PSY211 Exam 3

episodic memory vs semantic memory

episodic- memory about specific personal experiences, individuals autobiographical and experimental memory semantic- contains word and symbol definition, mostly verbal

explicit memory vs. implicit memory

explicit memory requires conscious recall, declarative knowledge (recall and recongition) implicit memory is unconscious, included procedural knowledge, priming

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

a subject is given a list of 20 words to memorize. thirty minutes later, the subject is asked to write down those 20 words in the order they were presented. this is an example of

serial recall task

how do research test procedural knowledge (implicit memory) in the lab

need to use a task that participants have no prior experience with (ex. mirror drawing)

spreading activation

occurs when one concept is activated; spreading activation occurs through the semantic network to other concepts that are related to the concept

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

when a subject is given a list of words to remember, accuracy is usually very high for the last few words on the list. this is called a ____ effect

recency

in a serial position experiment, typically the last few items on the list are remembered fairly well. What is this called?

recency effect

which of the following abilities is severely impaired in patients with anterograde amnesia due to medical temporal lobe damage

remembering events from 10 years after the brain damage

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.

retrieval cues

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.

script

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is:

semantic

knowing that Des Moines is the capital of Iowa is an example of what kind of memory

semantic

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

semantic memory

Using the processing view, how would you encode something that you want to remember for a long time?

semantically

explicit memory

memories that we are aware of and can call into conscious awareness

episodic (autobiographical) memory

memory for specific personal experiences, involving mental time travel back in time to achieve a feeling of reliving the experience

the serial position demonstration predicts that the ________ list items will be recalled least often

middle

According to the predictions of the false memory demonstration, how often should participants remember the special/related distractors.

more often than the normal distractors

procedural knowledge is also known as...

muscle memory

examples of semantic memory

- 3 x 4 = 12 - coca-cola is the red can

Endel Tulving (1972)

-made the distinction between episodic and semantic memory -argued that they differ in the types of experience we have with each type of memory

two types of explicit memory tasks:

-recall task -recognition memory test

in implicit memory tasks...

-require participants to complete a task -the completion of the task indirectly indicates memory (not obvious that memory is being tested)

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect

A key conclusion of the Loftus and Palmer (1974) article was that a memory of an event:

Is malleable (changeable and can be distorted without a person's awareness

Which of the following best describes a person's memory for any given event?

It is easily influenced by contextual information

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

The accuracy of a person's memory can be determined by ...

None of these

If you were given the words jog, gallop, sprint, jump, track, chase, and escape and asked to remember them, which of the following words would you be most likely to falsely remember?

Run

Why do levels of processing experiments use incidental learning?

To prevent participants from engaging in a level of processing different from the one they are asked to engage in

Your birthday is coming up and your parents ask you to give them some gift ideas. You could use a pair of tennis shoes, a new computer monitor, a toaster, or a calculator, but what you really want is a winter jacket. In what order should you tell them the items that you want to maximize their chances of remembering the winter jacket when it comes time to pick out your gift?

Toaster, computer monitor, tennis shoes, calculator, and then winter jacket

T/F: in an implicit memory test, subjects are not consciously retrieving information from memory

True

T/F: with semantic memories, you no longer remember where you learned the information

True

the famous patient HM had brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy. what kind of memory impairment did he have?

a profound anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a mild retrograde amnesia

the term "flashbulb memory" refers to

a vivid memory of an emotional event, such as the challenger space shuttle disaster

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably...

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories:

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

episodic memory is also known as:

autobiographical memory

among the following methods, which is the most effective means of learning the Spanish equivalents of English words

creating imaginary scenes in which the word pairs are visually associated

failure to retrieve information from memory is attributed to ____ when the information has been lost due to the passage of time and attributed to ____ when that failure is due to completing information

decay ; interference

when investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds:

decreases the recency effect

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

encoding specificity

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

two types of explicit memory:

episodic and semantic

which of the following is an example of retroactive interference

forgetting your old phone number after getting a new one

the serial position demonstration utilizes what type of reporting procedure?

free-recall

semantic memory

general knowledge, memory about facts

real world example of a recall test

give a verbal description of suspect to sketch artist

Which of the following tasks is not impaired in patients such as H.M. with medial temporal lobe damage?

habit learning

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list (delay)

how could an explicit memory task be made more naturalistic?

have participants take a test, then ask questions about testing conditions (ex. what color were the walls?)

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

a patient with medical temporal lobe damage is taught to juggle on day 1. on day 2, he will remember ____, but he will not remember ____

how to juggle; will not remember the name of the person who taught him to juggle

real world example of a recognition test

identify suspect among police lineup

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of

implicit

a subject is given a list of 20 words to read, all of which are related to the word "black." thirty minutes later, the subject is given a set of word stems and is asked to write down the first word that comes to mind that begins with each word stem. the subject completes the stem "Bla__" and "black." this is an example of

implicit memory task

mirror drawing

implicit memory task that tests procedural knowledge, participants trace the figure while looking in the mirror (hard to articulate what you learn form doing this task, ppl improve as the do it more, taps into implicit memory for procedural knowledge)

A patient with anterograde amnesia fails to remember ___, whereas a patient twith retrograde amnesia fails to remember___

information from after the onset of the amnesia ; information from before the onset of amnesia

in explicit memory tasks...

involve conscious recollection - participants know they have to retrieve information from memory

According to the levels of processing view, rehearsal...

is not as important as the level of processing

in memory test, what items are hardest to remember?

items in the middle of the list

procedural knowledge

knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task; "knowing how", relies on implicit memory (ex. riding a bike)

the propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true...

simply because we have been exposed to them before

recall task

subject must generate answer (ex. fill in blank on test, fill in 50 states on map, draw state of CA, list fruits you saw) must fully access and recall the memory

recognition memory test

subject sees one or more options and then responds (ex. multiple choice test, select CA on a map, say Y/N if saw fruit) recognize the memory among choices

primacy effect

tendency to better remember information at the beginning of the list

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

the person took himself or herself.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same

If you are given an important password that you need to remember later, what should you try to do?

think about the meaning of the word

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

episodic memory requires mental time _______

travel

according to the levels-of-processing framework (Craik & Lockhart, 1972), we remember information best if:

we process the information deeply at the time of encoding

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed

which of the following is evidence that errors in retrieval are caused by interference?

when a subject memorizes two lists of words, A and B, and is then tested on list B, accuracy is lower than for a subject who memorizes only list B

which of the following results would be evidence that information is stored in a semantically organized manner in long-term memory?

when recalling a list of memorized words, a subject who remembers the word "gift" is also likely to remember the words "birthday" and "present"

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong