PSYCH 465 EXAM 2

Kohlberg's pre-conventional stage of moral development is best described by which of the following statements:

(1) What is rewarded is right and what is punished is bad. Focus is on outcomes not intent For example, someone in this stage would say: "Heinz should not steal the medicine because he will be put in prison" (2) What is good for me is good for you - reciprocity of needs. E.g., : "Heinz should steal because he will be really happy if he saves his wife's life"

Logical reasoning reaches maturity at approximately ( ) years old, while psychosocial development reaches maturity at approximately ( ) years old.

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According to Steinberg (2007), risk-taking occurs more often among adolescents than adults because:

Adolescents take more risks than adults because they are... Irrational Unaware Inattentive Invisible Adolescents take more risks than adults because they... Do not have the information they need to make appropriate decisions Use different information to make decisions better psychosocial maturity and logical reasoning cognitive control component is more developed

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the definition of emotion regulation:

Being able to control your emotions for how you feel and show them as well as when you feel and show them

Supporting the development of positive emotion/self-regulation during early childhood is important because:

Being able to regulate your emotions meant that you would be able to accomplish goals and functions in society

Although we do not have a single, clear definition of emotions, there are a set of agreed upon features of emotion. Which of the following is reflected in that list?

Biologically based; has evolved over time; broadly labeled as a response system; specifically described as a tool by which we appraise experiences, register the significance of the experience, and subsequently respond to the experience; fluid and often unseen

Killen and Rutland (2011) refers to the false belief Theory of Mind task to show that when attributing blame:

Children who did not pass the false belief ToM task were more likely to attribute negative intentions to an accidental transgressor than children who passed, and to use moral reasons when blaming the accidental transgressor a child's ability to understand that others have different intentions from the self is related to their attributions of intentional wrong-doing of peers children who do not have false belief knowledge may be more likely to accuse their friends of wrong-doing unfairly (when the act is accidental)

Emotion/self-regulation is a developmental process that is best described by which of the following processes:

ER - A set of processes involving the generation of an emotion followed by the management of that emotion (how they experience/express it) SR - The ability to manage emotions, focus attention, and inhibit some behaviors while activating others in accordance with social expectations and specific goals the ability to inhibit a dominant response in favor of a subdominant one - referred to as effortful control a set of cognitive skills (e.g., attention focusing, working memory) and a set of behavioral skills (e.g., impulse control)

According to research by Eng (2012), which of the following groups suppress their emotions the most?

East Asians in Japan suppress their emotions the most

Kochanska et al. (1996) examined associations between inhibitory control and internalization and found:

Found that both early and concurrent inhibitory control observed and reported by mothers predicts preschool internalization of social expectations

Bub and colleagues (2016) examined the long-term benefits of self-regulation for body mass index and general health and found:

Found that self-regulation predicts later physical and mental health as well as later adjustment and school readiness

According to Steinberg (2007), which of the following would be the most effective way to prevent risky behaviors among adolescents?

Interventions should focus on limiting opportunities for immature judgment, Greater enforcement of alcohol and cigarettes sales, more access to mental health and contraceptive services

According to Cole et al. (2004), a key aspect of emotion regulation has to do with:

It had to do with the fact that it proposes to account for how and why emotions organize or facilitate other psychological processes and yet why they can have detrimental effects

Although there is no single definition of morality, markers of moral development include which of the following:

Knowing right from wrong Behaving in accordance with these values Feeling good about our behaviors Or feeling guilty about failing to live up to moral standards

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of Kohlberg's theory of moral development:

Later stages of development are rarely found among people in traditional or rural communities (Eventually had to drop level 6) Developed his theory based primarily on the white men he studied early on He viewed moral development as a steady upward march (when someone reaches a higher stage, he/she is not likely to reason at a lower stage)

According to Piaget's stages of moral development, the progression from the heteronomous stage to the autonomous stage is best characterized by which of the following:

Rules go from authoritive & unbreakable to moral & challangeable

Piaget's and Kohlberg's models of moral development suggested that early moral reasoning is largely mandated by rules handed down from figures of authority (e.g., parents, teachers, the government). Social Domain Theory (Smetana's work) challenged this idea by showing that:

Social domain theory suggests that children learn morals from social contexts from their peers

Which of the following is a behavioral marker for emotion regulation in toddlers?

Soothed by self (often using objects) Some conversation about emotions Response to emotions

Which of the following Kohlberg's stages of moral development would most adults in the US fall into?

Stage 4: Morality means following the rules of society

The main difference between the Social Intuitionist Model and Piaget or Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development is:

Suggests that morality derives more from intuition in a given social situation than from moral reasoning Cognitive processes only come into play when we must justify our decisions Responses to many moral situations are automatic

Piaget outlined three stages of moral development, including the "premoral", "heteronomous", and "autonomous" stages. Which of the following best describes the heteronomous stage?

ages 4-7 Children have developed a clear respect for rules View rules as stemming from authority figures (Parents, teachers, police, older children, God, etc.) Rules are seen as unchangeable Following rules is good, breaking rules is bad The intentions of those involved are not considered focus on outcome, not intentions

Definitions of the term morality emphasize concepts from the following fields:

cognition, affect, and behavior

Killen and Rutland (2011) link the development of morality with which of the following:

the dynamic between developing morality and group identity reflects the crux of prejudice as it emerges in childhood Morality Encompasses Judgment, Emotions, Individuals, and Groups