PSYC chapter 8

_____ is a psychological state involving three distinct components: subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive component.

Emotion

_____ motivation is the urge to control or influence the behavior of other people or groups.

Power

The arousal of the sympathetic nervous system is a result of the activation of the brain's fear circuits, including the hypothalamus and the:

medulla.

William James included attachment, resentment, and cleanliness on his list of human:

instincts.

_____ is a hormone secreted by an empty stomach that sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain.

Ghrelin

When people diet and lose weight what happens to ghrelin?

Ghrelin levels increase.

_____ theories of motivation were championed by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, and emphasize psychological and cognitive components in human motivation.

Humanistic

_____ is the hormone produced by the pancreas that signals the hypothalamus in order to regulate hunger and eating behavior.

Insulin

Which is NOT a major criticism of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

It encourages a focus on psychological needs as motivators.

Which statement BEST reflects the nature of hunger and eating?

It is a complex matter, influenced by many factors.

Which statement about the polygraph test, also known as a "lie detector" test, is correct?

It measures physiological changes associated with emotions.

Proposed as an alternative to the common sense view of emotion, the _____ theory of emotion posited that emotions arise from one's perception of body changes.

James-Lange

While hiking alone in the woods, Andrew sees a wolf coming towards him. He realizes that his heart is pounding and then he senses how terrified he is. This sequence of events is best explained by the _____ theory of emotion.

James-Lange

To better understand what motivates a person's behavior, Donnie is reading a book about drive theories. He finds that the psychologists _____ are described in the book as leading drive theorists.

Robert Woodworth and Clark Hull

_____ posited that in order to experience an emotion, a person must be physically aroused and cognitively label that arousal.

Schachter and Singer

Which statement is true about Maslow's needs hierarchy?

The idea of having to satisfy a need at one level before moving to the next has NOT stood up in studies.

According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by:

a hierarchy of needs.

The psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed that people are motivated by:

a hierarchy of needs.

McClelland and colleagues made contributions to _____ motivation, one of the concepts developed as part of self-determination theory.

achievement

Motivation to excel, succeed, or outperform others is known as _____ motivation.

achievement

The characteristic of motivation known as _____ is demonstrated by the initiation or production of behavior.

activation

People will gain weight if their calorie intake exceeds the energy they are expending because the size and number of body fat cells in their _____ increases.

adipose tissue

Instead of BMI, some researchers prefer to use waist circumference because it indicates the:

amount of abdominal fat.

Humans learn to fear situations and objects through the process of association. The _____ plays a central role in associating various emotions with certain situations.

amygdala

If a person's _____ is damaged, one possible result is the loss of the ability to feel fear.

amygdala

The brain structure that plays a key role in the emotional response of fear in humans is the:

amygdala

The instantaneous and automatic fear response experienced when unexpectedly stumbling upon a snake illustrates the importance of the:

amygdala.

Maslow includes "realism and acceptance" as one of his characteristics of self-actualized people. This characteristic can be described as having:

an accurate perception of oneself.

The six universal facial expressions of emotion are:

anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise, and fear.

When human traits, qualities, or behaviors are attributed to a nonhuman animal it is known as:

anthropomorphism.

The theory of motivation that best explains sensation-seeking behavior such as riding roller coasters is the _____ theory.

arousal

Stacey is walking alone to her car one night and is approached by a hooded stranger looking for directions. Her heart begins to race and her blood pressure surges. Stacey has experienced the fight-or-flight response, activated by the sympathetic branch of her:

autonomic nervous system.

The sympathetic nervous system is a branch of the:

autonomic nervous system.

According to the self-determination theory of motivation, _____ is an innate and universal psychological need to determine, control, and organize one's own behavior and goals so that they are in harmony with one's own interests and values.

autonomy

The psychological need to determine, control, and organize one's own behavior and goals so that they are in harmony with one's own interests and values is known as _____ in self-determination theory.

autonomy

The rate at which the body uses energy for vital body functions is called the _____ rate.

basal metabolic

After a long day, Michelle decides to lie down for a while before making dinner. The rate at which her body uses energy for vital body functions while she rests is called her:

basal metabolic rate.

BMR, or the rate at which the body uses energy for vital body functions, stands for:

basal metabolic rate.

The rate at which the body uses energy while lying down at rest is called:

basal metabolic rate.

Nuam is consulting a nutritionist about her weight. After being weighed and having her vitals taken, the nutritionist asks her for her average body weight. This is also known as her:

baseline body weight.

Maurice has plenty of food and lives in a nice house. Now he feels he needs to find a soul-mate, or even a close friend or two, with whom he can share his life. According to Maslow, what is motivating Maurice?

belongingness and love needs

Years of research on the topic of emotional arousal have revealed differing patterns of physiological arousal for different emotions. For example, anger produces greater increases in _____ and _____ than fears produces.

blood pressure; skin temperature

Eating behavior has likely been influenced by years of _____ conditioning, so the time of day at which one normally eats can elicit reflexive internal physiological changes (like changes in blood levels) that increase feelings of hunger.

classical

If Trish wants to be the best she can be as a firefighter due to an internal desire to master the skill, she is demonstrating _____ motivation.

competence

The desire to demonstrate one's mastery or skills is known as _____ motivation.

competence

The self-determination theory of motivation defines _____ as an innate and universal psychological need to learn and master appropriately challenging tasks.

competence

Ronald has become interested in ancient Greek history in college. He wants to be able to read original works completely in Greek with great accuracy. Ronald's drive to do so includes a high degree of:

competence motivation

In brain-imaging studies by Damasio and others, it has been shown that each emotion involves _____ neural circuits in the brain.

distinct

A(n) _____ theory asserts behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

drive

It is nearly noon, and Jan is very hungry. She takes out her sandwich and begins to eat. According to _____ theory, Jan's eating is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.

drive

When a physiological need, such as hunger, creates a state of tension, it:

drives the organism to reduce the need.

Maria has satisfied all of her basic biological needs and her safety and belongingness needs. According to Maslow, Maria would next be focused on meeting her _____ needs.

esteem

In explaining why people raise eyebrows when surprised, the _____ perspective would posit that this is universal and adaptive because it helps focus vision on something unexpected that could be dangerous.

evolutionary

In an early investigation of the James-Lange theory, subjects who were asked how they felt after being injected with epinephrine (adrenaline) reported:

feeling "as if" they were afraid.

The design and evolution of the human body make it easy to _____ weight and hard to _____ weight.

gain; lose

Although instinct theory fell out of favor, the general idea that some human behaviors are influenced by _____ remains an important part of understanding human motivation.

genetics

Also called "the hunger hormone," _____ has been shown to strongly stimulate appetite.

ghrelin

Rory just studied motivation theory, eating, and weight in his psychology class. He would like to gain about 10 pounds. He says to his friend from class, "I wish I knew where to get some more _____ to help me gain weight!"

ghrelin

Cells in the lining of the stomach manufacture:

ghrelin.

The tendency to maintain a balanced internal state, regulating any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level is the drive toward:

homeostasis.

After years of trying to manipulate her calorie intake and body weight, Laurel noticed over time that she experienced _____, such that her body weight remained stable as the number of calories she consumed began to match the number of calories she expended for energy.

homeostatic balance

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow championed theories of motivation that emphasize psychological and cognitive components in human motivation. These are known as _____theories.

humanistic

Psychological and cognitive factors are the essential elements in motivation according to the _____ theory of motivation.

humanistic

According to set-point theory, the brain and body defends an optimal weight by directly regulating _____ and _____.

hunger; metabolism

The brain's receptor sites for leptin are located in the:

hypothalamus.

Carrie, an accountant at a large firm, is unhappy in her position and has considered quitting. Then, unexpectedly, she is promoted and given a raise. Carrie now has a renewed interest in her job. This is best explained by _____ theory, which proposes that behavior is motivated by the "pull" of external goals.

incentive

The theory of motivation that draws heavily on learning principles such as reinforcement is known as _____ theory.

incentive

_____ theory proposes that behavior is motivated by the "pull" of external goals.

incentive

Some students work hard in school to attain high grades. This best illustrates the importance of:

incentives.

Although instinct theory fell out of favor, the idea that some human behaviors are _____ remains an important part of understanding human motivation.

innate

Children born blind and deaf still make the facial expressions associated with basic emotions, which is seen as evidence that these facial expressions are:

innate.

The tenets of the humanistic theories of motivation--striving for a positive self-concept and human potential--are considered by humanists to be both _____ and _____.

innate; universal

According to _____ theories, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming.

instinct

Zelda is reading a popular book on how to lose weight. She is surprised to learn that there are physiological reasons for why it is easier to gain weight than to lose weight. She learns that as caloric intake is reduced and fat cells begin to shrink, a person's body actively defends against weight loss by decreasing both _____ rate and _____.

metabolism; energy level

One of the differences between an "emotion" and a "mood" is that an emotion is MORE likely to:

motivate a person to take some sort of action.

The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior are also known as:

motivation

A need or desire that initiates and directs behavior is called:

motivation.

Patricia recently visited a nutritionist who, after examining her weight and height, informed her that her body mass index is 21. This places Patricia in the _____ weight category.

normal

Jake recently visited a nutritionist who, after examining his weight and height, informed him that his body mass index is 30, which means that Jake is:

obese.

The three basic characteristics commonly associated with motivation are activation, _____, and intensity.

persistence

Before certain hormones can be released as part of the flight-fight response to danger, the _____ gland must receive signals from the brain's fear circuit.

pituitary

The urge to control or influence the behavior of other people or groups is defined by psychologist David McClelland as:

power motivation.

The self-determination theory of motivation defines _____ as an innate and universal psychological need to feel attached to others and experience a sense of belongingness, security, and intimacy.

relatedness

According to Maslow, a person must first _____ before he or she can try to find meaning in life and contemplate what it means to be alive.

satisfy basic physiological and safety needs

In human evolutionary history, food _____ was a much bigger problem than food _____.

scarcity; overabundance

According to Maslow's hierarchy, a person who is open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by the opinions of others is displaying:

self-actualization.

At this point in his life, Eugene believes that he is fully using his talents, capacities, and potentialities. According to Maslow, Eugene has achieved:

self-actualization.

John's mission is to become the best self that he can; he wants to "be all that he can be." This is similar to:

self-actualization.

According to Maslow's theory, a person whose basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and who feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved is MOST apt to seek to satisfy the need for:

self-esteem.

According to _____, the body has a natural or optimal weight.

set-point theory

Despite day-to-day variability in eating behavior, body weight, including stores of body fat, tends to:

stay relatively constant.

When an intense emotion triggers the fight-or-flight response, biological changes are initiated by the:

sympathetic nervous system.

The fact that people detect and react more quickly to angry or threatening faces than they do to friendly or neutral faces reflects that the processing of threatening stimuli happens via the route directly from the:

thalamus to the amygdala.

Oscar is driving to school and feels an itch on his leg. He realizes there is a spider crawling up it. He stops the car, feeling panicky. Given what is known about the pathways for sensory information of a threatening nature, it is likely that the moment he saw the spider, information was first routed through the:

thalamus.

An assessment used to study a person's need for achievement that consists of various pictures for which the participant makes up stories is:

the Thematic Apperception Test.

From the perspective of humanistic theory, a person's key motivator can be jeopardized by:

the lack of a supportive environment.

David McClelland, John Atkinson, and their colleagues developed a specific version of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) that measures:

the need for achievement.

Most of Dakota's friends look at him with respect. He is self-aware, self-accepting, and open. He is spontaneous and caring, and does not worry about other people's opinions. According to Maslow, it is likely that Dakota is motivated by:

the need for self-actualization.

Eva's boyfriend, Josh, has just gotten down on one knee and is asking her to marry him. Eva's heart starts to pound and she feels joy. A month ago, Eva was feeling very afraid at a horror movie and her heart was pounding then too, but she felt fear, not joy. Which theory BEST explains Eva's emotional response?

the two-factor theory

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is manufactured:

throughout the brain.

Participants in an experiment are given a dose of medication that causes increased heart rate and respiration. Some participants misinterpret this as a sign of heart trouble and feel afraid. This emotional response is best understood in terms of the _____ theory.

two-factor

Ellie recently visited a nutritionist who, after examining her weight and height, informed her that her body mass index is 17, which means that Ellie is:

underweight

Also known as yo-yo dieting, this challenge to maintaining weight loss occurs because the human body is much more effective at defending against weight loss than it is at protecting against weight gain.

weight cycling

Two-thirds of the body's energy is used for:

essential life functions.

____ is demonstrated by continued efforts or the determination to achieve a particular goal.

Persistence

The psychologist _____ developed a model of motivation that ranked various human needs.

Abraham Maslow

_____ developed a model of human motivation that proposed that people are motivated to satisfy physiological needs first and then move on to "higher" psychological needs.

Abraham Maslow

A model of human motivation that proposed that people are motivated to satisfy physiological needs first before moving on to "higher" psychological needs was developed by:

Abraham Maslow.

_____ is the rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when the body is at rest.

Basal metabolic rate

_____ motivation is the desire to direct one's behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation.

Competence

_____ is the force that activates and directs behavior.

Motivation

Which statement is true?

What people eat is strongly influenced by culture.

Lee was walking home at night and saw something moving out of the corner of his eye. He was initially frightened, but when he turned to look, he noticed a cat in the shadows. He was no longer afraid. Lee's change in emotional response from afraid to not afraid best illustrates the effect of:

appraisal

The _____ theory of motivation is based on levels of stimulation.

arousal

The _____ effect refers to the human tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available.

cafeteria diet

The tendency to eat more when a wide variety of palatable foods is available is called the _____ effect.

cafeteria diet

Which hormone acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain?

cholecystokinin