PSY 381 Final
During opioid intoxication, a person may experience periods of light sleep with vivid dreams. A person in this state is referred to as being:
on the nod
The insanity defense:
only requires that the person be judged insane at the time of committing the illegal act.
If a client is in _____ therapy, the therapist might explore the origins of the client's attitudes about sexual techniques in earlier relationships
psychodynamic
If a client is in _____ therapy, the therapist might explore the origins of the client's attitudes about sexual techniques in earlier relationships.
psychodynamic
The study of abnormal psychology is the study of people who suffer mental, emotional, and often physical pain. This is also referred to as _____.
psychopathology
People who tend to hold dysfunctional assumptions often react to situations with all of the following EXCEPT:
rational behaviors.
In the study of psychopathology, researchers must often rely on _____, which are people's own accounts of their internal states and experiences.
self-reports
The euphoric effects of ecstasy and some of the brain damage are considered to be due to alterations in the functioning of _____ in the brain.
seratonin
Many studies have found a link between low levels of the neurotransmitter _____ and suicide.
serotonin
The diagnosis of _____ is given in the DSM-5 when a person's recurrent use of a substance results in significant harmful consequences.
substance abuse
According to Freud, girls suffer anxiety when they recognize that they do not have a penis. This frustration causes them to form a connection with their father, in the hope that the relationship will provide a replacement for the missing penis. According to Freudian theory, this is known as _____.
the Electra complex
Most men who engage in cross-dressing report that:
they find dressing in women's clothes arousing.
The criterion of "dangerousness to self" is most often invoked:
when it is believed that a person is imminently suicidal.
Defense attorneys suspect impaired competence in their clients in up to _____ of cases.
10%
Approximately _____ of women experience report frequent pain during intercourse.
12-39
Alois Alzheimer first described a type of dementia that is now known as Alzheimer's disease in _____.
1906
The odd and eccentric behaviors seen in schizophrenia can resemble the symptoms of _____.
Autism
Michael has been diagnosed with a learning disorder. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), his disorder should be coded _____.
Axis I
Which of the following suppresses the central nervous system and influences functioning in the GABA, norepinephrine, and serotonin neurotransmitter systems?
Benzodiazepines
Which of the following physicians showed that they could induce symptoms of hysteria through hypnosis?
Bernheim and Liebault
Enrique is significantly overweight and is distressed with his body image. He often will eat at the all-you-can-eat buffet and then feels a lack of control due to it. According to the DSM-5 criteria, he will most likely meet the criteria for _____.
Binge eating disorder
Historically, which set of three types of theories had been used to define abnormal behavior?
Biological, supernatural, and psychological
Which of the following phobias is more likely to run in families?
Blood-injection-injury type phobias
____ is characterized by episodes of sudden loss of muscle tone, lasting under two minutes.
Cataplexy
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Catatonic behavior
All of the following are personality dimensions recognized in the DSM-5 EXCEPT:
Creativity
_____ involves the use of nonliving objects for sexual arousal or gratification.
Fetishistic disorder
Which program covers approximately one-quarter of all mental health spending in the United States?
Medicaid
Narcissistic personality disorder is associated with a history of _____ in childhood.
Neglect
_____ shown by people with schizotypal personality disorder set them apart from people with other personality disorders.
Oddities in cognition
Which of the following spend the least amount sleeping time in REM sleep?
Older people
Which premature ejaculation treatment technique is used less often because it is harder to teach clients in sex therapy?
Squeeze technique
Which of the following is the social/environmental factor most often studied by health psychologists?
Stress
Which kind of interview is standardized and uses concrete criteria to score the person's answers?
Structured
Antisocial personality disorder tends to have high comorbidity with _____.
Substance abuse
Research suggests that _____ problems are strong predictors of violent behavior.
Substance abuse
Which of the following prescription drugs would most likely NOT diminish sexual drive and arousal and interfere with orgasm?
a statin
When a stressor is chronic and a person or animal cannot fight it or flee from it, then the chronic physiological arousal that results can be severely damaging to the body. What is this condition known as?
allostatic load
Tina and her parents live on a farm where field mice are very common. One night, a mouse crawled on Tina while she was sleeping. The experience frightened Tina so badly that she now avoids any situation where she might come across a mouse. She always checks her bed carefully each night. Tina is most likely exhibiting behaviors related to _____.
an animal-type phobia
A person experiencing _____ will have difficulty carrying out actions such as washing their hands when requested.
apraxia
The impaired ability to execute common actions such as tying shoelaces is referred to as _____.
apraxia
People with avoidant personality disorder:
are prone to shame.
Psychosocial therapies for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) combine:
behavioral techniques and structured educational services.
Aaron Pincus and Mark Lukowitzky maintained that narcissists can be both:
grandiose and vulnerable.
Faith believes that she is the reincarnation of Cleopatra. Faith is most likely suffering from _____.
grandiose delusion
According to Hilde Bruch, anorexia nervosa often occurs in girls who:
have been high achievers, and dutiful and compliant daughters.
Myocardial infarction is commonly known as:
heart attack
Cholinesterase _____, one class of drugs approved to treat the cognitive symptoms of dementia, _____.
inhibitors; help prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine.
According to the study conducted by Torrey (2006), the majority of people with schizophrenia:
live independently or with their family.
People with panic disorder show dysregulation of norepinephrine systems in an area of the brainstem called the:
locus ceruleus.
Which of the following is the most common hallucination?
Auditory
Ivor was sent to a mental institution after he was found "not guilty by reason of insanity." If his stay there is the average length of institutionalization, Ivor will be institutionalized for _____.
3 years
People who sleep fewer than 6 hours each night have a _____ percent higher mortality rate than those who sleep at least 7 or 8 hours each night
70
Almost _____ of people with a specific phobia never seek treatment.
90 percent
Which of the following statements is true of mood disorders?
A diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder requires that the person alternates between cycles of hypomania and moderate depression.
Which of the following is a good example of the use of exposure and response prevention therapy?
A person afraid of contamination is asked to hold a dirty handkerchief for more than an hour.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior learned through operant conditioning?
A person jumping back at the sight of a snake.
Oppositional defiant disorder has a high rate of comorbiditiy with which of the following disorders?
ADHD
The rule that holds that a person is not responsible for a crime if that crime is the result of mental defect, or if, during commission of the crime, the person lacked the capacity to understand that the act was criminally wrong or to conform his or her conduct "to the requirements of the law," is the _____ rule.
ALI
Which of the following individuals is most likely to develop bulimia?
Abigail, 18, a Caucasian college student
Which of the following has been implicated in bipolar disorder?
Abnormality in the activation of the striatum of the basal ganglia
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with the decline in memory in Alzheimer's disease?
Acetylcholine
Which of the following statements is true about the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?
Additional scales have been added to the MMPI-2 to assess vulnerability to eating disorders, substance abuse, and poor functioning at work.
In which of the following categories of sport are athletes most likely to have an eating disorder?
Aesthetic sports
Which of the following statements is true about cross-cultural and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms?
African Americans have higher rates of PTSD compared to whites, Hispanics, and Asian Americans.
Which of the following is one of the interpersonal categories on the levels of function scale for diagnosing personality disorders?
Agreeablness
Which form of mental health care is most likely to be provided for prison inmates?
Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous meetings for substance abusers
Which of the following types of dementia is thought to share a genetic basis with Down syndrome?
Alzheimer's disease
Anticonvulsants may work by restoring the balance between the neurotransmitter systems in the _____.
Amygdala
The effects of overactivity in the _____ may bias people toward aversive or emotionally arousing information
Amygdala
Rodney is experiencing premature ejaculation and his primary care physician has suggested several antidepressants that may be helpful. Which of the following is Rodney's physician most likely to prescribe?
Anafranil
Lena is extremely opinionated and overcontrolling. She is often stingy with her money and is obsessed with neatness and order. According to Freudian theory, Lena is most likely fixated at which psychosexual stage of development? Oral
Anal
Under the DSM-5 criteria, which of the following pathological personality traits is associated with narcissistic personality disorder?
Antagonism
Which of the following statements is true of the biological treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
Antidepressant drugs affecting serotonin levels help reduce symptoms of OCD.
Which of the following is widely used in treatment for schizotypal personality disorder?
Antidepressants
Which of the following is a personality disorder recognized by the DSM-5?
Antisocial personality disorder
The combination of major depression and anxiety is so common that the authors of the DSM-5 introduced the subtype of _____.
Anxious distress
Which of the following statements is true of exhibitionism?
Arousal comes from observing the victim's surprise, fear, or disgust or from a fantasy that the victim is becoming sexually aroused.
The process of gathering information about an individual's symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms is referred to as _____.
Assessment
One of the key differences in DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa is that now diagnosis is based on _____.
BMI
Dr. Rushford's patient has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is helping her patient learn how to initiate and maintain a conversation with others. In addition, she is also teaching her client how to gather important information by accompanying the client to selected places and demonstrating the skills necessary to accomplish this goal. This type of intervention follows a(n) _____ approach.
Behavioral
_____ targets family communication and problem-solving, beliefs of parents and adolescents that impede communication, and systemic barriers to problem-solving.
Behavioral family systems therapy
Health psychology is also referred to as:
Behavioral medicine
Clinicians will often use _____ to assess deficits in an individual's skills or ways of handling situations.
Behavioral observation
Which of the following statements is true about the gender differences in disorganized thought and speech symptoms of schizophrenia?
Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia may not affect women's language and thought as much as they do men's because women can use both sides of their brain to compensate for problems.
Which of the following statements about coronary heart disease (CHD) is true?
CHD is the leading cause of death among men and women.
Yin and yang (positive and negative forces) are concepts from ancient _____.
China
_____ disorders last for long periods of time, while ____ disorders have a more recent and abrupt onset of severe symptoms.
Chronic; acute
What are the core principles of the behavioral approach?
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Which of the following research observations is true of violence by mentally ill people?
Clinicians do not probe mentally ill women for evidence of a tendency toward violence as much as they do mentally ill men.
_____ are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform.
Compulsions
Which of the following represents the major difference between the conditions covered by Axis I and those covered by Axis II?
Conditions listed on Axis II pertain more to environmental stressors.
Mark takes a test to measure his general level of anxiety. After taking the test, Mark realizes that the test contained questions only on the physical symptoms of anxiety and left out questions related to cognitive symptoms, which are important aspects of the phenomenon of anxiety. In this case, the test lacks _____ validity.
Content
According to a major study on violent activity among former psychiatric patients, _____ may account for the relatively high rates of violence among the former psychiatric patients and the community comparison group.
Contextual factors
Tracy always seemed to "forget" to do her weekly chores, despite many reminders by her mom and dad. Her parents decided to pay her $2 for each chore she completed by Sunday night each week. Which type of schedule did Tracy's parents put her on?
Continuous reinforcement schedule
Which of the following somatic symptom disorders is considered to be the most dramatic due to symptoms like, blindness, seizures, loss or hearing, and mutism?
Conversion disorder
Which of the following statements is true of hormone therapy for gender identity disorder?
Cross-sex hormone therapy stimulates the development of secondary sex characteristics of the preferred sex and suppresses those of the birth sex.
_____ allow people to obtain treatment during the day, as well as occupational and rehabilitative therapies, but to live at home at night.
Day Treatment Centers
Luther is presenting symptoms of sudden disorientation, confusion, and memory loss after being tackled during a football game. He is showing signs of incoherent speech and doesn't recognize his parents or coach. Luther's condition gets worse at night. Luther is most likely experiencing _____.
Delerium
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is one of the most common questionnaires used to assess symptoms of _____
Depression
_____ may be used to reduce a paraphiliac's anxiety about engaging in normal sexual encounters with other adults.
Desensitization procedures
Lucy is concerned because her family pays little or no attention to each other. They seem to constantly go their own ways, and have little interest in even having a meal together. According to family systems theory, Lucy's family is a(n) _____.
Disengaged Family
Which of the following diseases does NOT cause dementia?
Diverticulitis
Tourette's disorder and persistent motor or vocal tic disorder respond well to the atypical antipsychotic medications alter _____ systems.
Dopamine
One of America's strongest advocates for the humane treatment of the mentally ill was _____.
Dorothea Dix
What are "the four Ds" of abnormality?
Dysfunction, distress, deviance, and dangerousness
Which structure seeks to gratify our wishes and needs in ways that are within the rules of society for their appropriate expression?
Ego
Which of the following statements is true of conversion disorder?
Emotional stressors can inhibit the circuits between the sensorimotor areas of the brain and areas involved in emotions, causing a loss of sensation or motor control.
Which of the following groups in the United States has the highest suicide rate?
European Americans
Which of the following is true about the neurotransmitters involved in schizophrenia?
Excess dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway and unusually low dopamine activity in the prefrontal area play a role in schizophrenia.
Which of the following statements about coronary heart disease (CHD) is true?
Exercise is effective in reducing both CHD and depression.
_____ involves repeatedly exposing the client to the focus of an obsession and preventing compulsive responses to the resulting anxiety.
Exposure and response prevention therapy
Joshua has been discharged from a psychiatric hospital. He was admitted and treated for major depression. Joshua has discontinued his medications and uses alcohol to self-medicate. He has become increasingly violent. Who would most likely be the target of his violence?
Family members
The psychoanalytic approach to personality and treatment of psychopathology was developed by _____.
Freud
Who were the authors of On the Psychical Mechanisms of Hysterical Phenomena published in 1893?
Freud and Breuer
In the treatment of mood disorders, which of the following is the first phase of behavior therapy that helps the therapist pinpoint the behaviors and interaction patterns that need to be the focus of therapy?
Functional analysis
Lance is a shy 13-year-old boy who often goes to his older sister for dating advice. Lance is most likely in which stage of psychosexual development?
Genital
In the twelfth century, in the Belgian town of _____, townspeople regularly took into their homes the mentally ill who visited the shrine of Saint Dymphna for cures.
Gheel
In 1988, New York City Mayor Ed Koch applied which criterion to the homeless residents of New York to justify involuntary hospitalization?
Grave disability
_____ provide people with explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviors and with opportunities to do so in increasingly challenging situations.
Guided mastery techniques
Jamie says that he hears voice telling him to hurt himself. This type of symptom is called a(n) _____.
Hallucination
Which of the following environmental, social, and psychological factors increases an individual's vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Having experienced the traumatic event first-hand
John feels that his memory is failing. His friends say that his behavior has changed of late and complain about his irregular jerks, grimaces, and twitches. John is most likely suffering from:
Huntington's disease.
Which of the following is characterized by excessive quantity of sleep?
Hypersomnia
In epidemiological research, _____ refer(s) to the number of new cases of the disorder that develop during a specific period of time.
Incidence
The idea that the loss of semen can be detrimental to health is not accepted in Western cultures but is relevant to traditional:
Indian and Chinese cultures.
Which of the following statements is true of psychogenic amnesia?
It involves memory loss that is limited to personal information.
Which of the following statements is true of bulimia nervosa?
It is much more common in women than in men, and more common in Caucasians than in African Americans.
Margaret received an intelligence quotient (IQ) score of 100 on her intelligence test. How does her performance compare with the average performance of other individuals in her age group?
It is similar.
Which of the following statements is true of light therapy?
It may help reduce seasonal affective disorder by resetting circadian rhythms.
Which of the following is true of sleep terror disorder?
It occurs most often in children.
The experiment that demonstrated that dogs could be conditioned to salivate to stimuli other than food was conceptualized by _____.
Ivan Pavlov
Which two individuals argued that persons accused of witchcraft were mentally ill, and consequently had their writings banned by the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century?
Johann Weyer and Reginald Scot
Which of the following individuals rejected the psychoanalytic and biological theories of abnormality and was inspired by Pavlov's work?
John Watson
Which ancient text on abnormal behavior is the oldest?
Kahun Papyrus
Jeremy and Stacy are siblings who attend the same elementary school. They rarely speak to each other during free time. Jeremy usually hangs out with his male friends, while Stacy and her female friends stick together. At home, they interact only minimally. Each believes that his/her gender "rules." Jeremy and Stacy are most likely in which stage of psychosexual development?
Latency
Which of the following occurs in the first stage of sleep?
Less regular and lower amplitude brain waves
Freud believed that _____ is a basic drive that motivates human behavior.
Libido
Cindy's mood has become increasingly unstable since her traffic accident. She often experiences bouts of aggression and fits of rage in reaction to the slightest provocation. At other times, she can be overly passive and fails to recognize direct threats. Most likely, damage has occurred in the _____ of Cindy's brain.
Limbic System
According to the sociocultural approach, which of the following factors increases an individual's susceptibility to mental health problems?
Living in a country that has been ravaged by war or struck by natural disaster
Belinda has been warned not to mix her antidepressant medication with certain over-the-counter drugs. She has also been told to watch her consumption of aged cheese, red wine, and beer. Belinda's is most likely taking _____.
MAOIs
Which of the following is true of Internet-based health interventions?
Many behavioral interventions of this nature aim to increase people's exercise and improve their diet.
Which of the following is a valid research finding?
Married couples who argue more show poorer immunological functioning than other married couples.
Which of the following is the most prominent cognitive deficiency in dementia?
Memory Loss
Judges typically defer to the judgment of _____ about a person's mental illness and whether the criteria for commitment are met.
Mental Health Professionals
Which criterion for abnormality implies that the presence of a disease is causing given behavior?
Mental Illness
Cynthia wants to become a police officer. Applicants for the police academy must take a battery of tests before admission. Cynthia took a test that had sentences describing moral and social attitudes, behaviors, psychological states, and physical conditions. She was also instructed to respond to each sentence with either "true," "false," or "can't say." Cynthia most likely took the _____
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
For many years, James had been isolated from the public by his family members on account of his mental illness. His family kept him locked in a room, and brought him his meals. Suddenly, they began to allow him to move more freely throughout the house. In addition, he was allowed to sit outside, and work in the garden. The new approach to James' caregiving is representative of the _____.
Moral Treatment Model
Which of the following is true about treatment for sexual dysfunction?
Most people who are troubled by sexual dysfunction receive only medication, and no psychological services.
_____ is a drug that blocks receptors for opiates and has been shown to be useful in reducing hyperactivity in some children with autism spectrum disorder.
Naltrexone
Which of the following is NOT a category of odd cognition seen in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder?
Narcissim
Which of the following groups has the second highest suicide rate in the United States?
Native Americans
According to research, which of the following statements about nightmares is typically true?
Nightmares are more common in children than in adults.
Who is credited with discovering that there is a physiological basis for the ancient theory that laughter is good medicine?
Norman Cousins
Jerry, who can't sit still for a minute, sees his classmate, Mike, getting a sticker for sitting quietly in his seat. Jerry decides to stop fidgeting and begins to sit still in the hope of getting as sticker for his sticker collection. Which behavioral theory is in effect here?
Observational learning
Which of the following involves repeated episodes of upper-airway blockage during sleep?
Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome
Which of the following is one factor that explains how hostility may lead to coronary heart disease?
Overarousal of the sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following disorders is most common among adults over age 65?
PTSD
_____ is characterized by sexual activities that focus on nonliving objects, prepubescent children, nonconsenting adults, suffering, or humiliation.
Paraphalia
Which of the following factors may account for the higher rate of conduct disturbances in boys than in girls?
Parents are more likely to physically punish boys severely than girls.
If a behavior is _____ reinforced, it is more difficult to extinguish.
Partially
Which of the following movements contributed to the change in laws about civil commitment?
Patients' rights movement
Which of the following is true about the connection between Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome?
People with Down syndrome are more likely than the general population to develop Alzheimer's disease in late life.
Which of the following statements is true of binge-eating disorder?
People with binge-eating disorder typically have a history of frequent dieting, membership in weight-control programs, and family obesity.
In a sense, the Dodge and Pettit model of aggressive thinking model essentially has several steps. Which best reflects the order of thinking?
Perception, attribution, response search, response selection, action
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder tend to be highly:
Perfectionistic
Which of the following is NOT typically regarded as a cause of vaginal dryness or irritation in women who experience sexual pain?
Persistent anxiety
_____ was a class of drugs discovered in the twentieth century that reduced hallucinations and delusions, and made it possible for many people who had been institutionalized for years to be released from asylums and hospitals. Gentamycin
Phenothiazines
The procedure introduced by neurologist Antonio de Egas Moniz in 1935 in which the frontal lobes of the brain are severed from the lower centers of the brain is called:
Pre-frontal lobotomy
_____ tests are based on the assumption that people will interpret ambiguous stimuli in line with their current concerns and feelings, their relationships with others, and conflicts or desires.
Projective
Which of the following is true about the verdict "guilty but mentally ill"?
Proponents argue that it recognizes defendants' mental illness while still holding them responsible for their actions.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the different approaches to abnormality and the continuum model?
Proponents of the sociocultural approach tend to view abnormal behaviors as understandable consequences of social stresses in people's lives.
When using hallucinogens, people say they hear colors and see sounds. They feel at one with their surroundings, and time seems to pass very slowly. Which term was coined to describe these experiences?
Psychedelic
_____ have a degree in nursing and often work on inpatient psychiatric wards in hospitals, delivering medical care and certain forms of psychotherapy.
Psychiatric nurses
Clinicians from _____ perspectives value projective test as tools for assessing the underlying conflicts and concerns of individuals.
Psychodynamic
Maria and her parents recently moved to a new state because her mother received a job transfer. Maria has had difficulty adjusting to her new school, and has been suffering from loss of appetite, irritability, and lack of interest in her usual activities. Assuming that Maria's behavior meets the criteria for abnormal behavior, which of the following would most likely be the best approach to explaining Maria's behavior?
Psychological approach
Bart has been diagnosed with major depression. Recently he has been experiencing hallucinations. He sees mystical beings cloaked in white swooping down from the sky trying to "whisk" him away. Bart is most likely experiencing major depression with _____.
Psychotic Features
After an adult has been asleep for an hour or so, the EEG becomes very active. This stage is known as:
REM sleep.
Which of the following statements is true about the different learning disorders?
Reading disorder affects about 4 percent of children.
A test that is consistent in measuring what it is supposed to measure is considered to have _____.
Reliability
Tina's parents made an appointment for her to see a mental health professional. During the initial interview, she refused to answer the interview questions and claimed that she did not have to cooperate if she did not want to. Tina is exhibiting _____.
Resistance
When the initial neuron releasing a neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs some of the neurotransmitter and thereby decreases the amount of neurotransmitter left in the synapse, the process is called _____.
Reuptake
The Viennese psychiatrist credited with discovering a connection between paresis and syphilis was _____.
Richard Krafft-Ebing
Dr. Williams wants to know if room temperature influences students' performance on exams. She randomly determines which classes will receive the experimental conditions and then increases the temperature in those classrooms. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment?
Room temperature
Jeffery has a history of dysthymic disorder. He has been taking medication periodically for several years. During the last six months, he has been taking his medication more consistently, and has been experiencing low sexual arousal and erectile problems. His friends have suggested that his sexual dysfunction is probably a side effect of his medication. If this is true, which type of medication is Jeffrey most likely taking?
SSRIs
Electroconvulsive therapy was originally designed to treat which mental disorder?
Schizophrenia
Roger believes he has a special ability. He believes he can read the thoughts of other people and transfer his own thoughts into their mind. There are times when he believes that certain random events and circumstances are directly related to him. On some occasions, he becomes very suspicious of the people around him. Which of the following personality disorders best describes Roger's behavior?
Schizotypal personality disorder
Which of the following statements is true of prevention programs?
Secondary prevention often involves screening for early signs of a disorder and then administering an intervention to prevent the development of a full-blown disorder.
_____ relates to people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events.
Self efficacy
According to interpersonal theories of depression, some depressed people have a heightened need for approval and expressions of support from others but at the same time easily perceive rejection by others, a characteristic called rejection _____.
Sensitivity
Which statement regarding intelligence tests is incorrect?
Several "culture-fair" tests exist, but they are so expensive to administer that psychologists rarely use them.
Which of the following statements about Dorothea Dix is true?
She found the treatment of the mentally ill in America dehumanizing, and set out on a quest to improve their condition by lobbying in different states to get laws passed.
Which of following is true about the "not guilty by reason of insanity" verdict?
Some states require that people who receive the verdict should only be institutionalized for the same length of time they would have served if they had received prison sentences.
Jennifer has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Her therapist noticed that she sees things as either "all good" or "all bad." This process is called _____.
Splitting
Which premature ejaculation treatment technique is used less often because it is harder to teach clients in sex therapy?
Squeeze Technique
Which of the following best describes a problem associated with understanding suicide through research?
Suicide is relatively rare, thereby making it difficult to study scientifically.
Which among the following is NOT a common component of successful therapies?
Supplementing existing treatment with drug therapy
Which of the following is NOT a biological intervention that has been used to treat pedophilia?
Surgery on areas of the brain thought to control sexual behavior
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) sufferers may report _____ about having lived through a traumatic event.
Survivor Guilt
Lincoln was referred to Dr. Hughes by Student Health Services as they felt he needed more intensive treatment. Lincoln reported having been in love with a woman who broke up with him after a 2-year relationship. He is experiencing extreme anxiety and intense anger. At his most recent session, Lincoln told Dr. Hughes that he can't stand to see the woman on campus and plans to kill her. He has already bought a gun, and has begun following her. Which of the following cases is most relevant to how Dr. Hughes should proceed?
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1974)
Which of the following cases established the clinician's duty to protect people who might be in danger because of their client?
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1974)
One long-standing theory is that aggressiveness, such as that shown by people with antisocial personality disorder, is linked to the hormone _____.
Testosterone
Which of the following is true about the American Law Institute (ALI) rule?
The ALI rule is more restrictive than the Durham rule because it requires some lack of appreciation of the criminality of one's act.
Which of the following statements best characterizes the sentiments of the American public during the nineteenth century toward mental health patients and institutions?
The American public declined to offer support due to their prejudices against immigrants and the failure rate of moral treatment, so the funding dwindled.
Which of the following statements is true of cognitive-behavioral therapy for anorexia nervosa?
The client's overvaluation of thinness is confronted, and rewards are based on the person's gaining weight.
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and acetylcholine?
The degree of cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease is significantly correlated with the degree of deficit in acetylcholine.
Which of the following statements is true of the "dangerousness to self" criterion for civil commitment?
The individual is often admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility for a few days while undergoing further evaluation and possibly treatment.
Which of the following is true of the distress criterion for abnormality?
The individual must suffer as a result of the behavior.
What differentiates flooding from systematic desensitization?
The intensity of exposure to the feared stimuli
Which of the following best describes the nature-nurture question of abnormality?
The nature-nurture question rejects the idea that abnormality has multiple causes.
Which of the following is true of the early-onset type of Alzheimer's disease?
The progression of Alzheimer's disease in the early-onset type tends to be quicker than in the late-onset type.
What are the two types of anorexia recognized by the DSM-5?
The restricting type and binge/purge type
Which of the following statements is true about sexual sadism and sexual masochism?
The sexual rituals in sadism and masochism involve physical restriction, the administration of pain, hypermasculinity practices, and humiliation.
Which of the following bodily changes occurs when the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
The spleen releases more red blood cells to help carry oxygen.
Which of the following statements is true about the diathesis-stress model of the development of disorders?
The vulnerability can be biological, psychological, or social, and a stressor causes the disorder to manifest.
Why do people from Asian cultures tend to be more reluctant than European Americans to reach out to others for social support or to express their personal concerns?
They are concerned about potential harm to their relationships if they do so.
Which critic of psychiatry argued that the entire diagnostic system of mental disorders is corrupt and should be abandoned?
Thomas Szasz
_____ noted that, throughout history, societies have labeled individuals and groups abnormal in order to justify controlling or silencing them.
Thomas Szasz
Operant or instrumental conditioning was theorized by _____.
Thorndike and Skinner
Current guidelines for diagnosing mental disorders use _____ to make diagnoses.
Thresholds
Amphetamines release the neurotransmitters _____ and block their reuptake.
dopamine and norepinephrine
Vashti displays multiple motor tics, like facial grimacing, jerking her arm, and neck stretching, and also a vocal tic (in her case, an objectionable word). Because she has both motor and vocal tics her doctor has diagnosed her with:
Tourette's syndrome.
_____ uses the relationship between patient and therapist to help patients develop a more realistic and healthy understanding of themselves and their interpersonal relationships.
Transference-focused therapy
Which of the following was one of the top five leading causes of death in the early part of the twentieth century?
Tuberculosis
In which of the following countries is dissociative identity disorder diagnosed most frequently?
United States
Patricia is overweight and recently retired from teaching. She has been under extreme pressure since her spouse died and has suffered several small strokes. In addition, she is finding it difficult to organize and plan normal activities and is forgetting the names of her close friends. Which of the following is Patricia most likely experiencing?
Vascular neurocognitive disease
Gideon has erectile disorder. His doctor has recommended _____, which is a popular treatment for this problem.
Viagra
When does obstructive sleep apnea occur?
When airflow is stopped due to a narrow airway or an obstruction in the airway.
Which of the following statements is true of the mental illness criterion for abnormality?
When we give a person's psychological symptoms a diagnosis, it is simply a label for that set of symptoms.
Which form of pedophilia is the most common?
Which form of pedophilia is the most common?
Brain pathology as an explanation for psychological disorders was systematically argued by _____.
Wilhelm Griesinger
In the context of gender differences in coping with stress, which of the following comparisons is correct?
Women tend to have larger social networks than men, including friends and extended family members.
___ involves denying that you are ill or are facing other obvious stresses.
___ involves denying that you are ill or are facing other obvious stresses.
Celeste went to a fraternity party on Saturday night and had too much to drink. Although the last thing she remembers is dancing with Paul, she does not recollect how she got home. Celeste is most likely experiencing:
a blackout
Ted Bundy was found guilty of abducting, raping and murdering young women. He was determined to be a serial killer as well as _____
a sociopath
Ethan has been having trouble attaining an erection lately. In the past, he had no such difficulty, and he can't seem to figure out the cause. Ethan will most likely receive a diagnosis of _____.
acquired male erectile disorder
Which type of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders involves a persistent pattern of sleep onset and awakenings that are 2 or more hours earlier than desired?
advanced sleep phase
_____ is the loss of intellectual abilities, including memory, abstract thinking, judgment, and problem solving, often accompanied by personality changes such as increased paranoia.
alcohol induced dementia
The blockage of vessels that supply blood to the heart can lead to pain, called _____ that radiates across the chest and arm.
angina pectoris
People with _____ starve themselves, subsisting on little or no food for very long periods of time, yet they remain sure that they need to lose more weight.
anorexia nervosa
The agitation and risky behavior accompanying mania in youth are difficult to distinguish from the symptoms of _____.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Her teachers and peers consider Alondra aggressive. While walking down the hall at school, she is accidentally bumped by another child. She assumes that the other girl bumped her on purpose and meant to provoke a fight. According to Dodge and Pettit, she is having and issue with her:
attribution or interpretation.
Individuals diagnosed with personality disorder based on the disinhibition dimension of the DSM-5 tend to:
be impulsive, risk-taking, and irresponsible.
Men with pedophilia are more likely to have:
been sexually abused.
In _____ therapy, the client is taught how to monitor her food intake, is reinforced for introducing avoided foods into her diet, and is taught coping techniques for avoiding bingeing.
behavioral
Engaging in episodes of recurring overeating and use of laxatives/enemas to keep weight low falls under the _____ type of anorexia nervosa in the DSM-5.
binge/purge
Thea is significantly underweight and disturbed with her body image. She tends to use diuretics and laxatives to keep her weight low. She senses a lack of control over eating. According to DSM-5 criteria for anorexia nervosa, she would most likely be diagnosed with the:
binge/purge type
The rules governing the insanity defense suggest that the law takes a _____ perspective on psychological disorders.
biological
Laurell is of normal weight and is over-concerned with her weight and figure. She often will eat an entire box of doughnuts and then because she feels a lack of control over eating that much will use laxatives to get rid of the unwanted calories. According to the DSM-5 criteria, Laurell will most likely meet the criteria for _____.
bulimia nervosa
Fetishism:
can involve both hard and soft objects.
____ occurs when the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the respiratory system.
central sleep apnea
Pavlov's theory of learning focused on _____.
classical conditioning
A psychologist who applies a sociocultural approach to anxiety disorders would:
consider the way cultural values or the social environment affect anxiety.
Since 1990, more people have died from _____ than from any other cause.
coronary heart disease
Loftus's "lost at the mall" studies showed how easy it is to _____.
create a false memory
Brad wants to study the relationship between anxiety and registration events in first-semester freshman. Most likely, Brad will use a(n) _____.
cross-sectional type of study
Theorists who argue that behaviors can only be abnormal relative to cultural norms, are proponents of:
cultural relativism.
According to behavioral theories of depression,:
depressive behaviors often are reinforced by the sympathy and attention they bring about in other people.
Repressed memories represent a form of _____.
dissociative amnesia
A diagnosis of hypoactive sexual desire would be made when an individual:
does not initiate sexual activity due to a lack of desire, does not fantasize about sex, and may be unresponsive when a partner initiates sex.
The object relations perspective suggests that:
early interpersonal relationships influence an individual's self-concept and personality development.
A key communication issue on autistic children is the tendency to repeat words they have heard, a condition known as _____.
echolalia.
According to one study, suicide rates among African American males in the United States were highest in communities where:
economic inequalities were greatest.
Luke and Tracy are attending counseling for their marital difficulties. Luke was reluctant to discuss their sex life with a "total stranger." Tracy insists that the therapist will be able to help them. The therapist probably began their session by doing all of the following EXCEPT:
encouraging the couple to avoid sensitive areas concerning their sexual behavior, especially during intimate moments.
Research suggests that many young girls who develop eating disorders are members of _____.
enmeshed families
_____ is the study of heritable changes in the expression of genes without change in the gene sequence.
epigenetics
When a patient experiences catharsis, it means that the person has:
experienced a release of emotions.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a consequence of:
experiencing extreme stressors.
Compared to Asians and Asian Americans, European Americans benefit more from:
explicit forms of seeking social support.
Mary created an illness in her younger daughter to draw attention to herself. This is known as a _____.
factitious disorder by proxy
A strong cultural value in many Hispanic groups is _____, or prioritizing the respect and care of one's family over one's individual needs.
familism
Most people who are suicidal never seek treatment because they
fear the stigma associated with suicide.
Teddy gets sexual gratification from stealing his girlfriend's underwear and masturbating into them. Teddy is exhibiting _____.
fetishism
To avoid demand characteristics, participants may be given tests, often called _____, that have nothing to do with the purpose of the study in order to obscure the real purpose of the study.
filler measures
Nicholas believes that, despite his male genitalia, he is a woman. Nicholas is likely to be diagnosed with _____.
gender dysphoria
In human laboratory studies, _____ is considered a primary limitation.
generalizabililty
In adoption studies, if a disorder is strongly influenced by _____, then researchers should see _____ rates of the disorder among biological relatives of the adoptee than among the adoptive relatives.
genetics; higher
Studies show that individuals with narcolepsy lack cells in the hypothalamus that secrete a neurotransmitter called _____, which promotes wakefulness.
hypocretin
The three systems of the human psyche that regulate the libido are the:
id, ego, and superego.
Hippocrates attributed abnormality to:
imbalances in bodily humors.
The _____ system defends against disease by identifying and killing pathogens and tumor cells.
immune
In dialectical behavior therapy, clients with borderline personality disorder may learn how to control their _____ behaviors by monitoring situations most likely to lead to such behaviors and learning alternative ways to handle those situations.
impulsive
The police have charged Tracy with first-degree murder. She has exhibited an inability to understand her situation and to participate in her defense. Tracy is most likely:
incompetent to stand trial.
The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM):
incorporates a continuum perspective on disorders.
Sarah's parents were concerned because she seemed "slow" for her age. Sarah had a complete physical and mental examination. In addition, she took a battery of tests. The results of one test revealed that Sarah suffered from mild mental retardation. Most likely, this test was a(n) _____.
intelligence test
In _____, the client and the therapist discuss interpersonal problems related to the client's eating disorder, and the therapist works actively with the client to develop strategies to solve these problems.
interpersonal therapy
The behavioral component of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating bulimia involves:
introducing forbidden foods back into the client's diet.
Phenylketonuria (PKU):
involves an inability to metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid.
Operant conditioning theory states that learning:
is affected by the consequences of behavior.
Teresa has been severely depressed and has demonstrated suicidal tendencies. Based on the criteria for involuntary commitment, Teresa:
is imminently suicidal and will most likely be held in a psychiatric facility.
Today, psychosurgery:
is only used for severe disorders that do not respond to other treatments.
A problem associated with the M'Naghten rule is:
it requires that a person not know right from wrong at the time of the crime in order to be judged not guilty by reason of insanity.
Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are found more frequently in children in _____ and in _____.
lower socioeconomic classes; urban areas
The goal of the stop-start technique is for the:
man to gain control over his ejaculations and to enjoy the sensation of being in the woman's vagina.
The most significant problem with the behavioral theory of phobias is that:
many people with phobias cannot identify traumatic events that triggered them.
Children and adults with profound intellectual disability:
may achieve vocabularies of 300 to 400 words as adults.
Administering _____ at prescribed times during the day has been shown to enhance shifts of circadian rhythms in individuals with delayed sleep phase type, jet lag type, and shift work type circadian rhythm disorder.
melatonin
Compared to individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder, those with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder tend to have:
more general concerns with order.
Women with low sexual desire are:
more likely than men to report anxiety, depression, and life stress.
Which of the following was widely used as a pain reliever in the nineteenth century, until it was found to be highly addictive?
morphine
Biochemicals that carry impulses from one neuron to another in the brain and in other parts of the nervous system are called _____.
neurotransmitters
Shanee is highly concerned with her weight. Because she feels she has insomnia, she has a tendency to stay up late watching TV and overeating. She is distressed that she cannot control her eating behaviors. According to the DSM-5 criteria, she will most likely meet the criteria for _____.
night eating syndrome
The continuum model of abnormality illustrates that:
no clear line exists between what is normal and abnormal.
Cultural relativists argue that:
no universal standards or rules exist for labeling behaviors as abnormal.
Harvey was found to be so mentally incapacitated at the time he murdered his wife that it was determined he could not conform to the rules of society. Consequently, he should be found:
not guilty by reason of insanity.
Researchers who use an integrationist approach to conducting research:
often obtain training in multiple disciplines and methods.
Deconditioning a woman's particular automatic response is an especially effective treatment for ______.
pelvic muscle tightening
Social learning theory posits that:
people learn behaviors by watching other people.
Theorists who argue that phobias can develop through observational learning posit that:
people learn phobic behaviors by modeling the behaviors of others.
If a person experiences depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least two years, and during the two years has not been without depressive symptoms for more than two months, the person is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.
persistent depressive disorder
When an individual fails to develop a sense of self-identity and a capacity for interpersonal functioning that are adaptive in the individual's relationships, he or she may be diagnosed with a(n) _____ disorder.
personality
Studies of refugees who fled to the United States found that these groups often had:
post-traumatic stress disorder and somatic symptom disorder
Al's wife has been complaining about their sex life. She feels he is experiencing difficulty controlling his orgasms. Like many young men, Al is likely experiencing _____.
premature ejaculation
The most common form of orgasmic disorder in men is _____.
premature ejaculation
Epidemiological studies:
provide valuable information on the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors for disorders.
Incompetency to stand trial differs from insanity in legal terms in that it:
refers to the inability of the defendant to understand the charges against him.
A polygenic process:
refers to the multiple abnormal genes that interact to create a disorder.
In terms of antisocial behavior, girls appear to engage in _____, such as excluding their peers, gossiping about them, and colluding with others to damage the social status of their targets, more so than boys.
relational aggression
A severe reduction or complete absence of emotional responses to the environment in people with schizophrenia is called _____.
restricted affect
Engaging in excessive exercise in addition to limiting calorie intake falls under the _____ type of anorexia nervosa.
restricting
Mechanical interventions are available for men with erectile dysfunction. One such device is a hydraulic inflatable device, which allows a man to create an erection by pumping _____ into rods inserted in the penis.
saline
Calista shows a pervasive pattern of social deficits and has a great deal of discomfort in close relationships. Her coworkers describe her as odd as she speaks in a peculiar manner, is often suspicious, and is inappropriate in her display of emotion. She would most likely be diagnosed with _____.
schizotypal personality disorder
Carl Rogers believed that without undue pressure from others, individuals naturally move toward personal growth, self-acceptance, and _____, the fulfillment of their potential for love, creativity, and meaning.
self-actualization
The goals of guided mastery techniques are to increase people's skills as well as their:
self-efficacy beliefs
A female who does not experience the normal physiological changes that make up the excitement or arousal phase of the sexual response cycle is most likely exhibiting symptoms of _____.
sexual interest/arousal disorder
Sarah feels sex is not exciting and has barely had any sexual relations with her husband since her daughter, Amy, was born. Sarah is most likely experiencing _____.
sexual interest/arousal disorder
Most psychosocial theories of gender dysphoria focus on the role parents play in:
shaping their children's gender identity.
People diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder:
shun interactions if there is a possibility of being criticized.
Dementias that follow _____ are more likely to dissipate with time than are dementias that follow _____.
single closed head injuries; repeated closed head injuries
Fred and Jennifer are having marital difficulties. He says that her negative attitude toward sex is frustrating. Jennifer admits that she goes overboard sometimes, but can't seem to change the way she thinks about sex. All of the following may contribute to Jennifer's negative perception of sexual intercourse EXCEPT _____.
socioeconomic status
The disease model of alcoholism predicts that because of biological, psychological, and spiritual deficits,:
some people will lose all control over their drinking once they have one drink.
Children with _____ do not use speech sounds appropriate for their age or dialect; they may substitute one sound for another or omit certain sounds.
speech sound disorder
Franco has fallen ill, lost his job and his wife has left him due to his problem with heroin. His friends and family are telling him that he is an addict because he is exhibiting:
substance dependence
Albert has a history of alcohol dependence and abuse. He now has difficulties experiencing pleasure and sustaining an erection. Albert's physician would most likely diagnose his condition as _____.
substance-induced sexual dysfunction
The focus of sensate focus therapy is:
sustaining pleasure.
Drug treatments for people with borderline personality disorders have focused on reducing:
symptoms of anxiety and depression.
"Sundowning" is a term used to indicate that:
symptoms of delirium worsen at night.
Neurotransmitters are released into the _____, the gap between synaptic terminals and adjacent neurons, and then bind to special _____, molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons.
synapse; receptors
If a therapist and a child are discussing how to respond to another child that has cut in line in the cafeteria the therapist is attempting to:
teach the child adaptive problem solving skills.
A longitudinal study in Oregon, which focused on adolescents with less severe eating disorders the researchers called partial-syndrome eating disorders, found that these adolescents:
tend to judge themselves on the basis of their weight.
In exposure and response prevention therapy, by preventing a person from engaging in compulsive behavior:
the client learns that not engaging in the compulsive behavior does not lead to a terrible result.
The active mode in Hilgard's study referred to:
the conscious state of mind that includes a person's conscious plans and desires and voluntary actions.
A major problem in applying the M'Naghten rule is determining:
the definition of a "disease of the mind."
Dopamine plays an important role in:
the functioning of muscle systems.
When an observer takes into account the context or circumstances surrounding someone's behaviors to determine whether they are normal or abnormal, it means that:
the observer considers the behavior normal if it seems appropriate for that particular situation.
In _____, the partner applies pressure to the tip of the penis when ejaculation is imminent.
the squeeze technique
Freud and his contemporaries viewed conversion symptoms as results of:
the transfer of psychic energy attached to repressed emotions or memories into physical symptoms.
O'Connor v. Donaldson (1975) established:
the unconstitutionality of confining a nondangerous individual.
Cerebrovascular disease occurs due to:
tissue damage in the brain due to a shortage of blood supply.
The practice of drilling circular holes in the skulls of people displaying abnormal behaviors in order to free evil spirits was known as _____.
trephination
Down syndrome is also referred to as _____.
trisomy 21
Therapist who work with people with gender identity disorder typically:
try to help them clarify their gender identity and desire for treatment.
Cognitive theorists maintain that people with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) focus on threats at both the _____ levels.
unconscious and conscious
A core characteristic of bulimia nervosa is:
uncontrolled eating
In sex therapy, the client's cognitions while engaging in new sexual exercises are:
used as material for discussion in therapy sessions.
Lee participated in a study that involved the treatment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The researchers assessed Lee with others who were participating in the study. However, he received the treatment several weeks into the study. Lee most likely was part of a(n) _____.
wait list control group
