PSY 429 Exam 1

types of sequential design

- cohort sequential - time sequential - cross sequential

Four Principles of Adult development and aging

- continuity principle - survivor principle - inter vs intra individual differences - primary, secondary, tertiary aging & optimal aging

Biological and environmental influences that impact development

- normative age-graded influences - normative history-graded influences - non-normative influences

Three main models of development

- organismic - mechanistic - interactionist

3 age related physical changes that occur in middle to late adulthood

- wrinkles and sagging skin - grey hair - muscle loss

models of plasticity

-HAROLD -PASA -CRUNCH

skin

-epidermis cells lose regular pattern -loss of connective tissue in dermis (less flexible) -subcutaneous fat layer grows thinner -photoaging

hair

-number of pigmented hairs diminish over time -hair loss

conditions for experimental research design

1. active manipulation of the independent variable 2. control group, comparison group, or usual care group 3. random assignment of levels of IV

Which of the following would be considered a normative history-graded influence on development?

A building of international tension associated with uprising in a particular country

daily diary

Participants enter data on a daily basis such as personal ratings or activities.

According to the PASA model of neural plasticity and aging, an older adult experiencing declines in the occipital (visual) cortex, located at the back of the brain, could compensate by using more of the ______ region of the brain.

Prefrontal cortex

sequential design

data collection strategies that consist of different combinations of the variables age, cohort, and time of measurement.

body shape

decrease in lean tissue

bones

decreased bone mineral content

metabolic presbycusis

degenerative changes occur in the cochlea (loss of high pitched frequencies)

Changes with age in the _____ layer of the skin are associated with age related alterations in collagen, a protein also found in connective tissue throughout the body

dermis

sociocultural models of development

emphasizes the influences of the environment and society on a person's development

biological models of development

emphasizes the role of genetics and biology to explain why the body ages

mechanistic

environmental influences and change in response to learning ex: nurture

non-normative influences

events that are irregular: they happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable timetable ex: house fire, getting married at 65 for 1st time

psychological models of development

focuses on explaining a person's development by their behavioral changes that occur over time

interactionst

genetic and environmental influences

sensory presbycusis

hearing loss due to chronic noise exposure

identity accommodation

individuals make changes to their identity based on age-related changes they encounter

normative history-graded influences

influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances ex: exposure to mass shootings

Normative age-graded influences

influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group ex: starting a career in your 20s-30s, raising a family in your 30s-60s, planning retirement in your 60s

surveys

information about a sample that can then be generalized to a larger population

organismic

innate/unlearned qualities that exist in every person ex: nature

archival research

investigators use existing resources that contain data relevant to a question about aging

In selective attrition, the researcher's concern is that the ________ participants tend to drop out before the study is complete.

less able

presbyopia

loss of ability to focus on near objects

height

loss of bone mineral in the vertebrae causing the spine to collapse and shorten

identity assimilation

minimizes impact of any age-related changes on one's identity

Ecological Perspective

multiple levels of the environment as they affect the individual over time

plasticity

neurons remain alive and can take over function of those that die

life course perspective

norms, roles, and attitudes about age have an impact on the shape of each person's life (social clock)

bone remodeling

old cells are destroyed and replaced by new cells

longitudinal designs

one group of participants are studied over a long period of time

epidemiolgical studies

study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems.

case resport

summarizes the findings from multiple sources for those individuals

nervous system

the aging brain maintains much of its structure and function even later in life

identity balance

the dynamic equilibrium that occurs when people tend to view themselves consistently but can make changes when called for by their experiences

age

the influence a person's biological, chronological age on their current performance

identity

the set of schemas one has of themselves (who am I?)

schemas

Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

The fact that people feel they are the same over time despite the fact that they are constantly undergoing age-related changes id the basis of which principle of adult development and aging?

Continuity

Aging

Continuous development from womb to tomb (conception to death)

Normal Aging

Growing older doesn't necessarily mean growing sicker

observational studies

Researchers carefully and systematically observe and record behavior without interfering with behavior.

Continuity Principle

The changes that people experience in later adulthood build on the experiences they had in their earlier years

Survivor Principle

The people who live to old age are the ones who managed to outlive the many threats that could have caused their deaths at earlier ages

Individuality Matters

Which asserts that as people age, they become more different from each other

focus groups

a meeting of respondents asked to provide feedback about a particular topic of interest

cohort

a shared social, historical, and cultural influence that impacts a group of people born in the same year

selective optimization with compensation

adults attempt to preserve and maximize abilities that are of central importance and put less effort into maintaining those that are not

qualitative studies

allows for the exploration of such complex relationships outside the narrow restrictions and assumptions of quantitative methods

cataract

clouding of the lens of the eye

cross sectional design

compare groups of people with different ages at one point in time (most common)

what is aging research

quasi experimental (cannot control age)

correlational research designs

relationships are observed among variables as they exist in the world. The researcher makes no attempt to divide participants into groups or to manipulate variables.

quasi-experimental design

researchers compare groups on predetermined characteristics

experimental design

researchers study a question of interest by deciding on conditions that will allow them to manipulate a particular independent variable.

muscles

sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass)

time of measurement

social and historical influences that occurs when a person is being measured that equally impacts all affected age groups

meta-analysis

statistical procedure that allows them to combine findings from independently conducted studie

Description Research

studies that catalog information about how people perform based on their age but do not attempt to rule out social or historical factors.