Psych AP Ch. 2 Test

surveys and interviews can be problematic because of ________ and ___________ _____________________

bias and social expectation

In internal validity, we want to know whether the results are free from ________ and logical ___________

bias, error

regardless of research method some of the most important decisions are (1) and (2)

1) who will be the participants 2.) where will the research be conducted

what involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time

longitudinal design

the ________________ of the correlation tells us about the strength of the relationship (the closer the number is to +1/-1, the stronger the relationship)

magnitude

experimental research ________________ variables to see if the outcome is then affected; demonstrates cause and affect

manipulates

give mean, median, and mode definitions

mean- average median- middle score mode- most occurring number

what is a single number that indicates the overall characteristics of a set of data; mean, median, and mode

measure of central tendency

what describes how much the scores in a sample differ from one another; range, standard deviation

measure of dispersion

what is an in-depth look at a single individual

case-study

correlation does not equal _______________; only states that there is a relationship between the two variables

causation

longitudinal designs provide ways by which correlational researchers may attempt to demonstrate causal relationships but cannot prove ________________

causation

What is a statistical procedure that summarizes a large body of evidence from the research literature on a particular topic

meta-analysis

Nuns who wrote happier autobiographies were associated with high ______________

mortality/longevity

a ______________ is a harmless substance that has no physiological effect; allows researchers to determine whether the results are due to manipulation or participants results

placebo

what occurs when participants' expectations, rather than the experimental treatment, produces an experimental outcome without influence

placebo effect

Why was the nun study so important

potential extraneous third variables are relatively identical for all when in the group, so there is little chance that differences would arise in the study

case studies are mainly performed by _____________ __________________ and test __________ groups to figure out specific info (not generalizable to the wider population)

clinical psychologists; small

psychologists often manipulate the social context of an experiment with the help of a _________________ which is a person who is given a role to play in a study

confederate

conclusions and publications enhance the __________________ and _______________ of experiments

confidence and reliability

a(n) ____________________ group is as much like the experimental group as possible except for the manipulated variable

control

Dan McAdams used _________________ research to probe individuals descriptions of their most powerful positive experiences

correlational

The purpose of ________________ research is to examine whether and how two variable change together

correlational

____________________ research is interested in discovering relationships between two variables

correlational

What is the degree of relation between two variables that is expressed as a numerical value

correlational coefficient (r)

____________________ research is also helpful in cases where it would be unethical to do the research in any other way and can measure _______________ variables

correlational, multiple

what is a type of correlational study in which variables are measured at a single point in time

cross-sectional design

________ is all the information researchers collect in a study

data

conclusions are based on the results of the ________ ________________

data analyses

A key aspect of the process of testing hypotheses is _______ _______________

data analysis

what is any aspect of a study that communicates to participants how the experimenter wants them to behave; can be difficult to avoid

demand characteristic

what is the variable that may change as a result of manipulations

dependent variable

Abraham Maslow believed people who were healthiest and happiest were capable of having intense moments of awe; used _______________ case study approach

descriptive

________________ research involves finding out about the basic dimensions of some variable and describing some phenomenon

descriptive

__________________ research methods include observation, surveys, interviews, and case studies

descriptive

what are mathematical procedures researchers have developed to describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way and reveal the bigger picture

descriptive statistics

a _______________________ design does not randomly assign participants to condition because such assignment is either impossible or unethical and does not allow for strong causal conclusions

quasi-experimental

what is the essential aspect of experimental research called when participants are assigned by researchers to groups at chance

random assignment

a __________________ gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected

random sample

give definition of range and standard deviation

range- distance between smallest and largest number standard deviation- how much scores vary around the mean; used most commonly in psychological research

If the same results are produced again and again with different researchers and different specific methods, it is ________________

reliable

A key step after a study has been published is ___________________

replication

What is the difference between external and internal validity

external refers to the degree to which a experiment actually reflects real world issues while internal refers to the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are genuinely due to manipulation

What does the satisfaction with life scale do

helps to operationally define variables

Descriptive research allows researchers to get a sense of a subject, but it cannot answer questions about what

how and why things are the way they are

A theory can generate _________________

hypotheses

What is an educated guess that derives logically from a theory; an expectation that can be tested

hypothesis

What are some differences between theories and hypotheses

hypothesis is logically derived from a theory; a theory is a testable set of PROPOSITIONS while a hypothesis is a testable EXPECTATION

what occurs when the behavior of research participants during the experiment is influenced by how they think they are supposed to behave

research participant bias

what occurs when the experimenter's expectations influence the outcome of the research

experimenter bias

what occurs when an outside variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship bt 2 other variable

3rd variable problem

David Snowdan conducted the what

Nun study (longevity and happiness study)

What is the difference between direct replication and conceptual replication

direct replication does the study precisely as it was conducted originally while conceptual uses different methods and different types of samples

a correlation experiment CAN be conducted on variables but correlation cannot tell us the _______________ of a link

direction

you can interview people ______________ or __________________

directly or indirectly

a design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group or control group

double-blind experiment

What is gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning (gaining knowledge by observing objective evidence)

empirical method

__________________ is the step of the scientific method that never really ends

evaluating

What may be used in correlational research to track individuals in their natural setting

experience sampling method (ESM)

____________________ research concerns establishing causal relationships between variable

experimental

a(n) ______________________ group consists of the participants in an experiment who are exposed to the change/manipulation

experimental

researchers cannot demonstrate causation without ___________________ research

experimental

a negative sign means that as one variable ________________, the other variable ________________

increases, decreases

a positive sign means that as one variable ________________, the other variable _________________

increases, increases

what are two of the most important concepts in psychological research

independent and dependent variable

what is the manipulated experimental factor

independent variable

________________ ________________ gives the odds that observed differences were due to chance

inferential statistics

in order to test predictions about a samples, a researcher needs _________________ ______________

inferential statistics

what are the mathematical methods used to indicate whether the data sufficiently supports a research hypothesis

inferential statistics

What are the 5 steps of the scientific method

observing some phenomenon, hypothesizing and predicting, testing, drawing conclusions, evaluating the theory

what provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study

operational definition

The __________ of the correlation tells us about the direction of the relation between variable

sign (+,-)

observation requires an important set of ___________ and also are required to be _________________ (who, when, where, how)

skills, systematic

The correlation coefficient tells of about the ___________ and _________________ of the relationship between 2 variable

strength and direction

researchers combine results to strengthen the __________/_________________

study/knowledge

Theories are a _______________ ______ ___ __________________ that describe something important about the world and allow scientists to make predictions

testable set of propositions

science is defined not by _________ it investigates but by _______ it investigates

what; how

external validity refers to if the experimental methods and results are applicable to what

the real world

What is a broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations; tells us about the relations between variables on a conceptual level

theory

True or false: there is not just one operation definition for any variable, but multiple diverse operational definitions given by researchers

true

true or false: all three types of research can be used to address the same topic

true

_____________ refers to the soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws

validity

what is anything that can change

variable

correlational studies allow researchers to make predictions about ________________ and are helpful for studying ____________________/____________________ events

variables, real-world/everyday

The critically thinking psychologist sees something in the world and wants to know what

why or how something is the way it is