PSYCH 318 Exam 1
What is instrumental aggression?
A mugger who attacks a victim in order to obtain the victim's money is engaging in this type of aggression
According to Piaget, assimilation and accommodation are components of a process called ___.
Adaptation; resolve cognitive disequilibriums
What is cooperative learning teams ?
An educational strategy that fosters greater acceptance by classmates of students with special needs.
What is test anxiety or negative attitudes?
By the end of kindergarten, children who had attended academically-oriented preschools had higher levels
What is nature?
David's experience would argue that this factor plays an important role in gender identity.
What is either acceptance or control?
Erikson (and others) believed that two aspects of parenting are especially important throughout childhood and adolescence. This is one.
How does the concept of the critical period relate to Dylan?
For Dylan the issue is attachment he did not acquire this trusting bond during his early years biological mother refused to hold him and he was physically and sexually abused
In which stage can children pass logic problems?
Formal operational
A person taking the position that development is continuous (rather than discontinuous) would characterize developmental change as
Gradual, quantitative, and connected over time
Who is the heteronomous stage?
If a child believes rules are sacred and unchangeable, s/he is in the stage according to Piaget.
What is the rationale that is underlying the decision?
In Kohlberg's model of moral development, people at different stages may choose the same course of action when resolving a moral dilemma. Determining which stage a person is in depends on this.
What stage does object permanence develop in?
In the first ear of life - at the end of the sensory stage
What is computer programming?
It is the process of specifying the data types and the operations for a computer to apply to data in order to solve a problem Schools might want to teach this to improve metacognitive knowledge in children.
What does the mountain task in the video measure?
It measures egocentrism thinking that whatever one sees, thinks, and experiences is the same for another
Can children in the concrete operational stage pass logic problems?
No; they have no abstract thought
What is psychological control?
Parents who ignore a child's feelings, withhold affection and attempt to create feelings of guilt and shame are using this type of control, which leads to poor outcomes.
What is these are sometimes observed in toddlers?
Research on the development of sympathy and compassion suggests that these attributes can emerge at this age.
What are the risks and resilience factors for Dylan's parents?
Risk: biological mother rejected Dylan, was neglectful, and abusive Resilience: adoptive parents are very loving, trying everything they can
What are the risks and resilience factors for the people who tried to intervene with Dylan (therapists, adoption agencies, etc.)?
Risk: foster system - in many foster homes there is not enough mental health support provided Risk: adoption agency - did not disclose problem Risk/Resilience: holding therapy
What are the risks and resilience factors for the individual (Dylan)?
Risk: gender may have influenced physical abuse; boys are more likely to be physically abused Resilience: Dylan seems intelligent
What are the risks and resilience factors for Dylan's culture?
Risk: not enough known about attatchment disorder, certainly not in foster homes or adoption process; Dylan was allowed to go home with mother without follow up even though she refused to hold him in the hospital Risk/Resilience: there are programs available; holding therapy is illegal in some states
What are the risks and resilience factors for Dylan's time and place?
Risk: not enough time has passes - particularly in 1998 when this was filmed - to know what the ideal treatment should be Resilience: attachment disorder has been studied; Dylan is born in the US where more resources are available that some other countries
What is prosocial behavior?
Sharing cookies with a playmate is an example of this type of behavior
An early "fear" that is closely tied to the formation of an infant's first emotional attachment is
Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety
What is what they are watching?
The developmental effects of television viewing depend most heavily on this factor.
What is obeying rules and serving human needs?
The dilemmas posed by Kohlberg's moral decision stories involve a choice between these two factors.
What is between ages 2 and 3?
The incidence of forceful, oppositional and aggressive behaviors peaks between these ages.
What is the sensitive period?
The optimal time when a skill can develop. If a skill isn't developed during this time period, it might not develop Later development harder to induce. Boundaries less defined.
Who is Freud, what is his view?
The view that aggression is best described as an instinct is most associated with this theorist.
What are passive and provocative individuals?
These are two types of victims targeted by bullies or aggressive children.
What is the catharsis hypothesis?
This hypothesis would predict that children exposed to violent television should have reduced levels of aggression after.
Sister is supportive Mom wants help, good relationship Intact family Middle class
This is a resilience factor for Kip's family.
What is a Social Learning Theory?
This theory states one way aggression is learned is modeling.
What is a positive expectancy about aggression?
This type of thought ("If I use aggression, I can end your 'bad' behavior!") would fit in well with this concept or phrase
If a measure accurately measures what it was designed to measure, it is said to be
Valid (validity = accuracy)
What are authoritative parents?
Warm, accepting parents who are reasonably high in control can be classified as
What is internalization?
When children behave (adhere to rules) even though authority figures are not around they have undergone this process
What is that more children live in poverty?
When we compare families to those 50 years ago, this is a major finding about children.
What is a critical period?
a period in which a behavior must be learned or it will be unable to be acquired a behavior may be acquired later, but if it is, aspects of the behavior may not be fully achieved
A set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe, and explain a set of observations is called
a theory
What is hostile aggression?
a type of aggression resulting from a desire to hurt someone
John Locke's notion that the mind of a newborn is a tabula rasa implies that human infants are
blank slates ready to learn from their experiences
Children are quite aware that people can "cause" various events
by age 2-3, when they display their awareness of causality in their own language
The most important advantage of the experimental method is that it
can test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships
An important limitation of all correlational studies is that they
cannot demonstrate that one thing causes another
In which stage can children pass the conservation tasks?
concrete operational ages - 7-11 yrs
The first "negative" emotion that infants display is
distress
Freud's psychoanalytic theory adopts the ______ as a philosophical base, viewing the child as _____.
doctrine of original sin; inherently bad
The rational component of the personality is the
ego
Infants' reactions to their mothers' "still faces" implies that they
expect their mothers to respond appropriately to their social overtures
One powerful contributor to a preschooler's ability to regulate emotions is ____.
family conversations centering on emotions
Increases in negative emotionally often seen among adolescents
have generally leveled off by mid-adolescence
According to Erikson, adolescents must grapple with the life crisis called
identity vs inferiority
Freud suggested that the id seeks:
immediate gratification of instinctual needs
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory maintains that the best way to really understand environmental influences on humans
in the child's natural environments
The ethological perspective on human development emphasizes
inborn, biological behaviors
According to Skinner's operant learning theory, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it
increases the probability of the response that produced it
Suppose you randomly assign one group of children to watch the Discovery Channel and another comparable group of children to watch the Disney Channel to asses intellectual performance. The type of TV programming that children watch is your
independent variable
Brenfenbrenner's ecological systems model emphasizes the role of ____ in influencing child development.
interacting environmental systems
One of the advantages of naturalistic observation is that
it does not require verbal instructions and can be used to study infants and toddlers
All emotions that are not present at birth seem to require some ____ in order to appear.
learning
In Brofenbrenner's ecological systems theory, a child's neighborhood playmates would be part of the child's
microsystem
Perhaps the most frequent attributional error that preschool children make is to assume that
most effects that people cause are intentional
Piaget's four broad stages of cognitive development occur in the following order:
sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational
Why does the first girl in the video fail the conservation tasks (glasses of water, coins, crackers)? What stage is she in?
she fails because she is perception bound pre-operational stage- 2-7 yrs
Case study methods may be of limited usefulness for drawing valid conclusions because
subjects may report inaccurate information - data on different "cases" may not be directly comparable - such information may lack generalizability to other groups of people
According to Freud, the ________ serves as a child's internal censor or moral authority
superego
Adaptive regulation of emotions involves
suppressing some forms of emotional arousal while maintaining or intensifying others
According to Vygotsky, a child's zone of proximal development describes tasks
that the child cannot master without the assistance and encouragement of a more skillful partner
What is object permanence?
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not seen
______ is when ethologists have argued is the sensitive period for human social and emotional development.
the first three years
From a systems perspective, what are some factors that lead to Dylan's problem?
the individual the parents people who tired to intervene (therapists, adoption agencies, etc.) culture time and place
What is uninvolved?
the least effective parenting style
According to the ethological viewpoint, sensitive periods in developments are
the times that are optimal for the emergence of particular competencies and behaviors
What is hostile attributional bias?
this causes reactive aggressors to assume that an individual intends to harm them even though the situation does not clearly indicate that.
Perhaps the major reason that young children learn to comply with emotional display rules is
to maintain others' approval
Scientifically useful measures must be reliable and valid. A measure is reliable if it
yields consistent information over time and yields consistent information across observers