PSY chapter 6

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Although a panic attack may last for as long as an hour or more, it typically reaches its peak intensity within __________ minutes. 20 10 30 5

Vincent, age 32, has recently experienced a panic attack for the first time in his life. He is worried that he will now develop a full-blown case of panic disorder. He should know that __________ percent of adults have had a panic attack, but most do not go on to develop panic disorder. 41 23 10 66

Research has found that classic symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder seem to disappear after the age of __________ for many people. 30 10 50 40

Gjabolla has been suffering from a terrible fear of lightning for some time now. Whenever there are storms in the weather forecast, she gets very upset and plans on spending the duration of that time in her basement. She has even called in sick to work to avoid going out during a bad thunderstorm. How long would these symptoms have to persist before a diagnosis of a specific phobia could be made? 6 months 3 months 2 weeks 1 month

6 months

Which response pattern is described as a complex blend of unpleasant emotions and cognitions that is very diffuse and oriented to the future? apprehension trepidation fear anxiety

Anxiety

Which of the following statements accurately describes research findings involving anxiety disorders? Approximately 38 percent of the U.S. population will experience an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. Anxiety disorders have the earliest age of onset of all mental disorders. People with anxiety disorders are the least likely to tap into medical services.

Anxiety disorders have the earliest age of onset of all mental disorders.

A functional deficiency in which neurotransmitter has been found to be associated with the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder? dopamine glutamate serotonin GABA

GABA

__________ involves a pervasive sense of anxiety and worry across many different areas of life. Panic disorder Generalized anxiety disorder Agoraphobia Social anxiety disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder

Which of the following would be an example of anxiety? Julie jumped when she saw the snake. Hilda dreaded walking home alone. The voices in Paul's head told him he should be afraid. Carl was certain that the food was poisoned.

Hilda dreaded walking home alone.

Which of the following is a true statement about Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance learning? It has not been helpful in explaining why people with OCD develop obsessions in the first place and why some people never develop compulsive behaviors. While it suggests mechanisms for the development of GAD, it does not account for the development of panic disorder and OCD. It does not account for the effectiveness of extinction procedures in the treatment of OCD. It provides an explanation for the development of all anxiety disorders.

It has not been helpful in explaining why people with OCD develop obsessions in the first place and why some people never develop compulsive behaviors.

Dr. Mackelroy is seeing a client who suffers from the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The therapy has focused on helping this client try to control her worries and anxiety-producing thoughts. What is a possible negative outcome of such an approach? It may lead to a paradoxical increase in intrusive thoughts and an enhanced perception of the client's inability to control them. Research finds that when such attempts are unsuccessful, the client develops an increased risk for a major depressive episode. For reasons not well-understood, attempts to increase one's control of worry and negative thoughts are associated with an increase in somatic symptoms. The psychological energy needed to control these thoughts may rob from other important psychological functions, increasing the chance of developing a secondary diagnosis.

It may lead to a paradoxical increase in intrusive thoughts and an enhanced perception of the client's inability to control them.

__________ are persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts that are experienced as disturbing, inappropriate, and uncontrollable. __________, on the other hand, involve repetitive behavior or mental rituals that a person feels driven to perform. Obsessions; Compulsions Ruminations; Kinetics Compulsions; Obsessions Kinetics; Ruminations

Obsessions; Compulsions

What is the primary difference between a fear response and a panic attack? Panic attacks are accompanied by a subjective sense of impending doom or fear of losing control that is not usually present during a fear response. Panic attacks are usually very short in duration, averaging about 30 seconds, while fear responses can last for hours. Fear responses usually occur "out of the blue," while panic attacks are a response to a specific, identifiable trigger. Fear responses are emotional and cognitive in nature, while panic attacks involve only physical symptoms.

Panic attacks are accompanied by a subjective sense of impending doom or fear of losing control that is not usually present during a fear response.

Which of the following statements is correct in regard to the role of cognitions in panic? Panic can be prevented in a panic provocation study by explaining what will happen. Panic clients are more likely to interpret bodily sensations as catastrophic events. Cognitive therapy is less effective than emotive therapy for panic disorder. Only individuals who tend to catastrophize develop panic disorder.

Panic clients are more likely to interpret bodily sensations as catastrophic events.

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the prevalence of panic disorder in women and men? Panic disorder is twice as prevalent in women as it is in men. Panic disorder is one of the few psychiatric illnesses that are seen more in men than in women. Panic disorder is rarely diagnosed in men, but is the single most common psychiatric condition seen in women. About 90 percent of all people diagnosed with panic disorder are women.

Panic disorder is twice as prevalent in women as it is in men.

How would a psychoanalytic theorist explain the emergence of a specific phobia? Phobias are a defense against anxiety that stems from repressed id impulses. Phobias are a reaction formation to an acceptable desire to be close to or engage with the phobic target object. Unconscious repressed conflicts centered around an attachment figure are breaking through to one's preconscious awareness. Fixation at the anal or phallic stage of psychosexual development results in an aversion to a specific stimulus. Submit

Phobias are a defense against anxiety that stems from repressed id impulses.

Neurological research into physical causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder has found that abnormalities occur in the basal ganglia of those with the condition. Why would this be related to OCD? Heightened activity of the basal ganglia results in a greater amount of synaptic pruning. This, in turn, heightens the incidence of obsessive thoughts. The basal ganglia are linked at the amygdala to the limbic system, which controls emotional behaviors. The basal ganglia are directly involved in regulating the way the two cerebral hemispheres communicate across the corpus callosum. When the basal ganglia are underaroused, the most primitive parts of the brain—the brainstem—increase their activity to compensate.

The basal ganglia are linked at the amygdala to the limbic system, which controls emotional behaviors.

Mrs. Belshy tells her psychologist, "I cannot leave a certain region around my home without having terrible fears. I am extremely worried when I am in a car or a bus. I am afraid I will have another one of those terrifying experiences." What disorder does Mrs. Belshy probably have and what experience is she talking about? The disorder is specific phobia, the experience is a panic attack. The disorder is agoraphobia, the experience is a panic attack. The disorder is generalized anxiety disorder, the experience is anxiety. The disorder is obsessive-compulsive disorder, the experience is an obsession.

The disorder is agoraphobia, the experience is a panic attack.

What evidence exists that nocturnal panic attacks are not specifically related to threatening or scary dreams? The higher centers of the brain, where panic attacks originate, remain dormant and inactive during the sleep stages involving dreams. Dream states cause an involuntary depression of the sympathetic nervous system, making it impossible for a panic attack to occur. They typically occur during stage 2 and early stage 3 sleep. People waking from sleep with a panic attack can almost never remember what it is that they were dreaming when they woke up.

They typically occur during stage 2 and early stage 3 sleep.

Every time Tia walks by her neighbor's house, their outdoor cat arches his back and hisses at her, causing her to feel nervous that the cat is going to attack her. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen as a result of these repeated interactions? Tia will be scared of her neighbors. Tia will feel scared of all animals. Tia will get increasingly scared of her neighbor's dog. Tia will feel nervous when passing her neighbor's house even when the cat is not outside.

Tia will feel nervous when passing her neighbor's house even when the cat is not outside.

Although traditionally thought of as a symptom of OCD, hoarding was added as a new disorder in the DSM-5. Which of the following pieces of evidence likely influenced this decision? People with OCD tend to demonstrate poorer prognosis than people with hoarding symptoms. Between 10 and 40 percent of people with OCD also engage in compulsive hoarding. People engaging in compulsive hoarding tend to be less occupationally and socially disabled than people with OCD. Treatments that reduce OCD symptoms do not seem to reduce hoarding symptoms.

Treatments that reduce OCD symptoms do not seem to reduce hoarding symptoms. (* Recent research has also demonstrated unique patterns of neural activation among patients with OCD and hoarding compared to those with OCD alone.)

According to the WHO's World Mental Health Survey Consortium, with the exception of __________, anxiety disorders are the most frequently reported psychological disorder in nations around the world. Ukraine Latvia India China

Ukraine (*For this particular country, anxiety disorders exist but are not the most frequent of psychological disorders)

__________ conditioning can be used to explain that the development of a phobia is transmitted when one person observes another person behaving in a phobic manner and then adopts that same fear of the stimulus. Operant Classical Dispositional Vicarious

Vicarious

Which of the following most accurately describes outcomes of using D-cycloserine in the treatment of specific phobias? D-cycloserine is effective in reducing symptoms of specific phobias on its own. D-cycloserine has no beneficial effects in the treatment of specific phobias. When used alongside exposure therapy, D-cycloserine decreases the effectiveness of treatment. When used alongside exposure therapy, D-cycloserine enhances the treatment of specific phobias.

When used alongside exposure therapy, D-cycloserine enhances the treatment of specific phobias.

Which of the following is considered to be an anxiety disorder in DSM-5? obsessive-compulsive disorder bipolar I disorder schizophrenia agoraphobia

agoraphobia

Although it does not always occur, __________ is a frequent complication of panic disorder. social anxiety disorder agoraphobia hoarding disorder generalized anxiety disorder

agoraphobia (*people with agoraphobia are also frightened by their own bodily sensations, so they also avoid activities that will create arousal such as exercising, watching scary movies, drinking caffeine, and even engaging in sexual activity.)

Which culture-specific disorder features many of the symptoms of a panic attack, but also includes episodes of bursting into tears, anger, and uncontrollable shouting? taijin kyofusho ataque de nervios susto koro

ataque de nervios

Individuals with social phobia are likely to ________ be aggressive. attribute events in their lives to external factors. attribute negative life events to internal, global, and stable factors. have been raised in a permissive environment.

attribute events in their lives to external factors.

People with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) sometimes believe that the high amount of worry associated with the disorder brings certain benefits. Which of the following is a benefit some believe to be associated with GAD? avoidance of catastrophe ability to fend off panic attacks and physical ailments financial success brought about by fear of spending money increased longevity

avoidance of catastrophe

People with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) sometimes believe that the high amount of worry associated with the disorder brings certain benefits. Which of the following is a benefit some believe to be associated with GAD? financial success brought about by fear of spending money ability to fend off panic attacks and physical ailments avoidance of catastrophe increased longevity

avoidance of catastrophe

The effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on generalized anxiety disorder seem to be influenced by CRH's influence on a part of the brain called the __________, which has an important influence on one's ability to mediate generalized anxiety. bed nucleus of the stria terminalis lateral geniculate nucleus of the limbic system bilateral corpus callosal junction anterior fissure of the putamen

bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (* This part of the brain is an extension of the amygdala, a part of the brain important in our fear responses.)

Which of the following anxiety response components involves general avoidance of an upsetting stimulus? subjective cognitive behavioral physiological

behavioral

Results of a large study of children with parents with an emotional disorder found that those high on __________ between 2 and 6 years of age were nearly three times more likely to be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder than were children low on this trait. dependence behavioral inhibition introversion neuroticism

behavioral inhibition (* Children showing behavioral inhibition tend to be afraid, anxious, or uncomfortable in unfamiliar situations, and tend to stop playing and withdraw when around unfamiliar people.)

From a biological model of social anxiety, __________ is the most important individual temperamental variable. separation reluctance social activation behavioral inhibition stranger anxiety

behavioral inhibition. (* Young children with BI display heightened sensitivity to novel auditory and visual stimuli, and avoid unfamiliar situations and people)

Childhood or early adolescent onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder is more common in __________ and is often associated with greater severity. boys than in girls middle children than oldest or youngest siblings only-children than kids with siblings girls than in boys

boys than in girls

The frequency with which those suffering from social anxiety disorder can recall a specific traumatic experience as being at the root of their fear speaks to the importance of __________ in the development of such a condition. observational learning classical conditioning operant conditioning cognitive learning

classical conditioning

Dr. Johnson is working with her patient to help reduce her symptoms of social anxiety. A key part of her treatment involves teaching her patient to uncover and, over time, adjust the automatic thought that she will "just sound dumb" if she talks at a party. What treatment technique is Dr. Johnson using? supportive psychotherapy social activation cognitive restructuring exposure

cognitive restructuring

Which theory of panic proposes that people who are hypersensitive to bodily sensations, and who interpret those sensations in a catastrophic manner, are more prone to developing panic disorder? cognitive theory of panic comprehensive learning theory of panic developmental theory of panic biological theory of panic

cognitive theory of panic

From a(n) __________ perspective, people with social anxiety would naturally fall toward the lower end of socially-constructed dominance hierarchies. evolutionary existential Gestalt neurological

evolutionary

What is the most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder? antidepressant medications prescription benzodiazepines exposure and response prevention habituation training

exposure and response prevention

What has research repeatedly found to be the best way of treating a specific phobia? psychoanalysis Gestalt therapy pharmacotherapy exposure therapy

exposure therapy

Diana and her family decide to go camping for the weekend. When Diana wakes up and steps out of her tent, she sees a bear with its back turned to her, going through their trash. She immediately freezes, her heart rate increases, and then she steps back into the tent quietly to make sure the bear does not hear or see her. This response would be considered a __________. anxiety disorder panic attack traumatic response fear response

fear response

Luca is continually worried, but he cannot quite explain what he is upset about. He feels that there is always a reason to be anxious, and finds that his attempts to control this worry are unsuccessful. This has been going on more days than not for over a year. Luca may be suffering from __________. generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder social anxiety a specific phobia

generalized anxiety disorder

Ruth, age 72, is visiting the office of a psychotherapist to deal with some recent problems related to anxiety. Given the rates of anxiety disorders in older adults, which of the following is she most likely to be dealing with? social anxiety agoraphobia generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder

generalized anxiety disorder

One of the main problems with the worry in generalized anxiety disorders is that it __________. increases the effects of operant conditioning on fears is a form of avoidance of deeper emotional issues and prevents extinction keeps people with the disorder feeling happier than if they didn't worry keeps people distracted from what is really bothering them

is a form of avoidance of deeper emotional issues and prevents extinction

Which part of the brain stem has been implicated in the neurobiology of panic attacks? locus coeruleus amygdala hypothalamus reticular activating system

locus coeruleus

Which of the following is no longer considered an anxiety disorder in DSM-5? social anxiety generalized anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder panic disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder

A __________ occurs in the absence of any external threat. depressive episode psychotic episode panic attack fear response

panic attack

From an evolutionary perspective, phobias are a result of __________ learning, which suggests that humans and other animals that rapidly learn to fear certain threatening objects or situations would have a selective advantage over other members of the species. instinctive prepared associative innate

prepared

Although temporary, completing a compulsive act or series of acts usually brings on __________ for the patient. satisfaction, reduced tension, and an increased sense of control shame and self-doubt a state of dissociation feelings of euphoria

satisfaction, reduced tension, and an increased sense of control

Which of the following parts of the body is the most frequent target of concern for people with body dysmorphic disorder? skin nose breasts/chest/nipples stomach

skin

Anthony has a tremendous and irrational fear of using a public restroom. No matter what his bathroom needs are, he is intensely afraid that he will embarrass or humiliate himself when using a public facility. This has led to significant disturbances in his personal and professional life. What might be the best diagnosis for Anthony's particular problem? agoraphobia generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder social anxiety

social anxiety

Which of the following psychological disorders is most similar to taijin kyofusho? social anxiety disorder post-traumatic stress disorder panic disorder anorexia nervosa

social anxiety disorder

Marita has a tremendous fear of baseball hats. She is not afraid of any other kind of hat, and in fact she wears stylish hats on a regular basis. When she is near a person wearing a baseball cap, however, she gets very upset and has to move away from them. She cannot explain why this fear exists and recognizes it to be irrational. Marita has had relationships end because of this fear in the past. What would be the best diagnosis for Marita's fear? social anxiety disorder specific phobia generalized anxiety disorder agoraphobia

specific phobia

Which type of anxiety disorder is marked by a persistent and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger? generalized anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder specific phobia panic disorder

specific phobia

Which type of anxiety disorder is marked by a persistent and disproportionate fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger? specific phobia generalized anxiety disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder panic disorder

specific phobia

Jonah has a crippling fear of thunderstorms. Even though he is in his teens, thunder and lightning cause him to retreat to his bedroom where he will hide under his bed covers until the storm ends. Jonah's mother has had a lifelong fear of thunderstorms since one of her siblings was struck by lightning and killed when she was young. According to learned behavior theory, how did Jonah's phobia develop? because of evolutionary preparedness through classical conditioning because of repressed id impulses through vicarious conditioning

through vicarious conditioning

Which of the following is considered the single most effective treatment for the various anxiety disorders? psychodynamic therapy aimed at understanding the unconscious forces that perpetuate the anxiety virtual reality therapy, acclimating patients to feared stimuli Aaron Beck's treatment strategies for depression treatment through graduated exposure to feared cues, objects, and situations

treatment through graduated exposure to feared cues, objects, and situations

Jennifer has a very unusual problem. She feels compelled to pull out her own hair, both the hair on her head as well as hair on different parts of her body. This has led to embarrassing bald spots, skin irritations, and occasional bleeding in the past. Jennifer is now in treatment for __________. trichotillomania obsessive-compulsive disorder body dysmorphic disorder excoriation disorder

trichotillomania

Exposure to which two factors seems to play an important role in the development of social anxiety? aggression and assertion conflict and frustration depression and mania uncontrollability and unpredictability

uncontrollability and unpredictability

Unlike in the United States, the sources of worry in GAD seem to vary across cultures. For example, in Yoruba, __________. financial security familial illness worries center on creating and maintaining a large family getting a good job

worries center on creating and maintaining a large family

Unlike in the United States, the sources of worry in GAD seem to vary across cultures. For example, in Yoruba, __________. getting a good job financial security worries center on creating and maintaining a large family familial illness

PSY chapter 6

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