Psych Assessment Study Guide
If people who are taller also tend to be heavier, then the most likely value of the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient between height and weight is _____.
+.50
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 _____.
. made it illegal for employers to use separate race-related norms for employment testing
If the correlation between scores on an intelligence test and annual income is .30, the coefficient of determination is _____.
.09
The Rorschach Inkblot Test consists of _____ stimulus cards.
10
The development of the MMPI began with a pool of _____ items selected from a wide variety of sources.
1000
If you conduct a study to test the correlation between two variables and the sample size is 145, what are the degrees of freedom?
143
Cattell developed this personality test by first identifying all the adjectives that describe personality traits and then using statistical analyses to arrive at basic dimensions that account for all the trait variables. This test is the _____.
16PF
The _____, a structured personality test, was developed primarily through factor analysis.
16PF
The WISC-V has _____ index scores.
5
What is the mean of the following distribution of scores? 2, 2, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 9
5.545
Jonah is a 10-year-old child. Jonah was found to have a mental age of 5 on the 1916 Stanford-Binet scale. This means that their intelligent quotient (IQ) would be _____.
50
A test has a reliability coefficient of .77. This coefficient means that _____.
77% of the variance in test scores is true score variance, and 23% is error variance
Suppose you are in the 87th percentile on a test. This means that _____.
87% of the students got a score lower than your score
Corbin would like to join the military. Which test is Corbin likely to take?
ASVAB
Who was a student of Levy's who was especially interested in studying "configurational tendencies" in Rorschach responses?
Beck
Evidence suggests that _____ developed the earliest systematic program of psychological testing.
China
_____ assumes that each person has a true score that would be obtained if there were no errors in measurement.
Classical test score theory
The _____ is a personality test that yields ipsative scores.
EPPS
Which test is used for making employment decisions in government agencies?
GATB
_____ are obtained by administering a particular test to a defined group and obtaining the distribution of scores for that group.
Norms
The correlation between two continuous variables is expressed by _____.
Pearson r
_____ are points that divide the frequency distribution into equal fourths, or 25%, while _____ divide the distribution by 10%.
Quartiles; deciles
Who developed a test to use inkblots for identifying psychological disorders?
Rorschach
An examiner administering the WAIS-IV asks Janan a series of questions, such as "In what way are the sun and the moon alike?" The examiner is administering which subtest?
Similarities
Card 4 of the _____ is a picture of a woman "clutching the shoulders of a man whose face and body are averted as if he were trying to pull away from her."
TAT
Which statement best explains why the use of psychological testing declined among psychologists beginning in the 1950s through the 1970s?
The public increasingly criticized the potentially intrusive nature of psychological testing and feared the misuse of tests
Which statement is true of the work of German psychophysicists Herbart, Weber, Fechner, and Wundt?
This body of work established the idea that psychological testing requires rigorous experimental control.
Which Wechsler subtest is one of the most stable measures of general verbal intelligence?
Vocabulary
A psychologist examined the correlation between scores on a test of verbal reasoning (variable X) and years in school (variable Y). The psychologist administered the verbal reasoning test to a group of 11th grade students. The psychologist will find _____.
a correlation close to 0.00, due to restriction of range on variable Y
As the amount of study time increases, so do students' course grades. This is an example of _____.
a positive correlation
The parent-child relationship is a possible explanation of the observed relationship between experiencing parental divorce and childhood anxiety. This is an example of _____.
a third variable explanation
If the ACT had a validity coefficient of .35 for predicting GPA at your institution, what is the variation in academic success based on ACT scores?
a. .12
_____ for a poor test item would show that people with different test scores were equally likely to get the item correct.
a. An item characteristic curve
In 2002, the _____ of the Graduate Record Examination Test (GRE) was/were changed from a multiple-choice to an essay format.
a. Analytical Reasoning section
Questions such as "A man sells 12 apples at 25 cents apiece. How much money did they make?" might be found on the _____ subtest of the _____ scale of the WAIS-IV.
a. Arithmetic; Verbal
Which of the following is true regarding an interview and a test?
a. Both are used to make predictions about a person's behavior.
The _____ attempts to evaluate personality in normally adjusted individuals and is commonly used in counseling settings.
a. CPI
Which of the following interest inventories is designed for individuals with limited or no college education?
a. Career Assessment Inventory
Use of computer technology to collect data from subjects about their moment-to-moment heart rate and blood pressure in their own environments is an example of _____.
a. Ecological Momentary Assessment
Which ability test is the quickest, easiest, and least expensive to administer?
a. G-HDT
Which of the following is the most likely outcome for Bradley, who is a right-handed man and suffered a massive stroke in the left hemisphere of the brain?
a. He will experience language problems.
Types such as Realistic, Investigative, and Conventional are associated with _____ career-related theory.
a. Holland's
Which of the following is a psychometric property of the WAIS-III?
a. Internal consistency reliabilities for the non-speeded subtests are very strong.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet?
a. It was the first personality inventory ever developed.
Which of the following best described Internet dating services?
a. Most of the methods used to create matches are unavailable for scientific examination and are hidden from the public.
Lucy is being administered a nonverbal ability test consisting of a series of designs or patterns with missing parts. Lucy must select the part that fits the design or completes the pattern from as many as eight choices. Lucy is being administered the _____.
a. Raven Progressive Matrices (RPM)
Which of the following is one of the general rules for using results from group ability tests?
a. Refer subjects for individual testing if there is doubt regarding the results of a group test.
Who viewed intelligence in terms of general mental ability as well as specific factors?
a. Spearman
_____ share the assumption that humans possess characteristics or traits that are stable, vary from individual to individual, and can be measured.
a. Structured personality tests
In a recent study, teachers were trained to raise expectations for math performance for all students. A control group did not get this training. What was found?
a. Students whose teachers had high expectations training achieved significantly great gains in math performance in comparison to those whose teachers did not get this training.
Which of the following is true regarding the debate over a general or specific factor of intelligence?
a. The debate continues.
Which of the following is true regarding the conditions of a validity study?
a. They are never exactly reproduced.
Which of the following is considered an advantage of group ability tests over individual ability tests?
a. They have more objective and reliable scoring procedures.
A quick intelligence test used to help make employment decisions in business and industry is the _____.
a. Wonderlic Personnel Test
To support legislation that recommends multiple assessments for the identification of children in need of special educational services, WPPSI-IV, like the earlier WPPSI-III, is compatible with measures of _____.
a. adaptive functioning
A student is taking the 1908 Binet-Simon scale and has been asked to recall six items from a passage. What age level is being assessed?
a. age level 9
Henry is right-handed and has experienced a stroke that affected the right side of the brain. Which of the following may Henry experience?
a. an inability to draw objects
To draw _____, researchers need to define discrete categories of test performance.
a. an item characteristic curve
Imagine that the National Football League were considering using a test to help make decisions about which players would be drafted into the professional league. The percentage of people who are drafted into the National Football League without the use of the test is the _____.
a. base rate
What is the first step in developing interviewing skills?
a. becoming familiar with research and theory on the interview in order to understand the principles and underlying variables in the interview
Which of the following are used by job analysts to describe the activities and working conditions usually associated with a job title, such as noting how often an employee attends meeting for the job?
a. checklists
A review of the results of funding decisions made by the National Institutes of Health found that the lower rates of approval found for Asian applicants was associated with the applicants' _____.
a. citizenship status
Developers of a sensation-seeking scale found that scores on the scale were highly correlated with self-reported frequency of alcohol and drug use. This finding most clearly provides _____ evidence for the validity of the sensation-seeking scale.
a. convergent construct-related
The Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) was developed through the _____ approach.
a. criterion-group
Margo has identified observable behaviors that differentiate successful from unsuccessful employees. These are called _____.
a. critical incidents
If a test is being used to make a dichotomous decision, the _____ marks the point of decision.
a. cutting score
A central problem of the 1937 revision of the Stanford-Binet scale was that _____.
a. different age groups showed significant differences in the standard deviation of IQ scores
The total product of the various separate and distinct elements of intelligence, according to Binet, is called _____.
a. general mental ability
Approaches to quality-of-life assessment based on decision theory _____.
a. give weights to different dimensions of health to arrive at a single measure of health status
A central difference between a level-one response and a level-two response is that the latter response _____.
a. is superficially related to the interviewee's statement
One of the main limitations of item analysis is that _____.
a. it does not help students learn what they are doing wrong
Which of the following is a major cause of disability among women around the world?
a. major depressive disorders
The mental status exam is used primarily in the diagnosis of _____.
a. major mental disorders
Construct-irrelevant variance is closest to which of the following concepts?
a. measurement error
A person's equivalent age capability is referred to as their _____.
a. mental age
According to Spearman, g can be best conceptualized as _____.
a. mental energy
One criticism of the Wechsler intelligence scale is that the role of _____ is evident.
a. nonintellective factors
Sarah is participating on the job as though they were one of the workers in order to learn more about the nature of the job. What is this called?
a. participant-observation method
Results from group tests are most commonly reported as _____.
a. percentiles or other type of standard score
The forecasting function of tests is actually a type or form of criterion validity evidence known as _____.
a. predictive validity evidence
An interviewer can have a calming effect on the interviewee if they engage in which of the following?
a. remaining relaxed
Several studies have shown that Black college students tend to get lower grades in college in comparison to White students who are equally prepared. What is a common explanation for this finding?
a. stereotype threat
Dr. Saunders is administering a test. At the beginning of the test, they say, "I am going to show you some pictures. I want you to tell me a story about each picture. Tell me what led up to the story, what is happening, what the characters are thinking and feeling, and what the outcome will be." What test is Dr. Saunders administering?
a. the TAT
Incremental validity refers to _____.
a. the amount of information a test provides beyond what is known without using the test
Which level of empathy response represents various degrees of true empathy and may be used in all types of unstructured or semistructured interviews?
a. three
The projective hypothesis suggests that _____.
a. when we interpret ambiguous stimuli, we project our own thoughts, needs, and conflicts onto those stimuli
When information in the stem of an item is irrelevant to the question or concept being assessed, which problem does the item have?
a. window dressing
Jerome is taking a test where they are scored in terms of both speed and accuracy. This is a(n) _____.
ability test
Administering two supposedly equivalent forms of test to the same group of individuals yields a correlation coefficient indicating _____.
alternative forms reliability
As part of the scholarship application for a summer dramatic arts program, 12-year-old Sharon completed a test that assessed their potential for acquiring acting-specific skills. Sharon has taken a(n) _____ test
aptitude
What value of validity coefficients is considered adequate?
b. .30 to .40
Researchers have found that a _____ scale on a test employing a category format is sufficient for discriminating among individuals.
b. 10-point
On all the Wechsler scales, subtest scores have a mean of _____ and a standard deviation of _____, whereas the Full Scale IQ has a mean of _____ and a standard deviation of _____.
b. 10; 3; 100; 15
If researchers found a criterion validity coefficient of .40 for an achievement test, it would mean that _____.
b. 16% of the variation in the criterion can be explained by variation in achievement test scores
Both the SAT and the Verbal section of the GRE have standard mean scores of _____ and standard deviations of _____.
b. 500; 100
The roots of clinical neuropsychology can be traced to _____.
b. Broca and Wernicke
Which of the following measures the strategies, processes, and errors made on learning tasks that are associated with specific neurological deficits?
b. California Verbal Learning Test
_____ is defined as the scientific discipline that studies the relationship between behavior and brain functioning in the realms of cognitive, motor, sensory, and emotional functioning.
b. Clinical neuropsychology
_____ applied the concept of survival of the fittest to the study of individual differences among human beings in his bookHereditary Genius.
b. Frances Galton
Why was the standardization sample of the 1916 Stanford-Binet scale considered inadequate?
b. It was comprised exclusively of white children from California.
The concept of pluripotentiality is associated with the _____.
b. Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
Which statement is true regarding the psychometric properties of the GRE?
b. Predictive validity regarding first-year graduate school grades is less than adequate.
Juan is completing a scale of the original MMPI that measured introversion and extroversion. Which scale is this?
b. Si scale
Raw scores on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) are converted into standard scores called _____ that have a mean of _____.
b. T scores; 50
Stimuli of the _____ consist of pictures that depict a variety of scenes.
b. TAT
Miguel is examining data that has recently been collected and finds that five items load high on a factor. What does this mean?
b. The five items represent the same underlying construct.
Which of the following is not a potential problem created by the inclusion of ineffective distractors on a test?
b. They can decrease the time examinees spend on items.
You are taking a personality assessment that asks you to select one of five alternatives (e.g., strongly disagree to strongly agree) for the item "I am afraid of snakes." This is an example of _____.
b. a Likert format
Which of the following is not common in personality assessments?
b. a Likert format d. the adjective checklist
Which of the following describes the item characteristic curve of a "good" test item?
b. a curve that rises steadily and smoothly to the highest performance levels
The gf-gc theory of intelligence is _____.
b. a theory that proposes two basic types of intelligence
The tendency to agree or mark "True" regardless of content is referred to as _____.
b. acquiescence
Which of the following were the two guiding principles for Binet's test construction?
b. age differentiation and general mental ability
Graphing scores on individual test items results in _____.
b. an item characteristic curve
What is the amount of variance a particular variable holds in common with other variables?
b. common variance
Which of the following can help reduce cultural distortions in interview data?
b. conducting structured interviews
The Commission of Sex Bias in Measurement concluded that career interest inventories _____.
b. contributed to policies that guided men and women into gender-typed careers
Dr. Bunny found that the test item "I would rather eat jellybeans on Monday than on Tuesday" successfully discriminated between people with schizophrenia and other psychiatric patients. If Dr. Bunny keeps the item on the Schizophrenia Test for this reason alone, they are probably using the _____ strategy of test construction.
b. criterion-group
Dr. Lansing found that the correlation between scores on a measure of anxiety they developed and scores on an existing measure of depression was .82. It is likely that reviewers of Dr. Lansing's anxiety measure will view this correlation as evidenceagainst _____ validity.
b. discriminant construct-related
Which of the following is not a guideline related to computer-based Internet testing?
b. ensure tests have moderate psychometric properties
In the interpretation of the Thematic Apperception Test, press refers to _____.
b. environmental forces
Administration of the modern Stanford-Binet requires examiners to continue testing until the _____.
b. examinee's ceiling is reached
Jason is administering a test and believes that test takers will perform poorly on the test if they are female. This is known as a(n) _____.
b. expectancy effect
The ability test score of 10-year-old Stacy is most likely to be highest if their examiner is _____.
b. familiar to them, initiates conversation, and praises their performance
Joshua is feeling stressed and anxious most of the time. According to the textbook, from which of the following sources is Joshua most likely to seek help?
b. from their primary care physician
Research consistently indicates unstructured interviews have _____.
b. generally low levels of reliability
Which of the following is a problem of both the CPI and MMPI?
b. high intercorrelations among the subscales
If Dr. Hamline wants to know whether the most difficult items on the statistics test they created were answered correctly only by the top-performing students in their class, they would need to assess _____.
b. item discriminability
Frank is a loner who does not like to socialize with others. Frank is highly anxious in social situations because they are very insecure about their appearance and personality. Based on this information, Frank's NEO-PI-3 profile would probably show a high score on _____ and a low score on _____.
b. neuroticism; extroversion
Some of the terms that Binet used to classify intellectual deficiency are no longer used today because _____.
b. of their derogatory connotations
Wechsler's first attempt at measuring adult intelligence was _____.
b. poorly standardized
Equations based on utility theory to calculate the value of test data used in selection decisions _____.
b. require the estimation of dollar values associated with different performance levels
Simply being aware of a negative stereotype may inhibit performance on tests and academic performance. This is referred to as _____.
b. stereotype threat
Several special group studies have _____ of the WISC-V.
b. supported the validity
Margo is taking an exam in their psychology class and is having a hard time focusing their attention on the test. They are distracted by other thoughts, such as running out of time on the exam. Margo is experiencing _____.
b. test anxiety
If a correction for guessing is used on a test, it means that _____.
b. test scores will be adjusted to take into account the percentage of items examinees are expected to answer correctly by chance alone
Which of the following aspects of a test need to be reliable and valid for the results of a criterion-related validity study to be accurate?
b. the criterion
Dr. Marcus analyzes items on their physics test by calculating the proportion of students who answered each item correct. Dr. Marcus is examining _____.
b. the guessing threshold
The more tense and nervous interviewers deliberately are, the more tense and nervous interviewees will be. This fact illustrates _____.
b. the stress interview
Four students are taking the G-HDT. They are ages 5, 7, 8, and 10. Which student is most likely to earn the highest score?
b. the student that is 10
One of the major problems in evaluating the performance of classroom teachers by measuring the progress made by their students is that _____.
b. there are mathematical problems in measuring rates of intellectual growth
Which of the following response types is interchangeable with the interviewee's statements?
b. verbatim playback
Most traditional measures used in medicine and public health to assess quality-adjusted life-years consider _____.
b. whether a person is dead or alive
Strong interrater reliability is probably most important to which type of test?
behavior rating scales
Which of the following is a new direction in psychological science?
big data
A researcher is examining the relationship between exam scores and class attendance. This is an example of which type of distribution?
bivariate
What type of distributions have two scores for each individual?
bivariate
Reliabilities for the total scores of the Metropolitan Achievement Test-8 are in the _____.
c. .90s
Wechsler's criticisms of the Binet scales related to the _____.
c. Binet scale's inadequate measurement of adult intelligence
Which of the following has been found with regard to the effects of reinforcement on test performance?
c. Children's socioeconomic class and gender are related to effects of reinforcement on test performance.
Which of the following is a recommendation regarding the evaluation of validity coefficients found in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing?
c. Ensure that the results of the validity study are sufficiently generalizable to other groups.
With the _____, the subject is permitted to give only one response per card, administration and scoring are standardized, and alternate forms are available.
c. Holtzman
What needs to be done to the validity coefficient to determine the percentage of variation in the criterion that can be expected to be known in advance?
c. It needs to be squared.
Joe has been with their current employer for 2 months when they are asked to interview a new candidate for the job. Because Joe is rather new, what may happen?
c. Joe may not ask the right questions.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a group test?
c. Many subjects can be tested at the same time.
The Thematic Apperception Test was developed by _____.
c. Morgan and Murray
On the WAIS-IV, Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, and Visual Puzzles comprise the _____ index; Digit Span and Arithmetic comprise the _____ index.
c. Perceptual Reasoning; Working Memory
Which of the following is the correct sequence in which these interest inventories were developed?
c. SVIB → SCII → CISS
The _____ attempts to simulate the counseling process by allowing takers to list occupational preferences and aspirations.
c. Self-Directed Search
Which of the following is a TAT technique that consists of 23 chromatic pictures depicting minority and nonminority characters in urban and familial settings?
c. TEMAS
A tool for evaluating the validity of a test in relation to the amount of information it contributes beyond the base rates is the _____.
c. Taylor-Russell tables
Which of the following is a group test of intelligence?
c. The Hemnon-Nelson Test (H-NT)
Which of the following characteristics describes the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), but not the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
c. The TAT was well-received by the scientific community.
Which of the following was a criticism of the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB)?
c. The scales were gender biased.
Which question would be asked of an examinee during the inquiry phase of a Rorschach examination?
c. What made it look like a mountain lion?
What refers to the simple fact that one can differentiate older children from younger children by the former's greater capabilities?
c. age differentiation
Currently, interpretations of the MMPI are based on _____.
c. analysis of patterns of elevations across two or more scales
Job samples provide a good example of the use of which type of evidence?
c. concurrent validity evidence
If the math portion of the college entrance exam you took included only items related to geometry, you could say that the test suffered from which of the following?
c. construct underrepresentation
Sharon is taking the Rorschach Inkblot Test. When shown one of the cards, Sharon says, "This whole thing, it looks like one huge butterfly." Sharon's response can easily be scored in terms of its _____.
c. content and location
For the Wechsler scale that is intended for adults, items have _____ for adults.
c. content validity
After taking an exam in a psychology course, a student makes this comment: "All the questions on the test came from Chapter Three, but the professor said the exam was over material in Chapters One through Six! What a waste of study time!" The student's criticism of the professor's exam is most obviously related to _____ evidence of validity.
c. content-related
Which type of response communicates that the interviewer understands how the interviewee feels?
c. empathy or understanding
Which of the following is an advantage of computer-assisted test administration?
c. excellent standardization
The most we could say about a self-esteem test consisting of the items "I feel I deserve to be treated with respect" and "I think I am worthless" is that it has _____.
c. face validity
Christopher was selected for a job on the basis of a test score. However, they performed so poorly they were fired just 2 months later. This case illustrates a _____.
c. false positive
"You always worry too much. Everything will turn out just fine, you'll see." This is an example of a(n) _____ response.
c. false reassurance
Which of the following is not a guideline for item writing that was proposed by DeVillis (2016)?
c. include long items
The Strong Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) _____.
c. incorporates Holland's theory of vocational choice
Yashua is interested in science and the scientific method. Which of Holland's personality factors does Yashua fit well with?
c. investigative
While research has shown that _____ may not be stable over time, research also shows that _____ do/does tend to be stable over time.
c. personality traits; career interests
The College Board has partnered with Khan Academy, a nonprofit educational organization, to ensure that all students get an equal opportunity to _____ the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT).
c. prepare for
A measure can be _____ yet not _____.
c. reliable; valid
Sven is taking a test where they are provided a stem and are asked to complete it, such as "I am _____." Which test is Sven taking?
c. sentence completion
Which phenomenon may explain 50% to 80% of the difference between males and females on the SAT Math section?
c. stereotype threat
Reviewers of research on employment interviews have concluded that _____.
c. structured interview formats are far superior to unstructured interview formats
For which group of students do the SAT and other college entrance tests have difficulty predicting college grades?
c. students who score in the middle ranges
In the context of psychological assessment, test anxiety is an example of a _____.
c. subject variable
Which of the following is not an example of a nonpictorial projective procedure?
c. the Holtzman Inkblot Test
The person-situation interaction resembles what educational psychologists call _____.
c. the aptitude-treatment interaction
One of the main problems with the WISC-V is that _____.
c. the factors may be unstable
Dr. Melvin conducted an interview with a new client, Marcus. During the interview, Marcus interrupted Dr. Melvin several times and seemed in a hurry to leave the office. In the next few weeks, Dr. Melvin had to work very hard to ensure that their initial impressions of Marcus would not bias their clinical judgment. This example best illustrates an attempt to counter _____.
c. the halo effect
Which of the following is most likely to be associated with stereotype threat?
c. the test administrator
Evaluating the overall psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the Rorschach is particularly challenging because _____.
c. there are several ways to score and interpret the Rorschach, and published research findings on the test are difficult to compare
Research on the measurement of positive personality traits has found that _____.
c. various measures of different positive personality traits are measuring a single construct
The WPSSI-IV includes a(n) _____, which has garnered considerable interest.
c. working memory index
Tests based on item response theory (IRT) _____.
c. yield scores reflecting the level of difficulty of items examinees were able to answer correctly
Computer-assisted test administration _____.
c. yields lower rates of scoring errors than do traditional assessment procedures
Which of the following is a potential problem with the test-retest method?
carryover effects
When using the split-half method and the two halves have unequal variances, which of the following can be used?
coefficient alpha
Which of the following can confirm that a test has substantial reliability but cannot tell you if a test is unreliable?
coefficient alpha
A standardization sample is _____.
comparison group
What type of group testing is becoming more popular?
computerized
Which of the following allows test developers to estimate what the correlation between two measures would have been if they had not been measured with error?
correction for attenuation
What is a measure of nonassociation between two variables?
correlation of alienation
Which of the following is not a mode through which we experience the world, according to Carl Jung?
creating
On a multiple-choice test with four response options, the optimum item difficulty level is about _____.
d. .625
The MMPI-2 was developed in
d. 1982
Who proposed the idea of using inkblots to assess personality functioning?
d. Binet
Which nonverbal intelligence test can be either group or individually administered?
d. G-HDT
Which of the following is false regarding the psychometric properties of the Stanford-Binet fifth edition?
d. Interscorer agreement was relatively low, with average coefficients of .50 to .60.
Which of the following is false regarding the Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS)?
d. It is currently the most widely used interest inventory.
A test comprised of items to which responses can vary on a 6-point scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree is an example of _____ format.
d. Likert-scale
Which statement about the effect of biases on standardized test results is most accurate?
d. Newer evidence suggests that bias does impact test results.
_____ involve cognitive and behavioral attempts to change the course of the stress.
d. Problem-focused strategies
The _____ inventory, developed by J. L. Holland, is self-administered, self-scored, and self-interpreted.
d. Self-Directed Search
Which of the following would be an effective probing statement regarding the sleep habits of an interviewee?
d. Tell me more about your sleeping problems.
_____ is a standard score with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 16 (later 15) that was first introduced in the 1960 revision of the Stanford-Binet.
d. The deviation IQ
What explains the psychometric properties of the MMPI and the MMPI-2?
d. Their psychometric properties are comparable.
Jerome is taking the similarities subtest of the Wechsler test. What is the major function being measured by this subtest?
d. abstract thinking
The Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) contains which of the following types of problems?
d. analytical reasoning
Even if you have an occupation that you should be a good fit for based on your interests, occupational success depends on your _____.
d. aptitudes and abilities
A researcher has developed a new test for anxiety. The new test correlates well with already existing tests on anxiety. This indicates _____ for validity.
d. convergent evidence
Jerome is in a school where the teachers "teach to the test." This is a problem with _____ tests.
d. criterion-referenced
Knowing that George Washington was the first president of the United States is an example of _____.
d. crystallized intelligence
The knowledge you have acquired through your academic studies would best be described in terms of _____.
d. crystallized intelligence
With regard to a central criticism of the Rorschach, the problem of "R" refers to the fact that _____.
d. examinees can give as many responses as they wish
Validity is best understood as the _____.
d. extent to which the test measures what it claims to measure
Which of the following tests in the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery is used to measure motor speed and right-left hand preference?
d. finger oscillation test
Which of the following is an example of an executive function that might be assessed on a neuropsychological test?
d. forming a realistic goal
Which of the following is included in the interpretation of the TAT?
d. hero
Sarai has been diagnosed with a disorder that is characterized by hyperactivity and irritability. What disorder is this?
d. hypomania
Which of the following is a suggestion for structuring cross-ethnic, cross-cultural, and cross-class interviews?
d. increase interviewers' motivation to form an accurate impression
The degree to which one person can influence another is called _____.
d. interpersonal influence
Which of the following is a response to avoid in an unstructured interview?
d. judgmental statements
Craig is clinically obese and has just been diagnosed with diabetes. As part of the treatment plan, Craig takes pictures of their meals on a smartphone and then uses an app that calculates portion size and recommends how much they should eat. This is an example of _____.
d. mHealth
Binet incorporated _____ in the first two versions (1905 and 1908) of the Binet-Simon scale of intelligence.
d. mental age
Research on the effects of the examiner's race on children's IQ test performance indicates _____.
d. minimal, if any, effects
Jane is taking a group test. What is the most common type of question Jane is likely to see?
d. multiple choice
Which component of the CISS consists of seven scales to describe the test takers occupational orientation, such as influencing, organizing, helping, creating, analyzing, producing, and adventuring?
d. orientation scales
The concept of _____ assumes that a person's characteristics are stable over time.
d. personality
Irene has been invited for a job interview. Which of the following is a positive factor that the interviewer is likely to look for?
d. self-confidence
When an interviewer reads from a printed set of questions during the interview, they are conducting which of the following?
d. structured interview
Jim is given a battery of tests, including the MMPI, in order to help determine whether they are competent to stand trial for attempted murder. Jim wants to avoid the trial as long as possible, because they believe the prosecutor's case against them is very strong. In other words, Jim is very invested in being found incompetent to stand trial due to severe psychological problems. Given this information, you might expect to see an elevation on which scale of the MMPI?
d. the F scale
Maria is taking an exam that is written in English. However, English is Maria's second language and they have not done well on the exam. Why might this be the case?
d. the amount of linguistic demand
Adding additional distractors to an item increases the reliability of the item if _____.
d. the distractors are good distractors
Which of the following is the primary tool used to select employees?
d. the interview
The fact that biology and environment interact to produce behavior is known as _____.
d. the person-situation interaction
The restricted range should be considered for which of the following when interpreting the validity coefficient?
d. the predictor and criterion
In order to minimize reinforcement effects, tests must be administered _____.
d. under controlled conditions
Which of the following is unstandardized?
d. unstructured interview
The concept of g refers to the ____.
d. view that one general mental ability factor underlies all intelligent behavior
Aleece is taking the Wechsler test and is currently answering items on the coding subtest, which measures _____.
d. visual-motor functioning
One of the most important innovations on the modern WAIS is the concept of _____.
d. working memory
A test comprised of items such as "I usually feel rested when I wake up in the morning" to which examinees must respond "True" or "False" is an example of a _____ format.
dichotomous
Which online dating site was developed by a clinical psychologist with training in personality psychology?
eHarmony
Which of the following does not need to be included when reporting reliability?
explanation of classical test theory
A researcher has administered an assessment but believes the assessment actually measures several characteristics, instead of just one. What can the researcher use to determine if their conclusion is correct?
factor analysis
A researcher who wants to find out how many underlying dimensions are represented in his 100-item personality test would probably use _____.
factor analysis
The _____ component of psychological stress occurs when an individual feels that they are being prevented from attaining an important goal.
frustration
When you take a class exam, you are taking a(n) _____ test.
group
Which of the following describes the slope?
how much change is expected in Y each time X increases by one unit
Which personality trait tends to be relatively stable over time?
impulsiveness
Test constructors can improve reliability by _____.
increasing the number of items on a test
In the regression equation, a is the _____ and b is the _____.
intercept; slope
KR 20 and coefficient alpha are both measures of the extent to which items on a test are _____.
intercorrelated
What refers to the intercorrelations among items within the same test?
internal consistency
Which of the following is likely the most important new development relevant to psychometrics?
item response theory
A reliability of a difference score is expected to be _____.
lower than the reliability of either test on which it is based
Which of the following is an example of a basic scale for the CISS?
mathematics
As a result of the Supreme Court's ruling in Griggs v. Duke Power, employers must be able to provide evidence that tests used to make selection and promotion decisions _____.
measure capabilities that are specific to particular jobs or situations
The score in the exact middle of the distribution of scores, such that equal numbers of scores fall above and below it, is the _____.
median
The score of a child who took the 1908 revision of the Binet-Simon scale would probably be reported as a(n) _____.
mental age
If a standardization sample consists of 100 middle-class White men, the test can be used to evaluate the scores of whom?
middle-class White men
Suppose you wanted to predict success in graduate school using a combination of three variables: undergraduate GPA, intelligence test scores, and professor ratings. The statistical method that you would most likely use is _____.
multiple regression
A researcher was examining the relationship between playing violent video games and childhood aggression. They found that the two variables were not related. This is an example of _____.
no correlation
Both the mean of a test and the 50th percentile of a test would be considered the _____.
norm
What type of test compares each person with a norm?
norm-referenced test
Describing the winners of a race as being in first, second, and third place is an example of which type of scale?
ordinal
If you lined children up according to their weight, from highest to lowest, you would be using a(n) _____ scale.
ordinal
Cora is taking a test that is intended to measure their typical behavior. Cora is taking a(n) _____ test.
personality
Which of the following is not a discipline that is included in clinical neuropsychology?
philosophy
Statements such as "Why did you do that?" and "Why did you lie to your friend?" are called _____ statements, and should be avoided in an interview.
probing
Miguel is taking a test where they are shown ambiguous stimuli and asked to describe what they see. What type of test is this?
projective personality test
What type of test provides subjects with stimuli that are considered ambiguous?
projective personality test
What are points that divide the frequency distribution into equal fourths?
quartiles
According to classical test theory, what can produce different scores by the same individual among repeated applications of the same test given on the same day?
random error
Simone tends to enjoy outdoor activities and technical material. Which of Holland's personality factors does Simone fit well with?
realistic
In regression, the difference between the predicted Y (Y') and the observed or actualY is the _____.
residual
Which of the following is a true dichotomous variable?
right or left handedness
A picture of the relationship between two variables is referred to as a(n) _____.
scatter diagram
Which health concept is not likely to be assessed using the SF-36?
spirituality
A researcher administered a test, divided it in half, and scored each half separately. Which method did the researcher use?
split-half
The relative closeness of a person's observed score to their true score is estimated by the _____.
standard error of measurement
Which of the following is needed to accurately evaluate the meaning of test scores?
standardization sample
Correlation is a special case of regression in which scores on both variables are _____.
standardized
Which of the following is not an area that has experienced rapid development in the last few years according to the text?
statistics
What type of employee interview is likely to enable interviewers to reach agreement on their employment decisions?
structured
Shakira is taking a test where they have to answer "True" or "False" to items such as "I like heavy metal music," "I am in good health," and "I sleep well at night." What type of test is this?
structured personality test
What provides a statement, usually of the "self-report" variety, and requires the subject to choose between two or more alternative responses such as "True" or "False"?
structured personality test
A study of 22 graduate students found that scoring errors on the WAIS-R diminished only after the students had completed _____ or more practice sessions.
ten
A measurement device or technique used to quantify behavior or aid in the understanding and prediction of behavior is referred to as a(n) _____.
test
Administering a test to a group of individuals, re-administering the same test to the same group at a later time, and correlating test scores at times 1 and 2 demonstrates which method of estimating reliability?
test-retest method
Sources of error associated with time sampling are best expressed in _____ reliability coefficients, whereas error associated with the use of particular items is best expressed in _____ reliability coefficients.
test-retest; internal consistency
What type of correlation would be conducted if both dichotomous variables are artificial?
tetrachoric
The normative group, or standardization sample, is _____.
the group to which current examinees can be compared
What system of dividing frequency distributions was developed in the U.S. Air Force during World War II?
the stanine system
For what primary reason were group tests of ability and personality developed?
to screen military recruits
Although the use of_____ is accepted in medical settings, it is much more controversial in educational settings.
tracking
The _____ of the WAIS-IV is dependent on its correlation with earlier versions of the test.
validity
In his research on individual differences in human functioning, Galton examined all of the following except _____.
verbal comprehension