Psych: ch 17 review
At 70 years of age, approximately _______ of women do not have a sexual partner
70% with only about 35 percent of men Many older women's husbands have died, and many older men are in relationships with younger women.
Which of the following are examples of adaptive features of the aging brain? check all that apply
neurogenesis dendritic growth decreased lateralization
The most common areas of pain reported by older adults is ________ check all that apply
neuropathic back joint back pain (40 percent), peripheral neuropathic pain (35 percent), and chronic joint pain (15 to 25 percent) The presence of pain increases with age in older adults, and women are more likely to report having pain than are men Older adults are less sensitive Page 526to pain than are younger adults
As adults age, their vision changes, and ______ becomes more difficult because tolerance for glare diminishes
night driving
Of the groups listed, which has the longest life expectancy in the united states?
non-latino white women in 2013 the life expectancy of African Americans (75.1) in the United States was 6.5 years lower than the life expectancy for Latinos (81.6) and 3.8 years lower than for non-Latino Whites (78.9) Latino women had a life expectancy of 83.8 and non-Latino White women had a life expectancy of 81.2, followed by African American women (78.1), non-Latino White men (76.5 years), and African American men (71.8 years)
The two most common chronic disorders in late adulthood are arthritis and _____
hypertension
Exercise is linked to improved brain and cognitive function in older adults because it does which of the following? check all that apply
improve information processing ability increase the size of the hippocampus lead to improved memory
true or false: a 25 year longitudinal study of monkey found that calorie-restricted diets had no impact on longevity of the animal
true
After 80 years of age, approximately ______ men have trouble getting and/or keeping erections
1 out of 2
Researchers have found that ______ reduces oxidative damage created by free radicals
calorie restriction The damage can lead to a range of disorders, including cancer and arthritis exercise might play in reducing oxidative damage in cells
What are some factors identified in the NECS study that contribute to longevity? check all that apply
effective coping longevity genes
Which of the following sensory functions decline as the results of aging? check all that apply
hearing vision smell pain
In late adulthood, dark adaptation (the recovery of vision when moving from a well-lighted room into semidarkness) ________
is slower
Bone density testing is conducted mostly in women to detect
osteoporosis
True or False: research has found that exercise can improve the immune system in aging adults
true
In the united states, members of which ethnic group have high death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer
african americans African Americans have high death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer. Asian Americans and Latinos have low death rates for these diseases.
Which of the following are linked to defects in mitochondria? check all that apply
decline in liver function cardiovascular disease neurogenerative disease such as alzheimer's Parkinson disease
A persons biological genes play a big role in predicting _____ of life
longevity
Lung capacity drops ______ between the ages of 20 and 80
40% Lungs lose elasticity, the chest shrinks, and the diaphragm weakens Severe impairments in lung functioning and death can result from smoking
As a percentage of total body weight, fat is 20% at age 25 and ____ at age 75
40% the declining percentage of muscle and bone from age 25 to age 75, and the corresponding increase in the percentage of fat. A recent study found that long-term aerobic exercise was linked with greater muscle strength in 65- to 86-year-olds
About _______ % of older adults complain of difficulty sleeping
50% leep patterns from 20 to 90 years of age, total sleep decreased about 8 minutes per decade for males and about 10 minutes per decade for females as they got older engaged in more light sleep than deep sleep more likely to occur in men than women
A research study completed in 2011 to 2012 found 35.4% of U.S adults ________ years of age and older were obese
60 In this recent survey, 32 percent of men and 38.1 percent of U.S. adults 60 years of age and older were obese
Match the biological theory of aging with the proper description
Free radical theory- aging occurs because cells produce unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA mitochondrial theory- aging is caused by decay of tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair hormonal stress theory- aging lowers resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease cellular clock theory- aging results in cells becoming less capable of dividing and telomeres becoming shorter
Which of the following descriptions applies to telomeres?
DNA sequence that cap chromosomes Each time a cell divides, the telomeres become shorter and shorter After about 70 or 80 replications, the telomeres are dramatically reduced, and the cell no longer can reproduce. The consensus of research is that telomere shortening does play a role in aging
Older adults experience which of the following visual changes as they age? check all that apply
Slower dark adaptation diseases of the eye problems with glare
In regard to health care, research has shown that most older adults with health problems get _______
The medical care they need only half of the time
In mankato nun study, the researcher used the concept of idea density, which is _________
a measure of linguistic ability
Which of the following are consequences of aging on the brain? check all that apply
a reduction in some neuronstransmitters a slowing in the function of the brain and spinal cord The prefrontal cortex is one area that shrinks the most with aging, and recent research has linked this shrinkage with decreased working memory and slower motor behavior in older adults The sensory regions of the brain—such as the primary visual cortex, primary motor cortex, and somatosensory cortex—are less vulnerable to the aging process
Which of the following is NOT a reason why men die sooner than women? occupational difference health attitudes health habits androgen production
androgen production Men are more likely than women to die from most of the leading causes of death in the United States, including cancer of the respiratory system, motor vehicle accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, emphysema, and coronary heart disease
What does research suggest about the effects of antioxidants?
antioxidants may be beneficial, but research does not clearly support their use The theory is that antioxidants counteract the cell damage caused by free radicals, which are produced both by the body's own metabolism and by environmental factors such as smoking, pollution, and bad chemicals in the diet
In virtually all species, females outlive males, and women have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases. these example of ____ factors affecting sex differences and longevity
biological in virtually all species, females outlive males. Women have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases For example, the female's estrogen production helps to protect her from arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) And the additional X chromosome that women carry in comparison with men may be associated with the production of more antibodies to fight off disease.
T. Boone Pickens is 85 years old, he engages cognitive tasks, and is in good physical shape. This man is an example of the individual differences in how the ________ changes in older adults
brain Instead of both hemispheres being active, his left hemisphere was dominant, just as is the case for most younger adults
which of the following are causal factors for osteoporosis? check all that apply
calcium deficiency estrogen deficiency vitamin D deficiency lack of exercise To prevent osteoporosis, young and middle-aged women should eat foods rich in calcium (such as dairy products, broccoli, turnip greens, and kale), exercise regularly, and avoid smoking Drugs such as Fosamax can be used to reduce the risk of osteoporosis
Which of the following together accounts for 60% of deaths in older adults? check all that apply
cancer heart disease
When people experience stress, hormones are released. As people age, the hormones stimulated by stress remain at elevated levels, which are associated with which issues? check all that apply
cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular problems, hypertension Researchers are exploring stress-buffering strategies, including exercise, in an effort to find ways to attenuate some of the negative effects of stress on the aging process
The leading cause of death in adults between the ages of 65 and 74 is _________
cardiovascular disease
The leading cause of death in adults between the ages of 65 and 74 is ______
cardiovascular disease Cancer recently replaced cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in U.S. middle-aged adults. However, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in U.S. 65- to 74-year-olds And in the 75-to-84 and 85-and-over age groups, cardiovascular disease also is the leading cause of death the older they are the more likely they are to die of cardiovascular disease rather than cancer.
According to research, exercise reduces the risk of which of the following chronic diseases? check all that apply
cardiovascular disease osteoporosis type 2 diabetes stroke breast cancer For example, a recent study of older adults found that a higher lifetime physical activity level reduced age-related decline in cardiovascular and respiratory functions
_______ involve(s) a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
cataracts By age 70, approximately 30 percent of individuals experience a partial loss of vision due to cataracts. Initially, cataracts can be treated by glasses; if they worsen, the cloudy lens should be surgically removed and replaced with an artificial one Diabetes is a risk factor for the development of cataracts
The biological theory of aging known as the ______ suggests that cells can divide a maximum number of about 75 to 80 times and that cells become less capable of dividing as people age
cellular clock theory leonard hay flick
A(n) _____ is a person who is 100 years or older
centenarians is increasing at a rate of approximately 7 percent each year In the United States, there were only 15,000 centenarians in 1980, but that number rose to 50,000 in 2000 and to 72,000 in 2014 The United States has the most centenarians, followed by Japan, China, and England/Wales It is estimated that there are about 60 to 70 supercentenarians (individuals 110 years or older) in the United States and about 300 to 450 worldwide
_________ diseases (those with a slow onset and long duration) are rare in early adulthood, increase in middle adulthood, and become more common in late adulthood
chronic 84 percent of U.S. adults 65 years of age and older have one or more chronic conditions, and 62 percent have two or more chronic conditions arthritis is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood, followed by hypertension. Older women have a higher incidence of arthritis and hypertension and are more likely to have visual problems, but are less likely to have hearing problems, than older men are.
One harmful change in eating behavior in older adults is a ______ snacking between meals which results in weight change
decrease in which contributes to harmful weight loss, especially in women. Among the strategies for increasing weight gain in these women are the use of taste enhancers and calorie supplements between meals.
Betty is an 85 year old health educator. She walks everyday because she recognizes that, according to research, regular walking helps with which of the following? check all that apply
decrease the onset of physical disability preserve mobility reduce functional limitations
The receiving portion of the neuron is the ______. Researchers have found that growth in these areas can occur even in older adults
dendrites
One benefit of elder-care center is that they do not foster the sense of depersonalization and ______ that can be common for residents of institutions
dependency
Alice, who is 75, lives independently but sometimes has difficulty perceiving where steps or curbs are. This situation illustrated a problem with ______ in later adulthood
depth perception
Mary is 82 years old and having difficulty with her driving skills. She wants to keep driving as long as possible. Mary knows it will help her driving capabilities if she does which of the following? check all that apply
drive only in daylight choose less congested routes drive shorter distances Drivers over the age of 65 are involved in more traffic accidents than middle-aged adults because of mistakes such as improper turns, not yielding the right of way, and not obeying traffic signs; their younger counterparts are more likely to have accidents because they are speeding
In older men, organs occurs ______
every second or third attempt More direct stimulation usually is needed to produce an erection.
Which theory of aging supports the idea that if Alzheimer disease occurred earlier in development, it might have been eliminated many centuries ago?
evolutionary theory
________ are the leading cause of accidental death in people aged 65 and older
falls Unintended injuries are the eighth leading cause of death among older adults Each year, approximately 200,000 adults over the age of 65 (most of them women) fracture a hip in a fall. Half of these older adults die within 12 months, frequently from pneumonia. Two-thirds of older adults who experience a fall are likely to fall again in the next six months.
The _______ theory of aging involves the decay of tiny bodies within cells that supply necessary energy for function, growth, and repair
free-radical
Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because when cells metabolize energy, the by-products include unstable oxygen molecules that damage DNA and other cellular structures, leading to disorders?
free-radical theory The free radicals ricochet around the cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures The damage can lead to a range of disorders, including cancer and arthritis
Some researchers prefers the idea of classifying older people by ________ age, which means that the persons chronological age is not the basis of classification. Instead, classification is based on what they are capable of doing
functional
Older adults that engage in moderation alcohol use ________
generally have better mental and physical health than both heavy drinkers and non-drinkers
Sara is 90 years old today. Her mother lived to 98 and her father lived to be 97. this examples the role biological _____ play in longevity of life
genes
The NECS study found that longevity _______ and the ability to cope with stress are involved in longevity
genes
What aspects of nutrition are especially important for older adults? check all that apply
getting adequate nutrition avoiding overweight and obesity the role of calorie restriction in improving health and extending life Four aspects of nutrition are especially important in older adults: (1) getting adequate nutrition, (2) avoiding overweight and obesity, (3) deciding whether to restrict calorie intake to improve health and extend life, and (4) determining whether to take specific vitamin supplements to slow the aging process.
A study found that in terms of visual acuity, the greatest decline in visual perception beyond 75 (and especially beyond 85) involved _______
glare Visual processing speed declines in older adults Night driving is especially difficult, to some extent because of diminishing sensitivity to contrasts and reduced tolerance for glare Dark adaptation is slower—that is, older individuals take longer to recover their vision when going from a well-lighted room to semidarkness.
______ involves damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
glaucoma Approximately 1 percent of individuals in their seventies and 10 percent of those in their nineties have glaucoma, which can be treated with eye drops. If left untreated, glaucoma can ultimately destroy a person's vision.
Each year, approximately 200,000 adults over the age of 65 fracture a hip in a fall, ______ of these older adults die within 12 months
half
As a group, the oldest-old, aged 85 and above, are identified as _____
heterogeneous
As a group, the oldest-old, aged 85 and above, are identified as ________
heterogeneous he oldest-old today are mostly female, and the majority of these women are widowed and live alone if they are not institutionalized
Gerontologists increasingly recommend all of the following activities for older adults, EXCEPT _________ strength training stretching high-impact aerobics aerobic activity
high-impact aerobics The average person's lean body mass declines with age—about 6.6 pounds of lean muscle are lost each decade during the adult years. The rate of loss accelerates after age 45.
________ stress theory states that aging wears down certain internal body systems, which lowers resistance to stress and disease
hormonal When faced with external challenges such as stressful situations, the human body adapts by altering internal physiological processes This process of adaptation and adjustment is referred to as allostasis. Allostasis is adaptive in the short term; however, continuous accommodation of physiological systems in response to stressors may result in allostatic load, a wearing down of body systems due to constant activity
Resistant hypertension is ______ in the united states
increasing Approximately 70 percent of adults over 75 years of age have hypertension (high blood pressure), and this condition is more common in older men than older women
exercise can increase __________ and _______ mass and decrease _______ fragility
muscle, bone, bone Exercise can optimize body composition and reduce the decline in motor skills as aging occurs.
__________-_______ alcoholism is the label used to describe the appearance of alcoholism after the age of 65. It is often related to loneliness, loss of a spouse, or a disabling condition
late-onset Benefits of moderate drinking include better physical well-being and mental performance, greater openness to social contacts, and ability to assert mastery over one's life. A recent study of older adults found that moderate alcohol consumption was linked to greater volume in the brain's hippocampus in aging adults indicated that moderate wine consumption was associated with lower inflammatory risk factors related to cardiovascular disease across an 8-year period
The number of years that a person born in a particular year will probably live is called ____
life expectancy The average life expectancy of individuals born in 2013 in the United States was 78.8 years Sixty-five-year-olds in the United States today can expect to live an average of 18.6 more years (19.9 for females, 17.2 for males) Older adults who are 100 years of age can only expect to live an average of 2.3 years longer
The term _____ refers to the maximum number of years that an individual can live
life span has remained at approximately 120 to 125 years of age
According to the mitochondrial theory of aging, what causes mitochondrial decay? check all that apply
loss of critical micronutrients supplied by the cell oxidative damage energy sensing and apoptosis (programmed cell death) also have been emphasized as key aspects of the mitochondrial theory of aging
Some research on older adults sensitivity to touch found that older adults are less sensitive to touch on their _________ (lower/upper) extremities than on their _______ (lower/upper) extremities
lower; upper
_______ _______ is a disease that involves deterioration of the focal center of the visual field
macular degeneration may have relatively normal peripheral vision but be unable to see clearly what is right in front of them cigarette smoking contributes to macular degeneration macular degeneration is difficult to treat and thus is a leading cause of blindness in older adults
One reason that aging expert are concerned with substance abuse in late adulthood is that many older adults take multiple _________, which may not be compatible with alcohol
medications For example, when combined with tranquilizers or sedatives, alcohol use can impair breathing, produce excessive sedation, and be fatal
The _____ theory of aging states that aging is due to the decay of tiny bodies within cells that supply the necessary energy for function, growth, and repair
mitochondrial theory states that aging is due to the decay of mitochondria. Early mitochondrial theory views emphasized that this decay is primarily caused by oxidative damage and loss of critical micronutrients supplied by the cell
in 2011, the country with the highest life expectancy at birth was ________
monaco Monaco had the highest estimated life expectancy at birth (90 years), followed by Macau (a region of China near Hong Kong), Japan, and Singapore (84 years) Of 221 countries, the United States ranked fiftieth at 78 years. The lowest estimated life expectancy in 2011 occurred in the African countries of Chad, Guinea-Bissau, South Africa, and Swaziland (49 years)
Which of the following findings regarding centenarians is FALSE? the older the age group, the late the onset of diseases most of them have lived easy, relatively stress-free lives the ability to cope effectively with stress has contributed to their survival
most of them have lived easy, relatively stress-free lives
The New england Centenarian study found which of the following as characteristics of people living to 100 years of age? check all that apply
not being obese not smoking habitually consistent thinking skills A recent NECS study of centenarians from 100 to 119 years of age found that the older the age group (110 to 119—referred to as supercentenarians—compared with 100 to 104, for example), the later the onset of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease, as well as functional decline Perls refers to this process of staving off high-mortality chronic diseases until much later ages than usual as the compression of morbidity.
Individuals live the longest on the island of ______ in the east china sea
okinawa In Okinawa, there are 34.7 centenarians for every 100,000 inhabitants, the highest ratio in the world. The life expectancy in Okinawa is 81.2 years (86 for women, 78 for men), also one of the highest in the world.
Alvin is 88 years old, so some researchers would classify him as _______
oldest old young-old (65 to 84 years of age) and oldest-old (85 years and older)
The term _______ refers to a chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue
osteoporosis Osteoporosis is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. Women are especially vulnerable to osteoporosis, which is the leading cause of broken bones in women. Approximately 80 percent of osteoporosis cases in the United States occur in females, 20 percent in males. Almost two-thirds of all women over the age of 60 are affected by osteoporosis. It is more common in non-Latina White, thin, and small-framed women.
What is one of the main reasons that some adults with partners do not have sex?
partners poor physical health
In the Mankato Nun study, nuns whose early writing contained _______ emotional content were more likely to be alive at 75 to 95 years of age than those whose writing contained ______ emotional content
positive; negative
The chemical resveratrol, which may promote DNA repair and trigger other beneficial processes in older adults, is found in ________
red wine red wine grapes—resveratrol—plays a key role in red wine's health benefits killed several lines of cancer cells
Many of the visual problems in older adults result from a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the _______
retina At 60 years of age, the retina receives only about one-third as much light as it did at 20 years of age In extreme old age, these changes might be accompanied by degenerative changes in the retina, causing severe difficulty in seeing.
According to recent research, in healthy aging, what causes the decrease in brain volume? check all that apply
shrinkage of neurons fewer synapses shorter axons reduced treelike branching in dendrites On average, the brain loses 5 to 10 percent of its weight between the ages of 20 and 90 One study found a decrease in total brain volume and volume in key brain structures such as the frontal lobes and hippocampus from 22 to 88 years of age the volume of the brain was 15 percent less in older adults than younger adults
Researchers have found that a decline in _______ is greater in older adults than a decline in _________
smell; taste
In the Georgia Centenarian study, research found what areas contributing to the health and quality of life of older adults? check all that apply
support systems personality cognition socioeconomic resources life events conducted by leonard poon
In which of the following regions of the brain have researchers documented that neurogenesis occurs? check all that apply
the olfactory bulb; involved in smell The hippocampus; involved in memory neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons, does occur in lower mammalian species, such as mice exercise and an enriched, complex environment can generate new brain cells in rats and mice, and that stress reduces their survival rate
which of the following best describe the research in regard to the link between vitamins and longevity?
there are no conclusive research results thus far For years, most experts on aging and health argued that a balanced diet was all that was needed for successful aging; vitamin supplements were not recommended.
In a large longitudinal research study of 10,000 men and women conducted over 8 years, participants were divided into low, medium, and high fitness levels. what did the study find? check all that apply
those in the low fitness (sedentary) group were more than three times more likely to die than those in the high fitness group Those in the low fitness (sedentary) group were more than two times more likely to die than those in the medium fitness group
True or False: although there are individual difference, research shows that seeing, hearing, and other aspects of sensory functioning are linked with the ability to perform everyday activities
true
Which of the following statements regarding sleep in late adulthood is FALSE? More time in sleep benefits older adults memory and their cognitive skills poor sleep can results in earlier death using behavioral and pharmaceutical treatments to improve older adults sleep causes more harm than good staying active during the day will improve older adults sleep
using behavioral and pharmaceutical treatments to improve older adults sleep causes more harm than good
Research by Roding and Longer (1977) revealed that nursing home residents were happier, more active, healthier, and more likely to live longer if they _________
were encouraged to make more day-to-day choices an important factor related to health, and even survival, in a nursing home is the patient's feelings of control and self-determination
Color vision may decline with age due to a _______ of the lens of the eye
yellowing This decline is most likely to occur in the green-blue-violet part of the color spectrum. As a result, older adults may have trouble accurately distinguishing between objects of closely related colors, such as navy blue socks and black socks.
