Psych 345 exam 4 from slides
Antisocial personality disorder is typically
"adolescence-limited"
the components of successful cognitive aging
- higher cortical thickness - Greater brain plasticity - Higher density of white matter - Faster encoding - "Super-aging" phenotype - Improved network connectivity
Super's life-space life-stages model of vocational development
- life roles - environmental determinants - situation determinants - personal determinants
Five types of elder abuse
1) Physical abuse 2) Psychological abuse 3) Financial abuse or exploitation 4) Neglect 5) Sexual abuse
Percent of those in 65+ age group who are users of any illicit substance within the past year
5.7
People with good social relationships have a _____ mortality risk compared to those who don't
50% lower
Seattle Longitudinal Study original sample consisted of
500 adults divided into ten 5-year cohorts
percent of marriages for people 18 and older
53%
percent of people 18 and older who are widowed
6%
women's earnings are highest in the occupations with
80% or more male workers
how much of people aged 65 and older binge use alcohol
9.7
Wisconsin card sorting test
A measure of the ability to adapt to changing rules of organization
process of retirement: stabilization
Adaptation to non-working role
The brinley plot on performance of older adults against performance of younger adults reveals that
As the rask becomes more difficult (requires more time), older adults are disproportionately slower
Biopsychological model of driving and aging
Biological, psychological, sociocultural
One type of problem solving called top down processing involves
Breaking a big problem into its component parts
A key factor that increases the risk of accidents for older adults is a
Confusing road sign
Trail Making Test
Evaluates frontal lobe functioning, focuses on attention, scanning of visual stimuli, and number sequencing.
Stroop Task
Interference effects between two tasks, one that's relatively automated and one that's less automated (controlled). We have difficulty selectively attending to a less automated task that competes with a more automated task. Reading words (more automated) vs. naming colors (less automated).
Seattle Longitudinal Study originated by
K. Warner Schaie
fact or myth: older workers are not as productive as younger ones because they're just waiting to retire
Myth! Evidence suggests that older workers are just as productive as younger ones.
fact or myth: older workers are less flexible than younger ones.
Myth! Older workers may be more likely to question changes, but they are just as likely as younger workers to adapt if the changes are well reasoned.
fact or myth: older workers aren't worth hiring because they'll just retire soon after starting.
Myth! Older workers stay at a job longer than younger ones, who may view jobs as stepping stones.
fact or myth: older workers take more sick days than younger workers
Myth! Older workers tend to have better regular job attendance than younger ones.
fact or myth: older workers can be easily replaced by younger ones
Myth! The workplace knowledge and expertise gained by older workers is often very difficult to replace and can take years to develop.
fact or myth: older workers are more expensive than younger ones.
Myth! With older workers, costs are lower for hiring, retention, training, and on the job accidents.
Older adults respond at slower or higher speeds than young adults
Slower speeds
The useful field of view
The amount of visual information a person can take in with a glance without eye or head movements
More likely to be involved in fatal accidents with blood alcohol levels of .08g/dL or higher
Young adults
The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence
categorizes five major domains of abilities which each are indexed by a specific "G," or skill.
Super's life-space lifestyle factors: life roles
child, student, leisurite, worker, citizen, homemaker, parent
typically when people go through emotional labor it is because of fear of
discrimination
Borderline personality disorder increased risk due to
early life adversity
The median age at first marriage continues to
increase
subjective well-being
individuals' personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction
staying with a job even if you do not get paid enough
intrinsic motivation
Massachusetts was first to
legalize same sex marriage
the rates of serious mental illness are consistently
lower across adulthood.
•2013 Supreme Court struck down Defense of Marriage Act making
same sex marriage legal in the U.S.
what is creativity?
the ability to generate ideas that are original, appropriate, and have a lasting impact on others
Women more likely to initiate divorce if
unhappy in the relationship
occupation as calling
•Calling is an individual's consuming passion for particular career domain •Fulfills identity and potential •Need not be altruistic in nature •Provides personal meaning and purpose.
Concerns regarding alcohol use and older adults
•Risk of cirrhosis of the liver •Higher rates of injury •Risk of adverse drug-alcohol interactions •Associated with certain living situations (retirement communities and nursing homes) •Present risk of developing neurocognitive disorder •Relationship to smoking must also be considered
why are the statistics about divorce misleading
- 50% rate not based on same couple because those who get married aren't the same as those who divorce in a given year - the divorce prone increases the apparent odds because some people get divorced more than once, they inflate the overall statistics
Holland's RIASEC model: conventional
- Accountant - Cashier - Clerk - Paralegal - Financial analyst
process of retirement: decision to retire
- Announcement of retirement date - Financial preparation
Bilingualism and aging
- Bilingualism - the ability to speak and think in two languages, actually helps with executive functioning. - Imaging shows better neural connectivity among bilinguals - Gains are not universal - not to all cognitive tasks
Holland's RIASEC model: artistic
- Dancer - Editor - Singer - Artist - Writer
Holland's RIASEC model: realistic
- Engineer - Farmer - Technician - Cook - Machinist
process of retirement: official retirement
- Final day of work - Recognition by employers and coworkers, - EMPLOYERS MIGHT GIVE GIFT
Super's life-space lifestyle factors: situation determinants
- Historical - Socioeconomic
Sociocultural perspectives on creativity and aging
- Individuals from minority or disadvantaged backgrounds do not derive the benefits from higher education and income - Eminence may be biased against women and Blacks who were overlooked in counts of productivity and aging - Current models of aging and creativity may therefore lack generalizability
Super's life-space lifestyle factors: environmental determinants
- Labor market - Employment practices
Criticisms of the Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging
- Overly normative, not inclusive or those who fail to meet each criterion - Fails to take into account sociocultural factors - Criteria are not well-specified in the model - Does not take into account subjective well-being
Super's life-space lifestyle factors: personal determinants
- Psychological - Biological
process of retirement: initial adjustment
- Shifts in use of time - Financial adaptation
Sociocultural aspects of driving and aging
- Social attitudes - availability of other transportation
intrinsic motivation includes
- specific to task itself - engages sense of identity - work pertains to feelings of competence, autonomy, and personal growth
Psychosocial influences on memory
- stress and depression - memory self-efficacy - stereotype threat
Sample tests of processing speed index
- symbol search - coding
In the WAIS-IV, a full-scale index
- verbal comprehension index - perceptual reasoning index - working memory index Processing speed index
Sample tests of verbal comprehension index
- vocabulary - similarities - information
Pikes Peak Model of Geropsychology Training
-be aware of attitudes and beliefs about aging -have genera; knowledge about the aging process -understand psychopathology in older adults -learn to use and interpret appropriate assessment tools -be aware of best practices in service provision
process of retirement: bridge employment/ blurred employment
Continued involvement in labor force
adolescent limited
Disruptive behavior that ends with teen years
Older pilots are more vulnerable to
Fatigue due to jet lag
Steps in Problem Solving
First assess the situation, decide on the desired end state, and then transform the current into the desired state
Tests of verbal fluency ask test takers to
Generate as many words as they can that begin with a single letter
When does the highest number of motor vehicle deaths occur
In the 20-24 year old age group
One type of problem solving called bottom up processing involves
Managing the smaller components first and then building up to larger solutions
Who is more likely to commit suicide?
Men more than women. ● In Male: >65 years old and health care professional. ● In Females: Middle aged women more than elderly women. Health care professionals > other professionals > non-professionals. _
Do everyday problems always have a clear end state?
No
different types of careers of vocational involvement
RIASEC model
What can help reduce accidents
Rotaries or roundabouts
Older pilots have better
Safety records
What is an example of a confusing road sign
The picture of confusion corner in Manitoba
Must draw a line connecting the circled numbers in sequence
Trail making test
extrinisic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective
Psychosocial influences on memory: memory self- efficacy
a form of self-efficacy that refers to the confidence one has in one's memory. •The degree to which one feels that tone can successfully complete a memory task. •Negative beliefs about one's memory can affect one's memory self-efficacy and feelings of depression.
Providing support to others can help lower one's
blood pressure
Increased TV watching among adults 65 and older (estimated to be around 47 hours/week) is linked to
social isolation
reminiscence bump
the fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life
process of retirement: anticipatory period
- Changes in work attitudes - Financial assessment - THIS IS PLANNING such as "I think I want to retire"
Holland's RIASEC model: investigative
- Chemist - Economist - Physician - Computer scientist - Mathematician
Holland's RIASEC model: enterprising
- Chief executive - Entrepreneur - Manager - Salesperson - Lawyer
Holland's RIASEC model: social
- Coach - Teacher - Massage therapist - Psychiatric aide - Waitperson
Benefits of video games and attention
- The cognitive benefits of video games are getting established - Games help with response speed, improving attentional control, tracking of multiple inputs, making finer-grained distinctions better decisions - Most of these studies have been done on younger people. - Can older adults access these benefits too? - Some research supports this. - Video game training also seem to help with driving abilities, including improving useful field of view (UFOV) - a task that tests people's ability to respond to stimuli appearing in the periphery of their vision
extrinsic motivation includes
- accompany the job but not central to it - salary, conditions of work, work climate - don't engage sense of identity
psychological aspects of driving and aging
- acuity - night vision - headline glare - anxiety - confusion
process of retirement
- anticipatory period - decision to retire - official retirement - initial adjustment - stabilization - bridge employment/ blurred employment
widowhood shows there are five characteristic patterns
- chronic depression - chronic grief (minority) - depression-improved - common grief - resilient (most common)
Assessment methods with older adults
- clinical interview - mental status exam - specific symptom tests - functional abilities
Simonton's model of creativity predicts creative output from these three components:
- creative potential - number of ideas - ability to turn ideas into products
Sample tests of working memory index
- digit span - arithmetic
facts about divorce
- divorce rates on the decline - length of average marriage is 8 years - 10% of adults are divorced
sources of workplace stress
- emotional labor - lack of job fairness - amount of workplace control
The long-term memory and aging scorecard for abilities that decline
- episodic memory - source memory - false memory - retrieval memory - perspective memory
According to the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, wisdom incorporates a set of complex cognitive abilities including
- factual knowledge - procedural knowledge - value relativism - management of uncertainty - lifespan contextualism
The use of method of loci as a way to improve long-term memory
- imagine a place you know well - mentally walk through each room, associating items you want to remember with that room - to recall those items, retrace your steps
Forms of financial abuse with older adults
- lottery scams - grandparent scams - romance scams - internal revenue service imposter scams - tech support scams - security fraud - health care fraud
Reduction in collisions with roundabout reasons
- low travel speeds - no light to beat One-way travel
Sample tests of perceptual reasoning index
- matrix reasoning - visual puzzles - block design
Biological aspects of driving and aging
- mobility - strength - coordination - pain
Conditions that can contribute to depression in older adults
- mobility limitations - hypertension - sensory impairments - pain - stroke - lack of vitamin D - tooth loss - sleep disturbance - metabolic syndrome and diabetes
what are the five domains of abilities for the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence?
- motor - perception - controlled attention - knowledge - speed
worker factors that contribute to improvement in job performance
- openness to change - greater expertise - fewer absences - know the ropes - fewer injuries
job factors that contribute to decline in performance
- physical exertion - shift work - age bias - lack of collaboration - cognitive effort
The language and aging scorecard on abilities that contribute to decline
- reading rate - hearing and speech - speed - retrieval - working memory
Holland's RIASEC model proposes that all occupations are organized according to six basic types including....
- realistic - investigative - artistic - social - enterprising - conventional
The language and aging scorecard on abilities that contribute to stability
- semantic memory - "gist" of story - gestures - Experience
The long-term memory and aging scorecard for abilities that are stable
- semantic memory - flashbulb memory - implicit memory - procedural memory
Health related factors that can influence memory in older adults
- smoking - diet - aerobic exercise - strength training
Three approaches to explaining subjective well-being in later adulthood include
- social indicator model - paradox of well-being - set point perspective
Problems with the RIASEC Model
-interests may not equal abilities -incongruence can come from boredom -doesn't take prestige into account -assumes equal job opportunities
The dynamics of the breakup
-negative emotional outcomes include anxiety, depression, loss of trust -being able to "save face" may help divorced partners feel less negatively about the experience Research shows the importance of being able to protect one's identity as individuals go through the divorce process
health factors affecting aging of intelligence
-people with more active engagement show less decline -among men, obesity predicts lower intelligence scores -greater decline among smokers
Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging
1) absence of disease/disability 2) Maintenance of mental and physical function 3) Active engagement with life
Ageism and its effect on service provision
1. assume aging associated with depression 2. react to clients as to their own family members 3. believe that older adults don't need special treatment 4. set stage for harmful self-stereotypes
warning signs to watch out for indicating that older adults may need to seek mental health treatment.
1.Changes in mood 2.Memory loss 3.Change in sleep habits, such as difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much 4.Sudden decrease or increase in appetite 5.Anger or irritability 6.Inability to experience positive emotions 7.Feelings of restlessness 8.Withdrawal from family and friends 9.Engaging in new, risky behaviors 10.Difficulty maintaining daily routines
percent of people aged 18 and older who are divorced
10%
percent of people aged 18 and older who are separated
2%
how much of people aged 65 and older heavily use alcohol
2.3
alcohol use is most common in the age group of
21-25 year olds
how old are the majority of the workforce people?
25 to 54 years old
Same sex marriage is legal in how many countries
27 countries
percent of people aged 18 and older who were never married
29%
by age 85 how many people are widowed within gender
33% of men and 70% of women
Percent of those in 18- 25 year age group who are users of any illicit substance within the past year
34.3
how many of the adult learners are involved in English as a second language?
40%
how many adults aged 17 and older are engaged in some form of adult education?
44%
The average age in same sex households is about
47 years old
WCST performance maintained through midlife but shows some age-related effects later in adulthood, perhaps related to (executive functioning)
Changes in brain regions
Accumulation of information theory
Cognitive aging caused by accumulation of information that takes longer to sift through
Adults 75 and older perform more poorly in general on the
Everyday problems test but there are significant variations by education
Education can play a role in scores on measures of
Executive functioning
Video gaming and exergaming can have beneficial effects on
Executive functioning
fact or myth: older workers learn new skills to stay competitive in the workplace.
Fact! Many take courses to enhance their skills helping to keep up with changing technologies or practices.
fact or myth: older workers are a good fit to startup companies.
Fact! The experience older workers bring to new companies can be valuable, particularly in times of uncertainty.
fact or myth: older workers try hard to get a task done right the first time.
Fact! While older workers may not work as quickly, they strive to get the tasks done right the first time without any mistakes. Speed does not always produce the best results!
fact or myth: older workers are team players.
Fact! With experience comes a better understanding of one's strengths and weaknesses, which can be invaluable in a team setting
risks of depression combined with diabetes
In one large scale study of older adults living in the community followed for over 13 years, those with both depressive symptoms and diabetes had high rates of mortality associated with a higher inflammatory response associated with C-reactive protein.
inhibitory deficit hypothesis
Inability to tune out irrelevant information
general slowing hypothesis
Loss of attentional resources leads to longer times to respond
positive features of the work of older artists
More expressive, less realistic Accumulation of symbolism More freedom in use of paint strokes Richer in meaning
living apart together
More older adults in long-term relationships are choosing not to live together or get married
negative features of the work of older artists
More pessimistic view of life Sense of isolation Choice of tragic themes Feeling of imminent departure
hoarding disorder is a form of
OCD
subjective well-being in later adulthood: paradox of well-being
Older adults are able to overcome objective circumstances
subjective well-being in later adulthood: Social indicator model
Older adults have less and so should be unhappier
subjective well-being in later adulthood: set point perspective
Personality determines happiness levels
Memory training with older adults can be effective with
Practice, strategy use, and support during encoding; the ACTIVE study shows the long-term benefits of cognitive training
Problem solving in later life involves a balance between
The less effective analytic strategies an older adult may use and better heuristics
Suicide rates by age
The older you get the more likely it becomes; Less than 20 is significantly lower than the rest of the age groups
The test taker is shown screens with a set of 4 stimuli and must guess whether the stimulus shown below matches or not
Wisconsin card sorting test
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT)
a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
Communication predicament model
a predicament where older adults are thought of as mentally incapacitated, leading younger people to speak to them in a simplified manner (using elderspeak). Over time, this can have the effect of reducing the older adult's actual ability to use language.
the trolley problem
a test of post-formal logic because there is no "right" answer in deciding whether to pull the switch to save the 5 and kill the one or do nothing and the 5 will be hit by the trolley.
marriage is defined as
a union between partners sanctioned by law
Seattle Longitudinal Study systematically investigated
age, cohort, and time of testing
it is expected to have more 65+ working in the workforce when
as the years pass by
Evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
Retirement is best thought of as a process that
evolves over stages until stabilization is achieved.
WHO Model of Active Aging includes
gender and culture which makes it unique
what might be an example of emotional labor
having to cover up something such as sexual orientation
emotional labor
having to put on an act to cover your real feelings
Older couples, for better or for worse, often engage in the same types of
health behaviors
what is common with hoarding disorder?
health risks due to falls
Legalization of same sex marriage leads to
longer-lasting relationships
who almost always has higher earnings in the workforce
males
the majority of people aged 65 and older use what substance on average
marijuana
how many become hoarders after age 40?
nearly 25%
later testing of the longitudinal study included additional measures, including
neuroimaging, personality tests, and health data.
Seattle Longitudinal Study earliest drops in intelligence involved
numeric ability
The negative vs. positive features of the work of older artists, called the
old age style.
•Psychosocial stressors play greater role in (schizophrenia
older adults
how many adult learners are ages 70 or older
one-fifth, 21%
of those taking adult education, how many are taking courses relevant to work?
one-quarter, 27%
Older adults are increasingly using
online dating apps and companies are taking note by creating apps specifically geared toward the 50-and-older market
congruence explains
patterns of vocational development; Are you in a job that is a good fit for you
Psychosocial influences on memory: stereotype threat
people perform in ways consistent with negative stereotypes of the group to which they see themselves as belonging.
•Friendship types range from
peripheral to close
Family relationships promote
physical health and well-being in older adults.
The Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence (OFCI) model regards personality openness as a
protective factor against cognitive decline in later adulthood
Positive relationships among siblings can offer
protective support in older age
hoarding disorder shows substantial impairments in
psychiatric, functional, cognitive, and medical status
Strong friendships play an important role in
reducing the risk of developing chronic illness among older adults.
California has the highest number in the U.S.
same-sex marriages
widowhood effect
the impact of the death is so strong that surviving spouses tend to die earlier than expected
•Socioemotional selectivity theory explains why people prefer
their old friends
as the years increase so does... in the workforce
there were more 16 to 24 years olds and recently and continuing to progress this way there will be more 55 to 64 years olds than 16 to 24 year olds in the workforce
it is expected that workers ages 25 to 54 will decrease in the workforce when
throughout the years
1.Volunteering, especially at community-based events, positively impacts
well-being for older adults.
-People who study vocational development would give people an idea of
what types of jobs they would fit.
attraction effect
when adding of an inferior brand to a consideration set increases the attractiveness of the dominant brand Ex: printer A being $30 and medium quality and printer B being $40 and higher quality. There is a 50/50 chance for each printer to be chosen but then printer C is added and it costs $100 and is somewhat higher quality and now 70% will choose option B
Personality is influenced by
where you work
are there still people who work after the age of 65?
yes
can intrinsic and extrinsic motivation overlap?
yes
can intrinsic motivation go down if extrinsic motivation is low
yes
Scaffolding theory of memory
•According to the scaffolding theory, older adults can recruit alternate neural circuits as needed by task demands as shown by these potential routes.
steps older drivers can take to improve their driving
•Exercise to increase strength and flexibility •Avoid drug-drug interactions •Vision tests •Drive during daylight and good weather •Find safest routes (well-lit streets, arrows at lights, easy parking) •Plan route before driving •Leave enough room in front •Avoid distractions (including food, pets) •Consider alternatives to driving
marriage provides what benefits
•Financial, health care, and death benefits
Forms of anxiety disorders (prevalence 65-84 years)
•Generalized Anxiety Disorder (3.1%) •Panic Disorder (3.8%) •Agoraphobia (4.9%) •Specific Phobia (animal phobia 3.5%) •Social Anxiety Disorder (1.3%)
Psychosocial influences on memory: stress and depression
•Generally stress and depression are major risk factors for poor memory.
Critiques of video games and attention
•Young adults show advantages, but those who choose to play may be self-selected. •Research on older adults attempting to show positive effects, but the field is fraught with difficulty: •"Best" games may not be enjoyable; Programs change •Software malfunctions; Hardware malfunctions
schizophrenia lifestyle factors related to higher mortality associated with
•mortality associated with tobacco, alcohol/other drugs, and accidental deaths
schizophrenia is relatively
•rare, but population disease burden is growing
