Psy of Adol.

Which of the following statements about cliques is false?

Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior.

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called:

a clique.

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:

a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

Dave knows that kids who drink and drive sometimes get killed, but he believes that he is somehow immune to having such a terrible thing happen to him. Dave's belief is an example of:

a personal fable.

In contemporary America, the process of social definition, which typically begins at age 15 or 16, is something that occurs over:

a relatively long period of time.

Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police, however, only arrested Jennifer for running away because for a minor, running away is considered:

a status offense.

Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity through all of the following, except:

asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues.

Adolescents who have academic difficulties that can be traced to persistent and impairing symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity may have:

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

According to many well-designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences of growing up with lesbian or gay parents:

children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents.

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________.

clique; crowd

According to research on behavioral decision theory, adolescents often decide to engage in behavior that seems risky to adults because adolescents:

have different values and priorities than adults.

Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when:

lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called:

participant observation.

According to Smetana, adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as _____, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as _____.

personal; conventional

Hostile attributional bias:

plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.

According to the textbook, being placed in a more advanced track has which of the following effects?

positive influence on subsequent course selection

Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is:

possibly a gang member.

Today, adolescence has been redefined as a time of _____, rather than _____.

preparation; participation

Which of the following is most important in influencing adolescents' learning and psychosocial development?

school climate

The extreme skepticism observed in many adolescents is most likely a result of:

seeing knowledge as relative rather than as absolute.

Jesse is in the seventh grade at a school that has open classrooms with multiple teachers instructing their classes in one large area. Which of the following cognitive processes will help Jesse focus on his teacher?

selective attention

Which of the following is least likely to be affected by genetic factors?

self-perception of scholastic competence

According to a national survey, how many students in American public schools have been victims of violence?

1 out of 4

Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:

A & B

Not only are schools the chief educational arena for adolescents, but they also play an extremely important role in:

ALL

The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies:

ALL

Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and fathers is false?

Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

Why are children who have spent time in the foster care system more at risk for emotional and behavioral problems?

All of the above are reasons that foster care children and adolescents may have more problems than other children and adolescents.

All of the following statements about structural and functional change involving the prefrontal cortex during adolescence are true except:

All of the above are true

According to the textbook, why do private school students academically outperform students at public schools?

Because of the characteristics of the students who attend private schools.

Which of the following research findings supports the hypothesis that, "under conditions of low collective efficacy, social problems are contagious"?

Both statements A and B support the hypothesis.

Henry believes that the rise of adolescent peer groups has contributed to the rise of adolescent crime and drug use. Which of the following statements refutes this belief?

Contemporary adolescents spend more time in peer groups than adolescents did in past eras. (W)

Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult?

Development is so rapid and so variable between individuals.

Why is parental divorce during early adolescence particularly stressful for the adolescent?

Early adolescence is a time during which individuals are particularly sensitive to stress.

When evaluating the three different forms of intelligence described in his triarchic theory of intelligence, Sternberg would disagree with which statement?

Individuals with high componential intelligence are more intelligent than individuals with either experiential or contextual intelligence.

Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"?

James Coleman

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be a child (and not an adolescent)?

Jesse, who finds it hard to believe that other people may have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from his own

Eric, a fourth-grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities?

Little League baseball

Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true?

Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student behavior.

Joyce believes that scores on intelligence tests are relatively stable in adolescence, and as a result of this stability, believes that scores are fixed. Do you agree with Joyce's logic?

No, intelligence scores are stable; however, they are not fixed.

Hormones play two very different roles in adolescence. _______ hormones program the brain to behave in certain ways, whereas _______ hormones are thought to stimulate development of the secondary sex characteristics

Organizational; activational

Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as generational dissonance?

Recent studies of Mexican-American families have found that stress and conflict are higher in Latino families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than parents. (W)

Which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal violence?

Researchers have not identified a reliable mechanism for identifying which students will commit a lethal crime.

According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other. Which of the following has not been used to explain this difference?

Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times.

Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true?

Social support from relatives has been found to buffer the effects of living in a single-parent household.

Which of the following research findings does not provide evidence to support the achievement gap between White and non-White youngsters?

The Harlem Children's zone demonstrated positive effects

Black, Hispanic, and American Indian youth have more trouble negotiating the transition into adulthood than do their counterparts of which race(s)?

White and Asian youth

Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is false?

Younger children have a harder time adjusting to stepfamilies than older adolescents.

Mai can understand the metaphor, "My heart is an open book," because she is able to focus on the:

abstract and conceptual relations.

The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except:

adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.

Which of the following is one of the results of improvements in social cognition?

adolescents become better at lying

Relocation studies that have randomly chosen poor families to either stay where they are living or move to a more advantaged neighborhood have found:

adolescents who moved to a better area had better psychological and behavioral outcomes compared to those who stayed in poor neighborhoods. (W)

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:

age grading.

With respect to violence in schools:

although school shootings that garner public attention generally involve White youth, a disproportionate number of homicides in schools involve non-White youth

Compared to childhood, reward seeking and sensation seeking during adolescence:

are higher during adolescence than childhood.

Which of the following statements is most true of minority families and parenting styles?

because ethnic minorities are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental control may actually be beneficial for these adolescents.

All of the following are factors associated with higher performance of students as a result of the social capital in Catholic schools relative to other schools, except:

better use of academic tracking

Dr. Goodrich believes that the passage into adulthood is a sudden change in which adult roles and statuses are abruptly assumed. This view is most closely associated with the:

discontinuous transition.

Which of the following is not a factor that moved children out of the workplace?

discrimination against young workers

Rosy believes that "fat is beautiful" and has a steady diet of fried chicken, French fries, and cheeseburgers. Tanya believes that "thin is in" and uses vomiting and laxatives as a way to keep her weight down. Both girls exhibit what psychologists call:

disordered eating.

According to the textbook, the main contributor to the increased rate of automobile accidents among teenagers is:

driving with other teenagers in the car.

Which of the following contributed to the invention of the teenager?

economic freedom

A large, nationally representative sample of adolescents found that adolescents' friendship groups fell into one of four profiles. Which was the group that consisted of friends who were engaged in school, achieved decent grates, and neither abstained from nor abused alcohol?

engaged

Compared to a child, an older adolescent is likely to:

experience more stress and less happiness. (W)

According to the textbook, all of the following are potentially successful ways to reduce adolescent risk taking except:

finding ways to permit adolescents to take risks without putting themselves in situations in which they can hurt themselves.

Rose solves a chemistry problem by systematically testing several hypotheses. According to Piaget, which stage is Rose functioning at?

formal operations

According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except:

gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.

Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of:

hostile attributional bias.

Which term below allows individuals to suspend their beliefs about something in order to argue in the abstract?

hypothetical thinking.

In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?

identity development

According to research presented in the textbook, the longer a foreign-born adolescent has lived in the United States, the more likely he or she is to:

increase in health-benefiting behaviors. (W)

Dr. Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?

information-processing perspective

Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the:

inventionist perspective.

Notable contributing factors to the elongation of adolescence compared to previous eras include all except which of the following:

later development of emotional maturity.

Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been _____ and the transition into adulthood _____.

lengthened; prolonged

Late 19th-century adolescents spend _____ time working with their parents and _____ with their peers, being educated or prepping for the future.

less, more

In addition to an increase in responsiveness to stress, changes in the _____ may also help explain why adolescents' concerns about what their peers think increase during this time.

limbic system

Which of the following brain systems is responsible for processing emotions, social information, and rewards?

limbic system

According to a recent analysis of national data discussed in the textbook, Black students were especially likely to be enrolled in:

lower-track math classes in schools in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications

Under current federal law, children with learning disabilities must be:

mainstreamed whenever possible.

One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that parents:

may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.

A learning disability:

may be caused by a neurological problem.

Research testing Elkind's theory of adolescent egocentrism has found that certain aspects:

may remain present throughout the adolescent and adult years.

Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with:

menarche.

Research studying adolescent friendship networks over a 1-year period has found all of the following, except:

more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.

Which of the following is not a benefit that small schools offer?

more varied instruction

Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian but _______ distant and _______ emotionally intense

more; less

Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that:

most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents.

What factors would explain the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up?

nonshared environment

Which of the following would not be considered an initiation ceremony?

obtaining a driver's license

Adults tend to be ______ when their children are adolescents than the past generation.

older

Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's American adolescents:

spend more days per year in school.

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times.

spend more time in peer groups

Annie is an adolescent enrolled in Mr. Love's science class. Annie will most likely do best in class when Mr. Love:

spends a high proportion of time teaching lessons.

The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of:

the Industrial Revolution.

One potential explanation for the finding that gifted students who are integrated into regular classrooms have more positive academic self-conceptions than those in special classes is:

the big-fish-little-pond effect.

With regard to single-parent families in the United States:

the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent.

The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of normative development is concerning because:

the more parents believe that they are going to have a difficult time with their adolescent, the less likely that the parents will create a self-fulfilling prophecy. (W)

Kerry and Kristie's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought that Kerry was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that, indeed, Kerry had gained more and performed at a higher level than Kristie. This is best thought of as an example of:

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following?

the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity

Chris and his parents had an argument because they did not want him to go to a New Year's Eve party across town. A few days after the argument, Chris's anger subsided because he realized his parents were worried about his safety. Which cognitive process did Chris most likely use to reach this conclusion?

theory of mind

In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults?

whether they owned property