PSYC 2016: Exam 1

Parameter; statistics

(1) describes population; (2) describes sample

ungrouped data

what are the data called when the frequency of each individual score or category is listed?

quantitative

a psychologist interested in drug addiction injects rats with an attention-inducing drug and them measures the rate of lever pressing. Quantitative or qualitative?

a) none, because it is not possible in this case b)at least half, because it would constitute half of the majority of the population *c) all 40, because all students contribute to the population

a psychologist wants to study a small population of 40 students in a local private school. if the researcher was interested in selecting the entire population of students for this study, then how many students must the psychologist include?

*true

a ratio scale variable can be continuous or discrete: true or false

false. a relative percent sums to 100%

a relative percent sums to the total frequency count. true or false?

qualitative

a researcher distributes open-ended questions to participants asking how they feel when they are in love. Qualitative or quantitative?

quantitative

a researcher is interested in the effects of stuttering on social behavior with children. he records the number of peers a child speaks to during a typical school day. In this example, would the data be quantitative or qualitative?

movie ratings (from 1 to 4 stars)

a researcher measures four variables: age (in days), speed (in seconds), height (in inches), and movie ratings (from 1 to 4 stars). which of these variable is not an example of a variable measured on a ratio scale?

correlation method

a researcher measures the relationship between annual income and life satisfaction. what method?

true

a researcher observes that a single parent works 42.25 hours per week. The degree of accuracy of 42.25 is to the hundredth place: true or false?

quantitative

a researcher records the blood pressure of participants during a task meant to induce stress. Quantitative or qualitative?

quasi-experimental method

a researcher test whether citizens of differing political affiliations (republican, democrat) will show difference in attitude toward mortality. what method?

experimental method

a researcher test whether dosage ;eve; of some drug (low, high) causes significant differences in health. what method?

impulsive behavior

a researcher test whether mindfulness training reduces impulsive behavior in a sample of participants with a history of impulsivity. what is the dependent variable?

mindfulness training

a researcher test whether mindfulness training reduces impulsive behavior in a sample of participants with a history of impulsivity. what is the independent variable?

the student scored higher than 80% of all others who took the same exam

a student scores in the 80th percentile on an exam. what does this mean in comparison to all other students?

cumulative frequency distribution

a summary display that distributes the sum of frequencies across a series of intervals

qualitative

a witness to a crime gives a description of the suspect to the police quantitative or qualitative?

*true/false

an experiment is the only method that can demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

discrete, quantitative, and ordinal

continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative/ and the scale of measurement of moving ratings (1-4)

discrete, quantitative, ratio

continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative/ and the scale of measurement of number of students in your class

discrete quantitative, ordinal

continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative/ and the scale of measurement of position standing in line

discrete, quantitative, and interval

continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative/ and the scale of measurement of rating scale score?

discrete, qualitative, and nominal

continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative/ and the scale of measurement of seasons?

discrete, qualitative, and nominal

continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative/ and the scale of measurement of sex?

continuous, quantitative, interval

continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative/ and the scale of measurement of temperature in Fahrenheit

continuous, quantitative, and ratio

continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative/ and the scale of measurement of time of day?

continuous, quantitative and ratio

continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative/ and the scale of measurement of time to prepare dinner

top down/bottom up

cumulative frequencies can be added from (1) and (2)?

true

cumulative relative frequencies are added from the top down or the bottom up: true or false.

continuous and quantitative

delay (in seconds) it takes divers to make a left-hand turn when a light turns green: continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative

(b) the same score cannot occur in more than one interval

each of the following is a rule for the simple frequency distribution except: (a) each interval is equidistant (b) the same score cannot occur in more than one interval (c) each interval is defined (it has upper and lower boundaries) (d)the interval width is equal to the number of intervals in the frequency distribution

ordinal

in 2010. fortune magazine ranked Apple as the most admired company in the world. This ranking is what type of scale of measurement?

false or *true

inferential statistics are used to help the researcher infer the unknown parameter in a given population

discrete and quantitative

number of questions that participants ask during a research study: continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative

descriptive statistics

procedures used to summarize, organize, and make sense of a set of scores, called datat

false

qualitative variables can be continuous or discrete: true or false

readers often find percents easier to read than decimals

relative frequencies are commonly reported in academic journals as percents. why?

scale of measurement

rules for how the properties of numbers can change with different users

discrete and qualitative

season of birth (spring, summer, fall, or winter): continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative

frequency distribution

summary display for a distribution of data organized or summarized in terms of how often (or frequently) scores occur

independent variable

the cause of behavior (manipulated)

1

the sum of relative frequencies across all intervals is equal to?

discrete and qualitative

type of drug use (none, infrequent, moderate, or frequent): continuous or discrete/ quantitative or qualitative

a. values on an interval scale have a true zero but are not equidistant b. values on an interval scale have differences and a true zero c. values on an interval scale are equidistant and have a true zero *d. values on an interval scale are assumed to be equidistant but do not have a true zero

what are the two characteristics of rating scales that allow researchers to use these values on an interval scale of measurement?

1

what do cumulative relative frequencies sum up to (give or take rounding error)?

5-20

what is the recommended number of intervals that should be included in a simple frequency distribution?

science

what is the study of phenomena through strict observation, evaluation, interpretation, and theoretical explanation?

continuous variables

what kind of variable is time and weight?

discrete variable

what kind of variable would be a religious denomination?

identity, order, and equal distance

what properties does interval have?

identity

what properties does nominal have?

identity and order

what properties does ordinal have?

identity, order, equal distance, and true zero

what properties does ratio have?

ratings

what type of measurement does interval have?

categories

what type of measurement does nominal have?

ranking

what type of measurement does ordinal have?

quantity

what type of measurement does ratio measure?

dependent variable

what you measure

"at most", "less than", and "at or below"

when cumulating frequencies from the bottom up, you typically want to discuss the data in terms of:

"at or above"

when cumulating frequencies from the top down, you typically want to discuss the data in terms of:

when data sets have only a few different scores and for qualitative or categorical data

when is it appropriate to summarize frequencies for ungrouped data?

to summarize large data sets

when would a researcher conduct a relative frequency table?

true

whether you cumulate a frequency distribution from bottom up or top down depends on how you want to discuss the data: true or false?

including an open interval can make it difficult to identify if outliers exist in a data set

why is it generally inappropriate to include an open interval in a simple frequency distribution?