psych big test

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. Which of the following best describes the type of sample used in this study?

It was a study that involved convenience sampling

Throughout January and the beginning of February, the first two months of a calendar year, Allison writes the previous year as the date on all her assignments instead of the current year. Allison's tendency to write the wrong year on her assignments is most likely due to which of the following?

Proactive interference

Short-term memory is best described in which of the following ways?

memory that can hold only a small amount of information

Researchers want to examine if there is a difference between the retention of implicit versus explicit memories. To conduct this research as an 254 Word reca experiment, which of the following would be necessary?

random assignment

The Flynn effect refers to the

rise in average IQ scores over time

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name-the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy?

semantic encoding

To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits Q12 Interfereni in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using which of the following memory concepts?

the method of loci

The graph is an illustration of which of the following? (bar graph)

the testing effect

A researcher wants to determine which studying technique would be more effective: massed practice or distributed practice. The researcher randomly assigns 30 students to two groups and gives them a list of vocabulary words to remember. One of the groups uses a massed practice technique. The other uses a distributed practice technique. The researcher gives the students a quiz four days later to see how well they remembered their list of words. He compared the scores for both groups. What is the dependent variable in this study?

the vocabulary quiz scores

Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall?

Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation?

The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.

In a groundbreaking study, a researcher shared a translation of an American Indian folk tale with middle-class British participants. Later, the participants Q30 Cued Reca were asked to repeat the story. The researcher measured the accuracy of their recollections when they were repeating the story. Several of the participants changed the words "canoes" to "boats" and "hunting seals" to "fishing". Which of the following explains why the participants made errors Q31 Study stra in their recollections?

The participants had difficulty repeating the story because the details didn't fit with their cultural schema.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory?

Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

Cesar is participating in a memory competition. He must memorize a long, novel string of numbers in 60 seconds, then try to recall them immediately without missing or misplacing any numbers. Which strategy should Cesar use?

Chunking

In a study on visual perception, participants were presented with the figure depicted and asked to describe what they saw. Of the 100 participants in the

Closure

A researcher is studying the accuracy of people's memories when they use mnemonic devices. After studying the first 10 people, the data showed that memories using mnemonic devices were more accurate than the average's person's memories. Which of the following explains why the researcher should not draw any conclusions about the accuracy of memories using mnemonic devices yet?

The researcher should expect that the more data she collects, the more likely the results will regress to the mean.

Researchers recruited student volunteers for a study about memory. Each student given a long story to read about someone experiencing a "health 5 Anonymity emergency" and then given a quiz on the details of the story a week later. In Group 1, the participants had to read the study each night for a week. In Group 2, the participants were told to read the story 5 times the night before the quiz. After the study was over, the student participants were told 6 Forgetting the real reason for the study before they left. The data collected are presented in the table.

The results are not likely due to chance.

A high school instructor wanted to see if implementing encoding strategies would help students master concepts in AP Psychology. They conduct a double-blind study in which students are randomly assigned to either the encoding strategy group or the group that continued to study as they had before. The data for each group is presented in the table. Which of the following best represents the results of this investigation?

The variation of scores for the encoding strategies group was smaller.

Relationship of Driving Test Scores and Family Income

There is a positive correlation between family income and driving test scores.

Clive Wearing is an individual involved in a well-known case study examining anterograde amnesia. Clive experienced a high fever which led to damage to 6 Forgetting the hippocampus nearly 40 years ago. Since that time, Clive has not been able to encode new memories and, by some estimations, can only hold a thought for 7 to 9 seconds. Which of the following is an ethical consideration regarding the case of Clive Wearing?

We should not know Clive's identity, especially while he is still living

Which of the following scenarios best describes the monocular depth cue of relative size?

Yvonne judges the distance of an object based on how large the image is on the retina.

When confronted with the sequence "_N_" at the end of a word in a crossword puzzle, Tony inserts the letters "I" and "G" in the two blanks because that procedure has often led to the correct answer in previous puzzles. This example illustrates the use of

heauristic

Dr. Fredericks is interested in studying how quickly people forget what they learn in class. He teaches a class on biological psychology on a Monday. On Tuesday, he gives the class a quiz asking the students about details from the previous class. Which of the following procedures should Dr. Fredericks have followed to avoid the confounding variable of experimenter bias?

Double-blind

Dr. Sanjay conducted a study to determine whether eating breakfast affects academic performance. At the beginning of the week, he gathered survey data from students in his third-grade class about whether they ate breakfast. The next day, Dr. Sanjay showed the students ten new vocabulary words. Three days later, he administered a test to the students to measure their word recall. After analyzing the data, he claimed that eating breakfast improves the ability to recall new words. Which of the following statements best explains why this is a false claim?

Dr. Sanjay cannot make cause-and-effect claims from correlational data.

scores- Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to Research memory consolidation?

Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

A group of researchers conduct a study where they tell the participants that they will be doing a memory study, but the researchers were actually measuring levels of anxiety about doing well on a task. The group of researchers should be sure to do which of the following at the conclusion of this study?

Explain the true purpose of a study immediately after the study is complete.

Cognitive psychologist Dr. Leary designed a study to investigate perception. They asked the participants in Group 1 to read a story about a rabbit and a turtle. Participants in Group 2 did not read the story. Next, participants looked at a series of ambiguous drawings and identified what they saw. Their observations were recorded and categorized. The results are depicted in the graph.

priming

The data shown in the above graph depict which of the following?

Flynn effect

Dr. Adeyemi obtains IRB approval for a study examining the effects of growth mindset versus fixed mindset on people's motivation for learning new information. They recruit 80 participants and receive informed consent from them. Participants then complete a questionnaire about learning strategies. Next, the participants are told that, based on their results, they are either able to readily learn new information or that they will struggle to learn new information. In reality, this questionnaire is meaningless, and participants are randomly told fake results. After hearing their results, the participants are then tested on their ability to learn complex new information. In terms of ethical procedures, after the data are collected, it will be important for Dr. Adeyemi to do which of the following?

Fully debrief the participants on the deception involved in the study.

Bailey and Marcus packed everything they thought they would need for a weekend camping trip. When it rained and they realized they had not Q39 Selective : brought rain gear, Bailey said, "I knew we should have packed raincoats!" Bailey's thinking illustrates which of the following concepts?

Hindsight Bias

Luz, a math major, sees the drawing above as a Venn diagram. Her brother, an art major, sees it as two circles. The difference in perception is an example of

top-down processing

Intelligence tests have been used throughout history to purposefully discriminate against groups of people. Claims that minority groups have lower IQ scores because of genetic factors fail to consider which of the following?

IQ test scores are dependent on social factors such as educational opportunity and poverty.

Research on intelligence tests must be especially mindful of ethical principles related to confidentiality of data. A major reason for this is best described by which of the following?

Intelligence test scores have been used to determine access to opportunities such as jobs and education.

Amirah attended a concert for her favorite band. As the band played her favorite song, Amirah sang along and repeated one of the lyrics incorrectly. Another person nearby heard the mistake and told her she had made a mistake, Amirah was confident she heard and sang the lyric correctly. What term best describes Amirah's belief?

Overconfidence

Darnayia has been seeing a lot of social media ads about an exciting new sports simulation game. While several of her friends say that the game is their ideal example of a video game, others who have played the game Q47 Priming st complain that it was too expensive and not as fun as they expected. Darnayia buys the game. When her mother asks her why she chose that game, Darnayia only mentions the advice she heard about the game was the best one they've ever played. Which of the following cognitive processes Q48 Psycholog explains why Darnayia can justify her purchase of the expensive game and ignore her concerns over the cost?

Confirmation bias

Students in Dr. Milne's Introduction to Psychology class met three times a week in a large, windowless lecture hall. Students had the option of taking their final comprehensive exam in the same lecture hall, or in smaller

Context-dependent memory

Dr. Messina conducts experiments that explore the rate at which people forget information. To conduct her research, she uses students who are taking psychology courses at her university. Which of the following best describes the type of samples Dr. Messina uses in her research?

Convenience sample

Researchers repeatedly presented a picture of a goat along with other animals and asked participants to rank how closely the picture of the goat Operation matched their prototype of a "mammal." Participants used a scale of 1 to 5,

Correlational Study

Dr. Meerdink wants to know if creativity varies throughout the day. In a morning class, she asks her college students to list as many uses as possible for a stick. On the same day 12 hours later, she asks students in an evening class to list as many uses as possible for a stick. 2.6 Q45 Working n Which of the following factors is the dependent variable?

Creativity

Researchers recruited student volunteers for a study about memory. Each student given a long story to read about someone experiencing a "health emergency" and then given a quiz on the details of the story a week later. In Group 1, the participants had to read the study each night for a week. In Group 2, the participants were told to read the story 5 times the night before the quiz. After the study was over, the student participants were told the real reason for the study before they left. The data collected are presented in the table.

Distributed practice

Dr. Adedeji is trying to measure the capacity of her students' short-term memories. She shows them a long series of numbers on a display for several seconds, and then has them write down as many numbers as they Q16 Research can remember in order. Dr. Adedeji has the students complete a survey in which she asks them "On a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being highly effective, how well did you remember the numbers?" She concludes that her students have exceptionally good memories, as most of her students rated Q17 Research themselves as "highly effective." Which of the following best explains Dr. Adedeji's inaccurate conclusion?

Dr. Adedeji's survey led to self-report bias.

Which of the following best describes the primacy effect?

When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence

Robyn finds a computer repair service online. She silently repeats the phone number in her mind until she locates her phone to call the repair service. Which memory system is most useful for Robyn in this scenario?

Working memory

In a research study on the multi-store method of memory, one group of randomly assigned high school students were given 5 minutes to rehearse details about a stimulus after being exposed to it for 15 seconds. A second group were not given time to rehearse the details of the stimulus. Which of the following research designs best represents this study?

experiment

Randy and Nina have four daughters and believe they are more likely to have a son than a daughter when they have another child. This is an example of Q52 Intelligenc which of the following concepts?

gamblers falency

Dr. Keith conducted a study to investigate whether caffeine improves focus and attention. He selected a random sample of students from his 2.1 Q15 Stereotype college class and then randomly assigned each of them to drink a cup of coffee or a cup of water before class. At the end of class, he administered a test on their knowledge of class material presented that day. 2.8 Q16 Research Which of the following elements of Dr. Keith's research would most strengthen Dr. Keith's ability to infer a causal relationship between caffeine intake and improved focus and attention?

Dr. Keith keeps conditions the same between the two groups except for the independent variable.

Dr. Carvalho performed a study to examine the relationships among measures of general intelligence and specific types of intelligence. They Q53 Random A recruited 80 college students to complete a set of intelligence tests. Participants gave their informed consent to participate. After the data were collected, the researchers examined the test scores for correlations among the different measures of intelligence. In terms of ethical procedures, after Q54 Word reca the data are collected, it will be important for Dr. Carvalho to do which of the following?

Ensure confidentiality of the data

Cory's Skateboards, Incorporated, has been producing their top-selling Model A skateboard for 10 years. The company has just developed a new Skateboard, Model B. Company executives want to test whether customers who have already used Model A will be able to learn more quickly to skateboard using Model B as compared to those who have no experience. The company's research team recruits 50 participants for their study and Q10 Semantic randomly assigns them to two groups. Group 1 is given 3 weeks of skateboarding lessons using the Model A skateboard. Group B does not have lessons on how to use a skateboard. At the end of the 3-week period, both groups are given skateboarding lessons using the Model B Q11 Encoding skateboard. The research team collects data on how long it takes individuals in each group to become proficient at skateboarding on Model B. They find that it takes Group 1 participants significantly longer t

Experimental

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. 2.2 2.3 2.4 Q12 Interfere If this study were to run as an experiment, which of the following would be necessary?

The participants must be randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition

Breonna and Peyton have been dating for six months. Breonna invited Peyton to attend her family's annual picnic. Throughout the day, Brenna's many family members were talking loudly, laughing, and teasing each other. At the end of the day, Peyton asked Breonna why many of the family members seemed angry at each other. Breonna was surprised by Peyton's question and thought everyone enjoyed the day Which of the following concepts best explains why Peyton and Breonna had very different observations at the picnic?

Perceptual set

Josie was given a password by her teacher. To remember the password, she repeated it in her mind multiple times until she typed it into her login screen a few moments later. Which of the following concepts was at work?

Phonological loop

At the end of each class period, Professor Dodgson asks each student to write on a notecard which concepts from the class period they understood, which ones they didn't understand, and a plan for how they will approach Q40 Misinform learning any confusing concepts. This is not a required activity, but

There is a positive relationship between the use of metacognitive practices and score on the test.

One night, Noel went to a new restaurant. While waiting for her meal, she could not ignore the slurping sound the other diners made while eating. She was so focused on that sound that she could not even enjoy her meal. Which of the following concepts explains Noel's experience?

Selective attention

Asano is the expert for English literature on his school's trivia team. He knows the authors and main characters of many famous novels. Which of 11 Encoding the following describes Asano's knowledge of these types of facts?

Semantic Memory

Dr. Keith conducted a study to investigate whether caffeine improves focus and attention. He selected a random sample of students from his college class and then randomly assigned each of them to drink a cup of coffee or a cup of water before class. At the end of class, he administered a test on their knowledge of class material presented that day. Which of the following is the operational definition of the dependent variable?

Test scores on the class material

While vacationing at the beach Max watches a movie in which a shark is sighted in the ocean. The next afternoon Max is standing in shallow water at the beach and feels something glide past him in the water. He immediately runs back to shore while yelling a warning to fellow swimmers. Which cognitive process is contributing to his reaction?

The availability heuristic

A devoted young father reads a news report that claims many people believe men are not as intelligent in how to properly care for their children. Q16 Research Q17 Research The young father has plans to care for his child that day. Which of the following can be predicted about his performance as a caretaker based on the concept of stereotype threat?

The father will experience increased anxiety and make mistakes as a caretaker.

In an experiment evaluating encoding strategies, a researcher taught participants 15 new psychological concepts. One group took notes to help learn the concepts while the other group was asked to create a mnemonic device for each concept. In this experiment, what is the independent variable?

The method used to learn the concepts.

A group of researchers are investigating how different studying strategies impact how much participants remember on a test. They recruit 50 participants and have half of the participants study by just reading a passage over and over for 10 minutes. The other half of the participants spend five minutes reading the passage one time and then answering a series of multiple choice questions on the material for another five minutes. Finally, the participants write down as many facts from the reading passage as they can in three minutes. Which of the following is the dependent variable of the study?

The number of facts the participants remember during the test phase

A computer company wants to hire a large group of employees to work in a newly opened branch of the company. The human resources department Q49 Random a determines that the most effective way to screen applicants would be the use of intelligence testing. Which of the following is the main reason that the implementation of this screening policy would be inappropriate?

Intelligence tests can be subject to bias.

Which of the following monocular depth cues is most represented in the image

Linear perspective

When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions?

Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode 2.8 1.A the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.

Dr. Keith conducted a study to investigate whether caffeine improves focus and attention. He selected a random sample of students from his college class and then randomly assigned each of them to drink a cup of coffee or a cup of water before class. At the end of class, he administered a test on their knowledge of class material presented that day. Dr. Keith found that students who drink coffee demonstrate less focus and attention, as evidenced by lower test scores, and then claimed that he expected that result all along. Based on this description, which of the following is Dr. Keith displaying?

Hindsight bias

Fatima tries out for the debate team at her school because she believes that debate team members are the smartest kids in school. She is not chosen as Q6 Phonologi a team member. After failing to make the debate team, Fatima remembers that the students who made the team last school year were juniors and members of the History Club. She now decides that she knew she should not have tried out since she is a sophomore and not a member of the Q7 Retreival History Club. Which of the following cognitive processes is Fatima using to justify her failure to make the team?

Hindsight bias

After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect?

How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

Kay's ability to ride a bicycle reflects which of the following types of memory?

Procedural

Professor DuVall teaches two classes of psychology. For Class Y, their first quiz consisted of multiple-choice questions. Class Z's first quiz covered the same material, but the questions required that students write a short answer for each question. Professor DuVall compared the scores for Class Y and Class Z and found that the mean score for Class Y was 76%, while the mean score for Class Z was 89%. In terms of memory retrieval processes, which of the following is consistent with this outcome?

Recall led to higher scores than recognition on this quiz.

Which of the following is the best operational definition of superior autobiographical memory?

Recalling information about life events with over 90% accuracy.

Professor Jovan randomly assigns each student in her psychology class to one of three groups. Group X is required to post a journal entry each week in which they discuss some aspect of psychology in daily life. Group Y is Growth vs required to take an online quiz about the material each week. GrouD Z was

Repeated testing can improve learning and memory.