Psych 345 exam 4 from slides

Antisocial personality disorder is typically

"adolescence-limited"

the components of successful cognitive aging

- higher cortical thickness - Greater brain plasticity - Higher density of white matter - Faster encoding - "Super-aging" phenotype - Improved network connectivity

Super's life-space life-stages model of vocational development

- life roles - environmental determinants - situation determinants - personal determinants

Five types of elder abuse

1) Physical abuse 2) Psychological abuse 3) Financial abuse or exploitation 4) Neglect 5) Sexual abuse

Percent of those in 65+ age group who are users of any illicit substance within the past year

5.7

People with good social relationships have a _____ mortality risk compared to those who don't

50% lower

Seattle Longitudinal Study original sample consisted of

500 adults divided into ten 5-year cohorts

percent of marriages for people 18 and older

53%

percent of people 18 and older who are widowed

6%

women's earnings are highest in the occupations with

80% or more male workers

how much of people aged 65 and older binge use alcohol

9.7

Wisconsin card sorting test

A measure of the ability to adapt to changing rules of organization

process of retirement: stabilization

Adaptation to non-working role

The brinley plot on performance of older adults against performance of younger adults reveals that

As the rask becomes more difficult (requires more time), older adults are disproportionately slower

Biopsychological model of driving and aging

Biological, psychological, sociocultural

One type of problem solving called top down processing involves

Breaking a big problem into its component parts

A key factor that increases the risk of accidents for older adults is a

Confusing road sign

Trail Making Test

Evaluates frontal lobe functioning, focuses on attention, scanning of visual stimuli, and number sequencing.

Stroop Task

Interference effects between two tasks, one that's relatively automated and one that's less automated (controlled). We have difficulty selectively attending to a less automated task that competes with a more automated task. Reading words (more automated) vs. naming colors (less automated).

Seattle Longitudinal Study originated by

K. Warner Schaie

fact or myth: older workers are not as productive as younger ones because they're just waiting to retire

Myth! Evidence suggests that older workers are just as productive as younger ones.

fact or myth: older workers are less flexible than younger ones.

Myth! Older workers may be more likely to question changes, but they are just as likely as younger workers to adapt if the changes are well reasoned.

fact or myth: older workers aren't worth hiring because they'll just retire soon after starting.

Myth! Older workers stay at a job longer than younger ones, who may view jobs as stepping stones.

fact or myth: older workers take more sick days than younger workers

Myth! Older workers tend to have better regular job attendance than younger ones.

fact or myth: older workers can be easily replaced by younger ones

Myth! The workplace knowledge and expertise gained by older workers is often very difficult to replace and can take years to develop.

fact or myth: older workers are more expensive than younger ones.

Myth! With older workers, costs are lower for hiring, retention, training, and on the job accidents.

Older adults respond at slower or higher speeds than young adults

Slower speeds

The useful field of view

The amount of visual information a person can take in with a glance without eye or head movements

More likely to be involved in fatal accidents with blood alcohol levels of .08g/dL or higher

Young adults

The Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence

categorizes five major domains of abilities which each are indexed by a specific "G," or skill.

Super's life-space lifestyle factors: life roles

child, student, leisurite, worker, citizen, homemaker, parent

typically when people go through emotional labor it is because of fear of

discrimination

Borderline personality disorder increased risk due to

early life adversity

The median age at first marriage continues to

increase

subjective well-being

individuals' personal perceptions of their overall happiness and life satisfaction

staying with a job even if you do not get paid enough

intrinsic motivation

Massachusetts was first to

legalize same sex marriage

the rates of serious mental illness are consistently

lower across adulthood.

•2013 Supreme Court struck down Defense of Marriage Act making

same sex marriage legal in the U.S.

what is creativity?

the ability to generate ideas that are original, appropriate, and have a lasting impact on others

Women more likely to initiate divorce if

unhappy in the relationship

occupation as calling

•Calling is an individual's consuming passion for particular career domain •Fulfills identity and potential •Need not be altruistic in nature •Provides personal meaning and purpose.

Concerns regarding alcohol use and older adults

•Risk of cirrhosis of the liver •Higher rates of injury •Risk of adverse drug-alcohol interactions •Associated with certain living situations (retirement communities and nursing homes) •Present risk of developing neurocognitive disorder •Relationship to smoking must also be considered

why are the statistics about divorce misleading

- 50% rate not based on same couple because those who get married aren't the same as those who divorce in a given year - the divorce prone increases the apparent odds because some people get divorced more than once, they inflate the overall statistics

Holland's RIASEC model: conventional

- Accountant - Cashier - Clerk - Paralegal - Financial analyst

process of retirement: decision to retire

- Announcement of retirement date - Financial preparation

Bilingualism and aging

- Bilingualism - the ability to speak and think in two languages, actually helps with executive functioning. - Imaging shows better neural connectivity among bilinguals - Gains are not universal - not to all cognitive tasks

Holland's RIASEC model: artistic

- Dancer - Editor - Singer - Artist - Writer

Holland's RIASEC model: realistic

- Engineer - Farmer - Technician - Cook - Machinist

process of retirement: official retirement

- Final day of work - Recognition by employers and coworkers, - EMPLOYERS MIGHT GIVE GIFT

Super's life-space lifestyle factors: situation determinants

- Historical - Socioeconomic

Sociocultural perspectives on creativity and aging

- Individuals from minority or disadvantaged backgrounds do not derive the benefits from higher education and income - Eminence may be biased against women and Blacks who were overlooked in counts of productivity and aging - Current models of aging and creativity may therefore lack generalizability

Super's life-space lifestyle factors: environmental determinants

- Labor market - Employment practices

Criticisms of the Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging

- Overly normative, not inclusive or those who fail to meet each criterion - Fails to take into account sociocultural factors - Criteria are not well-specified in the model - Does not take into account subjective well-being

Super's life-space lifestyle factors: personal determinants

- Psychological - Biological

process of retirement: initial adjustment

- Shifts in use of time - Financial adaptation

Sociocultural aspects of driving and aging

- Social attitudes - availability of other transportation

intrinsic motivation includes

- specific to task itself - engages sense of identity - work pertains to feelings of competence, autonomy, and personal growth

Psychosocial influences on memory

- stress and depression - memory self-efficacy - stereotype threat

Sample tests of processing speed index

- symbol search - coding

In the WAIS-IV, a full-scale index

- verbal comprehension index - perceptual reasoning index - working memory index Processing speed index

Sample tests of verbal comprehension index

- vocabulary - similarities - information

Pikes Peak Model of Geropsychology Training

-be aware of attitudes and beliefs about aging -have genera; knowledge about the aging process -understand psychopathology in older adults -learn to use and interpret appropriate assessment tools -be aware of best practices in service provision

process of retirement: bridge employment/ blurred employment

Continued involvement in labor force

adolescent limited

Disruptive behavior that ends with teen years

Older pilots are more vulnerable to

Fatigue due to jet lag

Steps in Problem Solving

First assess the situation, decide on the desired end state, and then transform the current into the desired state

Tests of verbal fluency ask test takers to

Generate as many words as they can that begin with a single letter

When does the highest number of motor vehicle deaths occur

In the 20-24 year old age group

One type of problem solving called bottom up processing involves

Managing the smaller components first and then building up to larger solutions

Who is more likely to commit suicide?

Men more than women. ● In Male: >65 years old and health care professional. ● In Females: Middle aged women more than elderly women. Health care professionals > other professionals > non-professionals. _

Do everyday problems always have a clear end state?

No

different types of careers of vocational involvement

RIASEC model

What can help reduce accidents

Rotaries or roundabouts

Older pilots have better

Safety records

What is an example of a confusing road sign

The picture of confusion corner in Manitoba

Must draw a line connecting the circled numbers in sequence

Trail making test

extrinisic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective

Psychosocial influences on memory: memory self- efficacy

a form of self-efficacy that refers to the confidence one has in one's memory. •The degree to which one feels that tone can successfully complete a memory task. •Negative beliefs about one's memory can affect one's memory self-efficacy and feelings of depression.

Providing support to others can help lower one's

blood pressure

Increased TV watching among adults 65 and older (estimated to be around 47 hours/week) is linked to

social isolation

reminiscence bump

the fact that experiences from adolescence are generally recalled more than experiences from other stages of life

process of retirement: anticipatory period

- Changes in work attitudes - Financial assessment - THIS IS PLANNING such as "I think I want to retire"

Holland's RIASEC model: investigative

- Chemist - Economist - Physician - Computer scientist - Mathematician

Holland's RIASEC model: enterprising

- Chief executive - Entrepreneur - Manager - Salesperson - Lawyer

Holland's RIASEC model: social

- Coach - Teacher - Massage therapist - Psychiatric aide - Waitperson

Benefits of video games and attention

- The cognitive benefits of video games are getting established - Games help with response speed, improving attentional control, tracking of multiple inputs, making finer-grained distinctions better decisions - Most of these studies have been done on younger people. - Can older adults access these benefits too? - Some research supports this. - Video game training also seem to help with driving abilities, including improving useful field of view (UFOV) - a task that tests people's ability to respond to stimuli appearing in the periphery of their vision

extrinsic motivation includes

- accompany the job but not central to it - salary, conditions of work, work climate - don't engage sense of identity

psychological aspects of driving and aging

- acuity - night vision - headline glare - anxiety - confusion

process of retirement

- anticipatory period - decision to retire - official retirement - initial adjustment - stabilization - bridge employment/ blurred employment

widowhood shows there are five characteristic patterns

- chronic depression - chronic grief (minority) - depression-improved - common grief - resilient (most common)

Assessment methods with older adults

- clinical interview - mental status exam - specific symptom tests - functional abilities

Simonton's model of creativity predicts creative output from these three components:

- creative potential - number of ideas - ability to turn ideas into products

Sample tests of working memory index

- digit span - arithmetic

facts about divorce

- divorce rates on the decline - length of average marriage is 8 years - 10% of adults are divorced

sources of workplace stress

- emotional labor - lack of job fairness - amount of workplace control

The long-term memory and aging scorecard for abilities that decline

- episodic memory - source memory - false memory - retrieval memory - perspective memory

According to the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, wisdom incorporates a set of complex cognitive abilities including

- factual knowledge - procedural knowledge - value relativism - management of uncertainty - lifespan contextualism

The use of method of loci as a way to improve long-term memory

- imagine a place you know well - mentally walk through each room, associating items you want to remember with that room - to recall those items, retrace your steps

Forms of financial abuse with older adults

- lottery scams - grandparent scams - romance scams - internal revenue service imposter scams - tech support scams - security fraud - health care fraud

Reduction in collisions with roundabout reasons

- low travel speeds - no light to beat One-way travel

Sample tests of perceptual reasoning index

- matrix reasoning - visual puzzles - block design

Biological aspects of driving and aging

- mobility - strength - coordination - pain

Conditions that can contribute to depression in older adults

- mobility limitations - hypertension - sensory impairments - pain - stroke - lack of vitamin D - tooth loss - sleep disturbance - metabolic syndrome and diabetes

what are the five domains of abilities for the Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of intelligence?

- motor - perception - controlled attention - knowledge - speed

worker factors that contribute to improvement in job performance

- openness to change - greater expertise - fewer absences - know the ropes - fewer injuries

job factors that contribute to decline in performance

- physical exertion - shift work - age bias - lack of collaboration - cognitive effort

The language and aging scorecard on abilities that contribute to decline

- reading rate - hearing and speech - speed - retrieval - working memory

Holland's RIASEC model proposes that all occupations are organized according to six basic types including....

- realistic - investigative - artistic - social - enterprising - conventional

The language and aging scorecard on abilities that contribute to stability

- semantic memory - "gist" of story - gestures - Experience

The long-term memory and aging scorecard for abilities that are stable

- semantic memory - flashbulb memory - implicit memory - procedural memory

Health related factors that can influence memory in older adults

- smoking - diet - aerobic exercise - strength training

Three approaches to explaining subjective well-being in later adulthood include

- social indicator model - paradox of well-being - set point perspective

Problems with the RIASEC Model

-interests may not equal abilities -incongruence can come from boredom -doesn't take prestige into account -assumes equal job opportunities

The dynamics of the breakup

-negative emotional outcomes include anxiety, depression, loss of trust -being able to "save face" may help divorced partners feel less negatively about the experience Research shows the importance of being able to protect one's identity as individuals go through the divorce process

health factors affecting aging of intelligence

-people with more active engagement show less decline -among men, obesity predicts lower intelligence scores -greater decline among smokers

Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging

1) absence of disease/disability 2) Maintenance of mental and physical function 3) Active engagement with life

Ageism and its effect on service provision

1. assume aging associated with depression 2. react to clients as to their own family members 3. believe that older adults don't need special treatment 4. set stage for harmful self-stereotypes

warning signs to watch out for indicating that older adults may need to seek mental health treatment.

1.Changes in mood 2.Memory loss 3.Change in sleep habits, such as difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much 4.Sudden decrease or increase in appetite 5.Anger or irritability 6.Inability to experience positive emotions 7.Feelings of restlessness 8.Withdrawal from family and friends 9.Engaging in new, risky behaviors 10.Difficulty maintaining daily routines

percent of people aged 18 and older who are divorced

10%

percent of people aged 18 and older who are separated

2%

how much of people aged 65 and older heavily use alcohol

2.3

alcohol use is most common in the age group of

21-25 year olds

how old are the majority of the workforce people?

25 to 54 years old

Same sex marriage is legal in how many countries

27 countries

percent of people aged 18 and older who were never married

29%

by age 85 how many people are widowed within gender

33% of men and 70% of women

Percent of those in 18- 25 year age group who are users of any illicit substance within the past year

34.3

how many of the adult learners are involved in English as a second language?

40%

how many adults aged 17 and older are engaged in some form of adult education?

44%

The average age in same sex households is about

47 years old

WCST performance maintained through midlife but shows some age-related effects later in adulthood, perhaps related to (executive functioning)

Changes in brain regions

Accumulation of information theory

Cognitive aging caused by accumulation of information that takes longer to sift through

Adults 75 and older perform more poorly in general on the

Everyday problems test but there are significant variations by education

Education can play a role in scores on measures of

Executive functioning

Video gaming and exergaming can have beneficial effects on

Executive functioning

fact or myth: older workers learn new skills to stay competitive in the workplace.

Fact! Many take courses to enhance their skills helping to keep up with changing technologies or practices.

fact or myth: older workers are a good fit to startup companies.

Fact! The experience older workers bring to new companies can be valuable, particularly in times of uncertainty.

fact or myth: older workers try hard to get a task done right the first time.

Fact! While older workers may not work as quickly, they strive to get the tasks done right the first time without any mistakes. Speed does not always produce the best results!

fact or myth: older workers are team players.

Fact! With experience comes a better understanding of one's strengths and weaknesses, which can be invaluable in a team setting

risks of depression combined with diabetes

In one large scale study of older adults living in the community followed for over 13 years, those with both depressive symptoms and diabetes had high rates of mortality associated with a higher inflammatory response associated with C-reactive protein.

inhibitory deficit hypothesis

Inability to tune out irrelevant information

general slowing hypothesis

Loss of attentional resources leads to longer times to respond

positive features of the work of older artists

More expressive, less realistic Accumulation of symbolism More freedom in use of paint strokes Richer in meaning

living apart together

More older adults in long-term relationships are choosing not to live together or get married

negative features of the work of older artists

More pessimistic view of life Sense of isolation Choice of tragic themes Feeling of imminent departure

hoarding disorder is a form of

OCD

subjective well-being in later adulthood: paradox of well-being

Older adults are able to overcome objective circumstances

subjective well-being in later adulthood: Social indicator model

Older adults have less and so should be unhappier

subjective well-being in later adulthood: set point perspective

Personality determines happiness levels

Memory training with older adults can be effective with

Practice, strategy use, and support during encoding; the ACTIVE study shows the long-term benefits of cognitive training

Problem solving in later life involves a balance between

The less effective analytic strategies an older adult may use and better heuristics

Suicide rates by age

The older you get the more likely it becomes; Less than 20 is significantly lower than the rest of the age groups

The test taker is shown screens with a set of 4 stimuli and must guess whether the stimulus shown below matches or not

Wisconsin card sorting test

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Communication predicament model

a predicament where older adults are thought of as mentally incapacitated, leading younger people to speak to them in a simplified manner (using elderspeak). Over time, this can have the effect of reducing the older adult's actual ability to use language.

the trolley problem

a test of post-formal logic because there is no "right" answer in deciding whether to pull the switch to save the 5 and kill the one or do nothing and the 5 will be hit by the trolley.

marriage is defined as

a union between partners sanctioned by law

Seattle Longitudinal Study systematically investigated

age, cohort, and time of testing

it is expected to have more 65+ working in the workforce when

as the years pass by

Evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Retirement is best thought of as a process that

evolves over stages until stabilization is achieved.

WHO Model of Active Aging includes

gender and culture which makes it unique

what might be an example of emotional labor

having to cover up something such as sexual orientation

emotional labor

having to put on an act to cover your real feelings

Older couples, for better or for worse, often engage in the same types of

health behaviors

what is common with hoarding disorder?

health risks due to falls

Legalization of same sex marriage leads to

longer-lasting relationships

who almost always has higher earnings in the workforce

males

the majority of people aged 65 and older use what substance on average

marijuana

how many become hoarders after age 40?

nearly 25%

later testing of the longitudinal study included additional measures, including

neuroimaging, personality tests, and health data.

Seattle Longitudinal Study earliest drops in intelligence involved

numeric ability

The negative vs. positive features of the work of older artists, called the

old age style.

•Psychosocial stressors play greater role in (schizophrenia

older adults

how many adult learners are ages 70 or older

one-fifth, 21%

of those taking adult education, how many are taking courses relevant to work?

one-quarter, 27%

Older adults are increasingly using

online dating apps and companies are taking note by creating apps specifically geared toward the 50-and-older market

congruence explains

patterns of vocational development; Are you in a job that is a good fit for you

Psychosocial influences on memory: stereotype threat

people perform in ways consistent with negative stereotypes of the group to which they see themselves as belonging.

•Friendship types range from

peripheral to close

Family relationships promote

physical health and well-being in older adults.

The Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence (OFCI) model regards personality openness as a

protective factor against cognitive decline in later adulthood

Positive relationships among siblings can offer

protective support in older age

hoarding disorder shows substantial impairments in

psychiatric, functional, cognitive, and medical status

Strong friendships play an important role in

reducing the risk of developing chronic illness among older adults.

California has the highest number in the U.S.

same-sex marriages

widowhood effect

the impact of the death is so strong that surviving spouses tend to die earlier than expected

•Socioemotional selectivity theory explains why people prefer

their old friends

as the years increase so does... in the workforce

there were more 16 to 24 years olds and recently and continuing to progress this way there will be more 55 to 64 years olds than 16 to 24 year olds in the workforce

it is expected that workers ages 25 to 54 will decrease in the workforce when

throughout the years

1.Volunteering, especially at community-based events, positively impacts

well-being for older adults.

-People who study vocational development would give people an idea of

what types of jobs they would fit.

attraction effect

when adding of an inferior brand to a consideration set increases the attractiveness of the dominant brand Ex: printer A being $30 and medium quality and printer B being $40 and higher quality. There is a 50/50 chance for each printer to be chosen but then printer C is added and it costs $100 and is somewhat higher quality and now 70% will choose option B

Personality is influenced by

where you work

are there still people who work after the age of 65?

yes

can intrinsic and extrinsic motivation overlap?

yes

can intrinsic motivation go down if extrinsic motivation is low

yes

Scaffolding theory of memory

•According to the scaffolding theory, older adults can recruit alternate neural circuits as needed by task demands as shown by these potential routes.

steps older drivers can take to improve their driving

•Exercise to increase strength and flexibility •Avoid drug-drug interactions •Vision tests •Drive during daylight and good weather •Find safest routes (well-lit streets, arrows at lights, easy parking) •Plan route before driving •Leave enough room in front •Avoid distractions (including food, pets) •Consider alternatives to driving

marriage provides what benefits

•Financial, health care, and death benefits

Forms of anxiety disorders (prevalence 65-84 years)

•Generalized Anxiety Disorder (3.1%) •Panic Disorder (3.8%) •Agoraphobia (4.9%) •Specific Phobia (animal phobia 3.5%) •Social Anxiety Disorder (1.3%)

Psychosocial influences on memory: stress and depression

•Generally stress and depression are major risk factors for poor memory.

Critiques of video games and attention

•Young adults show advantages, but those who choose to play may be self-selected. •Research on older adults attempting to show positive effects, but the field is fraught with difficulty: •"Best" games may not be enjoyable; Programs change •Software malfunctions; Hardware malfunctions

schizophrenia lifestyle factors related to higher mortality associated with

•mortality associated with tobacco, alcohol/other drugs, and accidental deaths

schizophrenia is relatively

•rare, but population disease burden is growing