerve firing

Providing a participant with a series of stimuli containing previously experienced stimuli and asking them to identify the previously encountered stimuli/stimulus tests

recognition memory

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the _________________ bias.

status quo

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

It's often said that "life doesn't exist in a vacuum." However, the emptiness of ________ is critical for brain functioning.

synapses

if kittens are raised in an environment that contains only horizontal elements, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

table

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

In analogical problem solving, the _________________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the _________________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.

target; source

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following except

task cueing

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

tendency to detect when others are cheating.

the cocktail party effect is

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

the falsification principle

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because

the filter eliminated the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

the solution is immediately obvious.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because...

the stimulus category remained the same

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

the sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and resolving ambiguities based on past experience is an example of _______ processing

top-down

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.

transfer-appropriate

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.

tree; oak

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds.

two

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

typicality

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________.

using visual images; deactivated

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

the "cognitive revolution"

was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades