PSY211 Exam 3
episodic memory vs semantic memory
episodic- memory about specific personal experiences, individuals autobiographical and experimental memory semantic- contains word and symbol definition, mostly verbal
explicit memory vs. implicit memory
explicit memory requires conscious recall, declarative knowledge (recall and recongition) implicit memory is unconscious, included procedural knowledge, priming
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate
a subject is given a list of 20 words to memorize. thirty minutes later, the subject is asked to write down those 20 words in the order they were presented. this is an example of
serial recall task
how do research test procedural knowledge (implicit memory) in the lab
need to use a task that participants have no prior experience with (ex. mirror drawing)
spreading activation
occurs when one concept is activated; spreading activation occurs through the semantic network to other concepts that are related to the concept
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.
when a subject is given a list of words to remember, accuracy is usually very high for the last few words on the list. this is called a ____ effect
recency
in a serial position experiment, typically the last few items on the list are remembered fairly well. What is this called?
recency effect
which of the following abilities is severely impaired in patients with anterograde amnesia due to medical temporal lobe damage
remembering events from 10 years after the brain damage
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.
retrieval cues
Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.
script
The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is:
semantic
knowing that Des Moines is the capital of Iowa is an example of what kind of memory
semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
semantic memory
Using the processing view, how would you encode something that you want to remember for a long time?
semantically
explicit memory
memories that we are aware of and can call into conscious awareness
episodic (autobiographical) memory
memory for specific personal experiences, involving mental time travel back in time to achieve a feeling of reliving the experience
the serial position demonstration predicts that the ________ list items will be recalled least often
middle
According to the predictions of the false memory demonstration, how often should participants remember the special/related distractors.
more often than the normal distractors
procedural knowledge is also known as...
muscle memory
examples of semantic memory
- 3 x 4 = 12 - coca-cola is the red can
Endel Tulving (1972)
-made the distinction between episodic and semantic memory -argued that they differ in the types of experience we have with each type of memory
two types of explicit memory tasks:
-recall task -recognition memory test
in implicit memory tasks...
-require participants to complete a task -the completion of the task indirectly indicates memory (not obvious that memory is being tested)
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of
24 hours
___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
Consolidation
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?
Illusory truth effect
A key conclusion of the Loftus and Palmer (1974) article was that a memory of an event:
Is malleable (changeable and can be distorted without a person's awareness
Which of the following best describes a person's memory for any given event?
It is easily influenced by contextual information
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
Kim performs better because of consolidation
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
The accuracy of a person's memory can be determined by ...
None of these
If you were given the words jog, gallop, sprint, jump, track, chase, and escape and asked to remember them, which of the following words would you be most likely to falsely remember?
Run
Why do levels of processing experiments use incidental learning?
To prevent participants from engaging in a level of processing different from the one they are asked to engage in
Your birthday is coming up and your parents ask you to give them some gift ideas. You could use a pair of tennis shoes, a new computer monitor, a toaster, or a calculator, but what you really want is a winter jacket. In what order should you tell them the items that you want to maximize their chances of remembering the winter jacket when it comes time to pick out your gift?
Toaster, computer monitor, tennis shoes, calculator, and then winter jacket
T/F: in an implicit memory test, subjects are not consciously retrieving information from memory
True
T/F: with semantic memories, you no longer remember where you learned the information
True
the famous patient HM had brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy. what kind of memory impairment did he have?
a profound anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a mild retrograde amnesia
the term "flashbulb memory" refers to
a vivid memory of an emotional event, such as the challenger space shuttle disaster
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
after the event.
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably...
are caused by different mechanisms that act independently
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories:
arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories
episodic memory is also known as:
autobiographical memory
among the following methods, which is the most effective means of learning the Spanish equivalents of English words
creating imaginary scenes in which the word pairs are visually associated
failure to retrieve information from memory is attributed to ____ when the information has been lost due to the passage of time and attributed to ____ when that failure is due to completing information
decay ; interference
when investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds:
decreases the recency effect
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
encoding specificity
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.
episodic
two types of explicit memory:
episodic and semantic
which of the following is an example of retroactive interference
forgetting your old phone number after getting a new one
the serial position demonstration utilizes what type of reporting procedure?
free-recall
semantic memory
general knowledge, memory about facts
real world example of a recall test
give a verbal description of suspect to sketch artist
Which of the following tasks is not impaired in patients such as H.M. with medial temporal lobe damage?
habit learning
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to
have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list (delay)
how could an explicit memory task be made more naturalistic?
have participants take a test, then ask questions about testing conditions (ex. what color were the walls?)
Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
highlighting
a patient with medical temporal lobe damage is taught to juggle on day 1. on day 2, he will remember ____, but he will not remember ____
how to juggle; will not remember the name of the person who taught him to juggle
real world example of a recognition test
identify suspect among police lineup
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered
___________ memories are those that we are not aware of
implicit
a subject is given a list of 20 words to read, all of which are related to the word "black." thirty minutes later, the subject is given a set of word stems and is asked to write down the first word that comes to mind that begins with each word stem. the subject completes the stem "Bla__" and "black." this is an example of
implicit memory task
mirror drawing
implicit memory task that tests procedural knowledge, participants trace the figure while looking in the mirror (hard to articulate what you learn form doing this task, ppl improve as the do it more, taps into implicit memory for procedural knowledge)
A patient with anterograde amnesia fails to remember ___, whereas a patient twith retrograde amnesia fails to remember___
information from after the onset of the amnesia ; information from before the onset of amnesia
in explicit memory tasks...
involve conscious recollection - participants know they have to retrieve information from memory
According to the levels of processing view, rehearsal...
is not as important as the level of processing
in memory test, what items are hardest to remember?
items in the middle of the list
procedural knowledge
knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task; "knowing how", relies on implicit memory (ex. riding a bike)
the propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true...
simply because we have been exposed to them before
recall task
subject must generate answer (ex. fill in blank on test, fill in 50 states on map, draw state of CA, list fruits you saw) must fully access and recall the memory
recognition memory test
subject sees one or more options and then responds (ex. multiple choice test, select CA on a map, say Y/N if saw fruit) recognize the memory among choices
primacy effect
tendency to better remember information at the beginning of the list
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos
the person took himself or herself.
Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because
the stimulus category remained the same
If you are given an important password that you need to remember later, what should you try to do?
think about the meaning of the word
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
transition points
episodic memory requires mental time _______
travel
according to the levels-of-processing framework (Craik & Lockhart, 1972), we remember information best if:
we process the information deeply at the time of encoding
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed
which of the following is evidence that errors in retrieval are caused by interference?
when a subject memorizes two lists of words, A and B, and is then tested on list B, accuracy is lower than for a subject who memorizes only list B
which of the following results would be evidence that information is stored in a semantically organized manner in long-term memory?
when recalling a list of memorized words, a subject who remembers the word "gift" is also likely to remember the words "birthday" and "present"
Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that
when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong