Psyc 1.3
accommodation
(1) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. (2) in sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
accommodation:
(1) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. (2) in sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
teratogens
(literally, "monster maker") agents, such as toxins, chemicals, and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
Fetal alcohol syndrom (FAS)
1 in 800 infants. Small, misproportioned head and lifelong brain abnormalities.
Formal operational stage
12 years through adulthood. Abstract reasoning. Developmental phenomena: abstract logic and potential for mature moral reasoning. Reasoning expands from purely concrete to encompass abstract thinking. Formal operational thinking: If this, then that.
Children's anxiety over parental separation peaks around _____ months of age.
13
Peroperational stage
2 to 6/7 years. Representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning. Developmental phenomena: pretend play and egocentrism. Too young to perform mental operations. Before age 6 children lack concept of conservation
The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States has increased more than 4 years since 1960, to _____ for men and _____ for women.
28; 26
Physical changes later in life: life expectancy
69 worldwide and up to 70s and 80s in developed countries. With decreased birth rates we have aging population. Low stress and good health habits enable longevity. Chronic anger and depression increase risk of premature death.
Concrete operational stage
7 to 11 years of age. Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations. Developmental phenomena: conservation and mathematical transformations. Grasp conservation and become able to understand mathematical transformations.
In one recent survey, 75 percent of the participants reported being sexually active into their _____s.
80s
Angela is a 7-month-old baby who rolled over for the first time at 4 months of age and can now sit without support. These milestones reflect: A. a maturing nervous system. B. assimilation. C. learning. D. imitation.
A
Mary's inability to toilet train her 10-month-old infant is MOST likely because: A. the necessary physical skills have not yet matured. B. of infantile amnesia. C. she uses punishment instead of rewards. D. of the pruning process.
A
This famous experiment by _____ involved raising monkeys with two artificial mothers. A. Harry Harlow and Margaret Harlow B. Erik Erikson C. Konrad Lorenz D. Jean Piaget
A
Habituation
A decrease in responding with repeated stimulation
Basic trust
A sense that the world is predictable and reliable. It is believed that securely attached children approach life with a sense of basic trust.
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by A. Erikson's psychosocial development theory. B. Piaget's cognitive development theory. C. Kohlberg's moral development theory. D. Harlow's attachment theory.
A. Erikson's psychosocial development theory.
Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of others' states of mind is most characteristic of A. autism. B. menarche. C. crystallized intelligence. C. object permanence.
A. autism.
Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of A. continuity or stages. B. secure or insecure attachments. C. fluid or crystallized intelligence. D. cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.
A. continuity or stages.
A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every 3 years as they progress through school is conducting a(n) ________ study. A. longitudinal B. experimental C. cross-sectional D. chronological
A. longitudinal
Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother's side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of A. secure attachment. B. object permanence. C. egocentrism. D. conservation
A. secure attachment.
Theory of mind
Ability to infer others' mental states.
According to Kohlberg, _________ morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules, ___________ morality focuses on self-interest, and _________ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles.
According to Kohlberg, conventional morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules, preconventional morality focuses on self-interest, and postconventional morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles.
Accommodating schemas
Adjust our schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences.
Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence
Peer and parent relationships in adolescence
Adolescences usually veer away from parental influence and have growing peer influence. Most teens are herd animals.
What is the selection effect, and how might it affect a teen's decision to join sports teams at school?
Adolescents tend to select similar others and to sort themselves into like-minded groups. For an athletic teen, this could lead to finding other athletic teens and joining school teams together.
Teratogens
Agens such as viruses and drugs that can damage an embryo or fetus.
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?
Andrei will walk within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on or nearly on the same day.
Lev Vygotsky's Scaffolding
At age 7 can increasingly think in words and use words to solve problems by internalizing language and relyingon inner speech. Whether out loud or inaudibly, talking to themselves helps children control their behavior and emotions and master new skills. Emphasized how childs mind grows through interaction with the social environment.
Prenatal stages
At each prenatal stage, genetic and environmental factors affect our development..
Object permanence
Awareness that objects continue to exist when not perceived. Young infants (up to 8 months) lack this ability.
Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a A. Sense of object permanence. B. Concept of conservation. C. Capacity for habituation. D. Secure attachment.
B. Concept of conservation.
Dr. Matsuko's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist. A. Cognitive B. Developmental C. Biological D. Psychodynamic
B. Developmental
The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by A. Erikson's psychosocial development theory. B. Piaget's cognitive development theory. C. Harlow's attachment theory. D. Kohlberg's moral development theory.
B. Piaget's cognitive development theory.
A series of small strokes that progressively damage an older adult's brain is most likely to produce A. menarche. B. dementia. C. crystallized intelligence. D. Alzheimer's disease.
B. dementia.
Piaget's Theory
Believed that children construct their understanding of the world while interacting with it. Four stages: [1] Sensorimotor [2] Preoperational [3] Concrete operational [4] formal operational Problems were that development unfolds more gradually and Piaget underestimated young children's competence. Focused on how child's mind grows through interaction with the physical environment.
Sensormotor stage
Birth to nearly two years of age. Experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing and grasping). Developmental phenomena: object permanence and stranger anxiety.
After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of: A. conservation. B. assimilation. C. accommodation. D. egocentrism.
C
Children are able to think logically about events, grasp certain analogies, and perform arithmetical operations during Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development. A. pre operational B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. sensorimotor
C
Lee is an 8-month-old infant who is already walking around the house. What would Lee's pediatrician likely say to his parents? A. This is normal, as most babies are walking by 9 months of age. B. This is normal, as most babies are walking by 11 months of age. C. This is actually rare, as most babies do not start walking until around their first birthday. D. This is actually rare, as most babies do not start walking until they are 15 months of age.
C
A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of A. object permanence. B. egocentrism. C. a theory of mind. D. stranger anxiety.
C. a theory of mind.
By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers' and strangers' A. faces. B. voices. C. body odors. D. tender touches.
C. body odors.
The sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive to most people that they immediately recognize it as shamefully immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may reflect A. habituation. B. insecure attachments. C. gut-level intuitions. D. concrete operational thought.
C. gut-level intuitions.
Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of A. egocentrism. B. accommodation. C. insecure attachment. D. conservation.
C. insecure attachment.
Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) ________ morality. A. conventional B. unconventional C. preconventional D. postconventional
C. preconventional
A public initiation into adult responsibilities and status is called a A. social clock. B. critical period. C. rite of passage. D. formal operational stage.
C. rite of passage.
Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing A. egocentrism. B. insecure attachment. C. role confusion. D. fluid intelligence.
C. role confusion.
Female breasts are to ________ as male testes are to ________. A. menarche; menopause B. menopause; menarche C. secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics D. primary sex characteristics; secondary sex characteristics
C. secondary sex characteristics; primary sex characteristics
During Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children acquire a A. theory of mind. B. concept of conservation. C. sense of object permanence. D. capacity for abstract reasoning.
C. sense of object permanence.
Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of A. continuity or stages. B. fluid or crystallized intelligence. C. stability or change. D. nature or nurture.
C. stability or change.
For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n) A. agonist. B. depressant. C. teratogen. D. hallucinogen.
C. teratogen.
Signs of aging are grouped in three categories
Changes in appearance Changes in sensory capabilities Changes in physical function
Secondary Aging
Changes that are caused by disease or environmental damage
Self concept
Childhood's major social achievement is a positive sense of self. Self concept is an understanding and assessment of who they are. Around 18 months children recognize their face in a mirror. Be school age children's self-concept is more detailed (e.g. gender, similarities and differences compared with other children). By age 8 or 10 children's self-image is quite stable.
Infancy and childhood: Cognitive development
Children reason differently than adults. The maturing brain builds schemas. Use and adjust schemas by assimilating new experiences and accommodating.
Schemas
Concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences.
Ability to reverse math operations.
Concrete operational
Understanding that physical properties stay the same even when objects change form.
Concrete operational
A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false BEST illustrates the development of: A. egocentrism. B. object permanence. C. stranger anxiety. D. theory of mind.
D
A doctor at the local hospital has always told new parents to make sure that their babies sleep on their backs and not their stomachs because this will reduce the risk of a smothering crib death. How might following this good advice impact their baby's development? A. Walking will be delayed. B. Neural pruning will occur. C. Infantile amnesia will occur. D. Crawling will be delayed.
D
Mason has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. When others around him yawn, he does not yawn. When asked to imitate someone's facial expression, he cannot and does not experience a similar emotion. This difficulty in imitating has been attributed to: A. childhood MMR vaccinations. B. reduced levels of testosterone in the body. C. more-than-normal fiber tracts connecting the front of the brain to the back. D. the brain's inability to mirror observed activities.
D
Infants' tendency to gaze longer at novel stimuli than at familiar ones provides compelling evidence regarding their A. Self-concepts. B. Egocentrism. C. Stranger anxiety. D. Memory capacities.
D. Memory capacities.
Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the A. Embryo. B. Ovaries. C. Teratogens. D. Placenta.
D. Placenta.
The process of imprinting occurs during a brief developmental phase known as A. menarche. B. puberty. C. menopause. D. a critical period.
D. a critical period.
After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of A. conservation. B. assimilation. C. habituation. D. accommodation.
D. accommodation.
"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style. A. preconventional B. authoritative C. formal operational D. authoritarian
D. authoritarian
Compared to a century ago, menarche occurs ________ in life and adult independence begins ________ in life. A. later; later B. earlier; earlier C. later; earlier D. earlier; later
D. earlier; later
According to Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of A. conventional morality. B. object permanence. C. conservation. D. integrity.
D. integrity.
Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality. A. conventional B. unconventional C. preconventional D. postconventional
D. postconventiona
Maddie and Darren are twins. They were about the same height until they were eleven. What would one expect to occur when they are sixteen? Darren will be taller than Maddie. They will remain the same height and stop growing. Maddie will be taller than Darren. They will both grow taller but they will still be about the same height.
Darren will be taller than Maddie.
Physical changes later in life: dementia and Alzheimers
Dementia: Some people suffer a substantial loss of brain cells in a process that is not normal aging. Dementia is caused by a series of small strokes, a brain tumor or alcohol dependence that progressively damages the brain. Alzheimer's: first memory deteriorates, then reasoning. The person then becomes emotionally flat, disoriented and disinhibited, then incontinent, and finally mentally vacant. Underlying Alzheimer's is loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine. Associated with a diminishing sense of smell.
Stranger anxiety
Develops around 8 months when a baby becomes mobile. Children at this age have schemas for familiar faces.
Cognitive development in adulthood
Early adulthood is a peak time for some types of learning and remembering. Older people's prospective memory remains strong when events help trigger a memory. Older people's capacity to learn and remember skills declines less than their verbal recall. Especially in the last three or four years of life, cognitive decline typically accelerates.
Competence vs. inferiority
Elementary School
Drinking during pregnancy
Even light drinking or occasional binge drinking can affect the fetal brain. Persistent heavy drinking puts fetus at risk for birth defects and future behavior problems, hyperactivity and lower intelligence. Alcohol may occur via epigenetic effects.
Developmental psychology
Examines our physical, cognitive and social development across the life span, with a focus on three major issues: [1] Nature and nurture [2] Continuity and stages [3] Stability and change
Zygote
Fertilized egg. Less than half survive beyond the first two weeks. Implants in the uterine wall 10 days after conception.
Menarche
First menstrual cycle
Postconventional Morality
Focus: Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles. Example: People have a right to live.
Conventional Morality (early adolescence)
Focus: Hold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order Example: If you steal the drug for her, everyone will think you're a criminal.
Preconventional Morality (before age 9)
Focus: Self-Interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards. Example: If you save your dying wife, you'll be a hero
Thinking about abstract concepts, such as "freedom."
Formal operational
Social development in adulthood: well-being across the life span
From teens to midlife, people typically experience a strengthening sense of identity, confidence, and self-esteem. In later life life satisfaction does decline as death approaches, but happiness does not. Older adults have fewer problems with social relationships ad experience less intense anger, stress, and worry. Less amygdala activity helps nurture positive feelings. Adult moods are less extreme and more enduring.
_____ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.
Frontal
Death and dying
Grieve to death varies by person and culture.
Social identity
Group identities are often formed by how we differ from those around us.
Social development in adulthood: adulthood's commitments-work
Happiness is having work that fits your interests and provides you with a sense of competence and accomplishment.
Jean-Pierre is 17. He is a heavy drinker and likes to participate in reckless behavior when he is behind the wheel of a car. What behavior would one most likely expect when Jean-Pierre is 21?
His driving will remain reckless as he gets older.
Reflecting on Piaget's theory
His focus on milestones of mental development and their sequence are still considered important. Today however we see development as more continuous than Piaget and see formal logic as a smaller part of cognition.
Physical changes later in life: health
Immun system weakens, but due to accumulation of antibodies there's less flu and virus infections. Neural processing is slowed. Brain regions important to memory begin to atrophy. Exercise slows aging d/t increased oxygen flow.
Infancy and childhood: Brain development
In womb brain formed nerve cells at explosive rate. From infancy on neural brain and mind develop together. At birth have most neurons as ever but nervous system immature. After birth branching neural birth have explosive growth. From 3yrs-6yrs rapid development in frontal lobes enabling rational planning. The association areas (linked to thinking, memory, and language) are the last cortical areas to develop. Fiber pathways supporting language and agility proliferate into puberty. The use-it-or-lose-it pruning process shuts down unused links and strengthens others.
Trust vs. mistrust
Infancy
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
Infancy: Trust vs mistrust Todler (1-3): Autonomy vs shame and doubt Preschool (3-6): initiative vs guilt Elementary school (6-puberty): competence vs inferiority Adolescence (teens-20): identity vs role confusion Young adult hood (20-40): intimacy vs isolation. Struggle to gain intimacy or feel socially isolated Middle adulthood (40-60): Generativity vs stagnation. Discover sense of contributing to world or lack of purpose. Late adulthood (60+): integrity vs despair. May feel sense of failure or satisfaction
Infancy and childhood: Brain maturation and infant memory
Infantile amnesia. The average age of earliest conscious memory is 3.5 years. The brain areas underlying memory, such as the hippocampus and frontal lobes, continue to mature into adolescence. Although we consciously recall little from before age 4, we are capable of learning
Embryo
Inner cells of the zygote become the embryo after attaching to the uterine. Outer cells of the zygote become the placenta. Grows for 6 weeks as organs develop and begin to function and the heart begins beating.
Assimilating new experiences
Interpret them in terms of our current understandings (schemas).
Social development in adulthood: adulthood's commitments
Intimacy (forming close relationships) and generativity (being productive and supporting future generations) are two basic aspects of our lives that dominate adulthood. AKA love and work.
Adulthood
It is more difficult to generalize about adulthood stages. We physically, cognitively and socially develop during adulthood. There is early adulthood (twenties and thirties), middle adulthood (to age 65) and late adulthood (after 65).
Integrity vs. despair
Late Adulthood
Emerging adulthood
Later independence and earlier sexual maturity have widened the interlude between biological maturity and social independence. Emerging adulthood is the time from 18 to the mid-twenties and is the not-yet-settled phase of life.
Social development in adulthood: adulthood's commitments-love
Makes evolutionary sense. Couples who seal their love with commitment more often endure. Sucessful couples learn to fight with stating feelings without insulting and steer conflict away from chaos with comments like "I know it's not your fault." Equity important in a relationship.
Generativity vs. stagnation
Middle Adulthood
Developing moral intuition in adolescence
Moral intuitions are quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions. Feelings elicited in turn trigger moral reasoning. Often moral intuition trumps moral reasoning.
Developing morality in adolescence
Must discern whats right from wrong and develop character. To be a moral person one must think morally and act accordingly. Moral reasoning guides moral actions. Piaget believed that children's moral judgements build on their cognitive development.
Infancy
Newborn to toddler
How does day care affect children
No major effect when day car quality is good. Children who spend more time in day care have increased thinking and language skills and increased rate of aggressiveness and defiance (small effect).
Object permanence, pretend play, conservation, and abstract logic are developmental milestones for which of Piaget's stages, respectively?
Object permanence for the sensorimotor stage, pretend play for the preoperational stage, conservation for the concrete operational stage, and abstract logic for the formal operational stage.
Fetus
Occurs 9 weeks after conception. During the sixth month fetus can have a chance of survival if born prematurely.
Deprivation of detachment
Often leads to babies that are withdrawn, frightened and even speechless. Orphaned children tend to be more intelligent when they are raised in family homes especially when placed there at an early age. Monkeys raised bye an abusive mother were likely to abused or neglect their offspring and none of the females raised by a nonabusive mother did so. Stress as a young child can lead to changes in the brains serotonin. This stress can lead to changes in the adult if they carry certain genes.
Moral action
Our moral thinking and feelings can be over rid by social influences. Those who learn to delay gratification in order to do the right thing tend to be more socially responsible, academically successful and productive. Moral actions feed moral attitude
Authoritative parenting style
Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but they also explain the reasons for the rules. And, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion when making the rules and allow exceptions. Kids with authoritative parents have the highest self-esteem, self-reliance and social competence.
Authoritarian parenting style
Parents impose rules and expect obedience. Kids have less social skill and self-esteem.
Permissive parenting style
Parents submit to their children's desires. They make few demands and use little punishment. Tend to be more aggressive and immature.
Critical period
Period in many animals in which attachments based on familiarity form. An optimal period when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development.
Physical changes in middle adulthood
Physical decline gradually accelerates. Gradual decline in fertility, especially for women. Men experience decline in sperm count, testosterone level, and speed of erection and ejaculation. Women experience menopause.
Attachment bond
Powerful survival impulse that keeps infants close to their caregivers. Attachment is not associated with nourishment but with body contact and familiarity. Familiarity is a safety signal and breeds content. Children's anxiety over separation from parents peaks around 13 months and then gradually decline.s
Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning
Preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. These levels form a moral ladder. Preconventional: before age 9. Self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards. Conventional: Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order. Early adolescence. Postconventional: Actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles. Adolescence and beyond.
Difficulty taking another's point of view (as when blocking someone's view of the TV).
Preoperational
Enjoying imaginary play (such as dress-up).
Preoperational
Initiative vs. guilt
Preschool
Egocentrism
Preschool children have difficulty perceiving things from another's point of view.
Primary and secondary sex characteristics
Primary: the reproductive organs and external genitalia Secondary: breasts/hips and facial hair/deepened voice
Developing reasoning power in adolescence
Reasoning power is developed in adolescents
Prenatal development and sounds
Responsive around 6th month of development in womb to mothers voice. After birth prefer mother's voice and language. The babies crying also reflects the mothers language intonations. Learning of language begins in the womb. In the 7th month of development in the womb fetus adapt to together and in 8th month recall the sounds they heard in 7th.
Imprinting
Rigid attachment process. Once formed, attachment is difficult to reverse. Children do not imporint but they become attached to what they've known.
Identity
Self-definition that unifies the various selves into a consistent and comfortable sense of who one is.
Understanding that something is not gone for good when it disappears from sight, as when Mom "disappears" behind the shower curtain
Sensorimotor
Infancy and childhood: Motor development
Sequence of physical development is universal but there are individual differences in timing. Genes guide motor development. Maturation allows us to walk at about 1 yr of age.
Attachment differences
Some babies show secure attachment while others show insecure attachment. Increased parental sensitivity and responsiveness likely to lead to secure attachment. Attachment style linked to basic trust and motivation.
What findings in psychology support the stage theory of development? What findings challenge these ideas?
Stage theory is supported by the work of Piaget (cognitive development), Kohlberg (moral development), and Erikson (psychosocial development), but it is challenged by findings that change is more gradual and less culturally universal than these theorists supposed.
Parenting styles
The association between certain parenting styles and certain childhood outcomes is correlational but not necessarily causational. [1] Authoritarian [2] Permissive [3] Authoritative
You just found out that your sister conceived about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?
The cells of the zygote are beginning to differentiate.
Conservation
The principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape.
Puberty
The time when we sexually mature.
Primary Aging
The universal, normal, irreversible changes that occur with time
Adolescence
The years spent morphing from child to adult. Starts with beginnings of sexual maturity and ends with the social achievement of independent adult status.As teens mature the frontal lobes continue to develop as growth of myelin enables better communication with other brain regions bringing improved judgment, impulse control and long-term planning.
Imagine that 10-year-old children were shown photographs of 3-year-old preschoolers and asked to spot former classmates. What were the probable results?
They forgot all their classmates
Kendra is a 20-month-old baby who is still crawling. She has not started to walk yet. What would her pediatrician likely say to her mother?
This is actually rare, as most babies are walking by the time they are 15 months of age.
Childhood
Toddler to teenager.
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Toddlerhood
Social development in adulthood: adulthood's ages and stages
Unhappiness, job dissatisfaction, marital dissatisfaction, divorce, anxiety and suicide do not surge in the early forties (no midlife crisis). Life crisis not triggered by age but major life events.
Physical changes later in life: sensory abilities
Visual sharpness diminishes, and distance perception and adaption to light-level changes are less acute. Muscle strength, reaction time, and stamina diminish, as do sense of smell and hearing. Retina also receives a lot less light.
Intimacy vs. isolation
Young Adulthood
What parents can learn from Piaget's theory
Young children are incapable of adult logic. It's best to build on what children already know, engaging them in concrete demonstrations and stimulating them to think for themselves. Accept children's cognitive immaturity as adaptive.
Cognitive development of adolescents
[1] Develop reasoning power [2] Develop morality [3] Develop moral intuition
rooting reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for the nipple
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
schema:
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
autism
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understandeing of others' states of mind.
autism spectrum disorder (ASD):
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.
temperament
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
temperament:
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
Alzheimer's disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoining, language, and finally physcial functioning.
self-concept
a sense of one's identity and personal worth.
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
Aaron is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Aaron was placed in a foster home where he was repeatedly abused. As an adult, Aaron is more likely to be a(n) _____ parent.
abusive
A child's mental framework for interpreting reality becomes increasingly complex through the process of: conservation. assimilation. reversible thinking. accommodation. egocentrism.
accommodation
After Clara learned that penguins are birds that cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of _____.
accommodation
basic trust
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
basic trust:
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
basic trust
according to Erik erikson, a sense that the world in predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropritate experiences with responsive caregivers.
accomadation
adapting one's current understandings 9schemas) to incorporate new information
teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
cognition:
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
attachment:
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
critical period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
critical period:
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
Critical period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages of grief such as denial before _____.
anger
Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to self-report that they:
are satisfied with their lives
Senescence occurs: when a person enters late adulthood and experiences mental decline. as soon as overall growth stops. at puberty. at middle age when the first signs of physical decline begin to appear.
as soon as overall growth stops.
A young child who sees a cow for the first time calls it a "doggie." This illustrates the process of: accommodation. object permanence. conservation. reversible thinking. assimilation.
assimilation
In animals, the process of _____ occurs during a brief developmental phase known as a critical period.
attachment
"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes; you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritarian
Michael demands total obedience from his children. There is no discussion and no arguing, and he has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Michael has a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritarian
Kevin is an exceptionally talented violinist and has an extraordinary knowledge of music history, but he has a hard time playing in an orchestra. He is easily distracted when he should be paying attention to the conductor and never socializes or makes eye contact with other players. Kevin may have _____ syndrome.
autism spectrum disorder
Sam is a 12-month-old infant who just began crawling. This may be a result of Sam sleeping on his:
back
Psychologist Jonathan Haidt
believes that much of our morality is rooted in moral intuitions-"quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions."
maturation
biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
maturation:
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
authoritative
both demanding and responsive, set rules but explain reasons and encourage open discussion.
Which of the following has research demonstrated is NOT a possible biological cause of autism spectrum disorder?
childhood MMR vaccinations
The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the social _____.
clock
Cross-sectional studies
comparing people of different ages
Two beakers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after the liquid in one beaker is poured into a shorter, wider beaker. The child apparently lacks a:
concept of conservation.
Childhood is to adolescence as _____ images are to abstract ideas.
concrete
Lisa's incorrect responses to the checkers problem indicate that she is still in the ________ stage of cognitive development. formal operational preoperational concrete operational sensorimotor
concrete operational
A young child is shown two identical balls of clay. When one is rolled into a long rope, the child perceives it to contain more clay. This child is unable to understand: object permanence. conservation. assimilation. accommodation
conservation
Five-year-old Aldo complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Aldo's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Aldo happy, as he believed the pizza had become larger. Aldo lacks the concept of _____.
conservation
Theorist Erik Erikson
contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution. Young children wrestle with issues of trust, then autonomy (independence), then initiative.
Cognitive development is best reflected in which of the following?
continuity
The three major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and _________/_________.
continuity/stages
Peter is 17 years old. He has decided to help out at Buddy Ball this summer. He will help disabled children play baseball. Peter knows that this will look good on his college applications. Peter is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.
conventional
The association areas of the _____ are the last brain areas to develop.
cortex
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
habituation
decreasing responsiveness wtih repeated stimulation. as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
Which of the following traits are associated with becoming more socially responsible and productive? delayed gratification conventional thinking concrete operations formal operations
delayed gratification
A school psychologist works with a teenage student who has lower intelligence, is hyperactive, and has behavior problems. What other problems might the psychologist suspect? smoking drug use drinking sexual orientation
drinking
Your cousin miscarried during her eighth week of pregnancy. During what stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?
embryo
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as:
emerging adulthood
Tonya has just given birth to a 6-pound baby girl. Her infant's head is small and slightly disproportioned. Tonya did drink alcohol while she was pregnant, although it is not clear how much or how often she drank. It is possible that the infant has _____.
fetal alcohol syndrome
Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that are the result of a pregnant woman's heavy drinking are known as: fetal abuse syndrome. fetal substance syndrome. fetal drinking syndrome. fetal alcohol syndrome.
fetal alcohol syndrome.
emerging adulthood
for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.
According to researchers, teens who start smoking typically have _____ who model smoking and offer cigarettes.
friends
Teens who smoke typically have friends who smoke. To avoid overestimating the impact of peer pressure on teens' smoking habits, it would make the most sense to consider the impact of smoking on _____ choices.
friendship
Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in which lobe? occipital parietal frontal temporal
frontal
Five-year-old Lilah is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to the growth of neural networks in her _____ lobes.
frontal
"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:
frontal lobes are not fully developed
Bill learned to stand before walking because growth is _____ and fragmented.
gradual
A short story tells about a baby bird that hatches while its mother is away. The hatchling leaves the nest in search of its mother. The baby bird follows the first thing it sees. Which of the following attachment concepts is an aspect of this story?
imprinting
intimacy
in Erikson's theory the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescense and early adulthood
intimacy
in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
preoperational stage
in Piaget''s theory, the stage 9from about 2 to 6-7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
egocentrism:
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.
preoperational stage:
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activites.
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
sensorimotor stage:
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
concrete operational stage:
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
formal operational stage:
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
egocentrism
in piaget's theory, the inability of the properational child to take another's point of view
concrete operational stage
in piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6-7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. As an example, for women _____ a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a woman 19 to 26 years old.
in their 30's
According to Vygotsky, teaching children phrases like, "no, no" and "please wait" gives them self-control tools that allow them to internalize cultural language and rely on _____ when they need to resist temptation later.
inner speech
assimilation
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
assimilation:
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:
intimacy vs. isolation
Quentin is a 3-month-old baby who has become habituated to his puppet head. He will probably look at it _____ frequently now.
less
Kelly is unable to toilet train her 10-month-old infant because the infant does not yet have the necessary muscular and neural _____.
maturation
The orderly sequence of developmental growth is referred to as _____.
maturation
The orderly sequence of developmental growth, relatively uninfluenced by experience, is referred to as _____.
maturation
Donna's parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:
mature at an earlier age
Luella is getting much older and has had a series of small strokes. These strokes can progressively damage her brain and are most likely to produce _____.
neurocognitive disorder
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
Fletcher is the son of a teenage mother. His mother could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Fletcher was adopted by a family that loves and cares for him. It is most likely that Fletcher will become a(n) _____ adult.
normal
For many years, psychologists thought that _____ was a major key to attachment until an accidental discovery by psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow overturned this assumption.
nourishment
fluid intelligence
one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
crystallized intelligence
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
identity
one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
authoritarian
parents impose rules and expect obedience
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and other's mental states about their own and other's mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.
theory of mind:
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict
theory of mind
people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
Ted's parents divorced when he was 5. His father moved out of state, and his mother is busy with work. Ted is now 13 and has been getting into some minor trouble with the law. Despite this, his mother allows Ted to come and go as he wishes and rarely, if ever, punishes him. She feels guilty about the divorce and his absent father. Ted's mother has a(n) _____ parenting style.
permissive
etal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitivie abnormalitie in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportons.
Those who emphasize change over stability would suggest that the first two years of life provide a _____ basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.
poor
Erikson's intimacy, generativity, and integrity compare to which of Kohlberg's morality stages?
postconventional
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ morality.
preconventional
Children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rather than logical reasoning during Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
At 19, Bianca is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Bianca's neurons have probably started to _____.
prune
As a 5-year-old, Elvis suffered a brain injury and lost his ability to speak. With help, he relearned how to speak. As an adult, Elvis had a stroke and again lost his ability to speak. This time, however, he could not relearn speech. His inability to relearn how to speak after the stroke was most likely due to the _____ process.
pruning
Kaylee's grandmother lives in Europe and likes to read bedtime stories to her grandchildren when she visits. Kaylee is almost 6, but her grandmother has not seen her since she was 3. Which of these explains why Kaylee can now sit and listen to the books her grandmother likes to read?
rapid growth of neural networks in her frontal lobes
Mike is 75 years old. He is participating in a longitudinal study. Each year he is given a list of words to recognize and recall two hours later. Mike is beginning to notice that the number of words he can recognize is unchanged but the number of words he _____ is decreasing.
recalls
Dawson is 17. He does not drink or use drugs, but he likes to participate in reckless behavior when he is behind the wheel of a car. When Dawson is 23 he will most likely _____ this type of behavior.
reduce
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period of time.
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
As a child, Dianna was sexually abused by her uncle, who often cared for her when her mother worked at night. Dianna is now the mother of two and is an elementary school teacher. Dianna has demonstrated which of the following?
resilience
As a child, Joseph was physically abused by his father, who often came home from work drunk and angry. Joseph attended college and is now an emergency medical technician. He is also a father himself. Joseph is _____.
resilient
Longitudinal studies
restudying people over time
Both Mike and Leah respond correctly to the waterjar problem. This illustrates that they have developed what Piaget calls: formal operations. object permanence. reversible thinking. accommodation.
reversible thinking.
Every time 2-year-old Neva goes near the stove, her mother stops her and says, "No, hot!" Neva's mother is providing her with a _____ to help her internalize.
scaffold
The importance of _____ was most clearly highlighted by Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory.
schemas
Jenna is 15 months old. When she is with her mother, she feels free to explore her environment and plays comfortably. When her mother leaves, she cries but is comforted when her mother returns. Jenna is displaying _____ attachment.
secure
Mark is 13 months old. When he is with his mother, he feels free to explore his environment and plays comfortably. When his mother leaves, he cries but is comforted when she returns. Mark is displaying which of the following forms of attachment?
secure attachment
Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. He becomes distressed when she leaves for a few moments and runs to her when she returns. Then he resumes playing, periodically going to her for reassurance. Adam MOST clearly displays signs of:
secure attachment.
According to Jean Piaget, during the _____ stage of cognitive development, object permanence and stranger anxiety are the developmental phenomena that occur.
sensorimotor
Marla is eight months pregnant. About a month ago, she started reading nursery rhymes aloud every night before bed. Marla most probably reads the nursery rhymes because:
she wants to make sure her baby learns the sound of her voice.
Julia was born in France. For the first 3 years of her life, she spoke both French and English. Then she moved to the United States. From age 3 on, she only spoke English. Now, as a high school student, Julia will study French. It is most likely that she will: speak English with a French accent. remember all the French she learned as a baby. speak with a genuine French accent. have an easy time learning French.
speak with a genuine French accent.
Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issues of _____ or change.
stability
Biological maturation is best reflected in which of the following?
stages
Beginning at around 8 months, children may greet _____ by crying and reaching for their familiar caregivers.
strangers
permissive
submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment
embryo
te developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
Scientists have found that nicotine can be passed through the placenta. For the unborn children of mothers who smoke heavily, nicotine is a(n) _____.
teratogen
You recently signed up for a Web site that reunites you with former classmates from grade school. You are curious to see if many of your former friends still look and act the same. Research on stability and change would predict:
that some things about your friends will be the same while other aspects will be quite different.
social identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I? " that comes from our group memberships.
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
object permanence:
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
primary sex characteristics
the body structures 9ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
Mason has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. When others around him yawn, he does not yawn. When asked to imitate someone's facial expression, he cannot and does not experience a similar emotion. This difficulty in imitating has been attributed to:
the brain's inability to mirror observed activities.
In grade school, Jessica thought boys had "cooties" and refused to be within inches of them. Now in high school, she flirts with boys and is anticipating dancing close with some of them at an upcoming dance. Her attitude towards boys represents: - the stability side of the "stability and change" developmental issue. - the change side of the "stability and change" developmental issue. - the continuity side of the "continuity and stages" developmental issue. - the nature side of the "nature and nurture" developmental issue.
the change side of the "stability and change" developmental issue.
Although research on Erik Erikson's theory indicates that development does not seem to progress exactly through the series of fixed steps as he indicated, nature means more than nurture. the concept of stages is still a useful idea in developmental psychology. researchers have shown that we have consistent development. psychological science cannot be trusted.
the concept of stages is still a useful idea in developmental psychology.
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
Social clock
the definition of the "right time" to leave home, get a job, marry, have children, and retire. Varies from era to era and culture to culture. The social clock still ticks but people feel freer about being out of sync with it.
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
stranger anxiety
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
stranger anxiety:
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division develops into an embryo.
menarche
the first menstual period
Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:
the growth of neural networks in her frontal lobes.
Mary's inability to toilet train her 10-month-old infant is MOST likely because:
the necessary physical skills have not yet matured.
Maturation
the orderly sequence of biological growth. Maturation (nature) the basic course of development and experience (nurture) adjusts it.
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properies such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of object
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
conservation:
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
imprinting:
the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.
As a 5-year-old, Ivis suffered a brain injury and lost his ability to speak. With help he was able to relearn how to speak. As an adult, Ivis experienced a stroke and he lost his ability to speak again. This time, however, he could not relearn speech. His inability to relearn how to speak after the stroke was most likely due to:
the pruning process
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the bological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false BEST illustrates the development of:
theory of mind.
Charlotte lives alone and is becoming forgetful. She is more likely to forget a habitual and _____-based task like taking her medicine at 6am, 2pm, and 10 pm than she is to forget that she is out of milk after seeing a milk commercial.
time
All of the following represent biological maturation EXCEPT: puberty. object permanence. vocabulary development. trust versus mistrust.
vocabulary development.
Prenatal development
zygote: conception to 2 weeks embryo: 2 weeks through 8 weeks fetus: 9 weeks to birth