Psych Ch. 6 Test Review

iconic memory

sight

primacy effect

tendency for people to recall words from the beginning of a list better than words that appeared int he middle of the list

recency effect

tendency for people to recall words from the end of a list better than words that appeared in the middle of the list

explicit memory

the conscious use of memory

memory traces

the stored code that represents a piece of information that has been encoded into memory

implicit memory

the unconscious use of memory

chunking

using limited short-term memory resources more efficiently by combining small bits of information to form larger bits of information or chunks

not do well

If you use maintenance rehearsal to prepare for your next test in psychology, you probably will

7

If you were trying to store a list of single digit numbers in your short-term memory, about how many should you be able to store on average?

capacity of short-term memory

Imagine that you are a subject in a study in which you are asked to remember a sequence of 20 letters of the alphabet dictated to you at the rate of one letter every two seconds. Immediately after the dictation, you are asked to recall the original sequence of letters. Most likely the researcher is studying what aspect of memory?

capacity of short-term memory

Imagine that you are participating in a research study in which you are shown a list of numbers and then immediately afterwards you are asked to recall as many of them as you can. Most likely the researcher is studying the

recognition

In _______, the memory probes and cues are stronger and contain more information

7 +/- 2 bits of information

In the 1950s, George Miller showed that the capacity of short-term memory is

short-term

In the three stage model of memory, the second stage of memory is __________ memory

sensory memory

In the three stages model of memory, in which stage does encoding of the environment first occur?

sensory memory

In the three stages model of memory, the briefest stage of memory is

hearing

Katrina picks up information through her echoic sensory memory. Through which sense does Katrina process the information?

attempt to remember something by repeating it over and over

Maintenance rehearsal describes the

most effective in keeping memories in short-term memory

Maintenance rehearsal is

short-term memory; long-term memory

Maintenance rehearsal is most closely associated with ________, while elaborative rehearsal is most closely associated with ______

extending the duration of short-term memory

Maintenance rehearsal is most useful for

haptic sensory memory

Milo received a new DVD player that she is trying to connect to the back of her television by feel alone. The first stage of memorizing how to make the connection would be through

reconstructive

Recalling the actual details of your first day in college in an accurate manner would be an example of ______ memory

when playing comparable sports, girls have a higher rate of concussions than boys

Research on concussions in high school athletics suggests that

short-term memories are usually stored either acoustically or visually

Short-term memory uses a dual-coding system for storing memories. This means that

encoding

inputting information into memory

sensory memory--> short-term memory--> long-term memory

What are the three stages of the memory model?

sight and hearing

What are the two primary sensory memories?

all of the above (long-term, semantic, and declarative)

Your knowledge of cars and trucks is an example of ______ memory

semantic memory

long-term, declarative memory for conceptual information

declarative memory

memory for knowledge that can be easily verbalized: names, dates, events, concepts, and so on

episodic memory

memory for the recent events in our lives

encoding------> storage------> retrieval

What are the 3 functions of memory?

saw

A person without iconic memory probably would not be able to remember anything that he or she

we keep all permanent memories in our long-term memory

According to the three stages model of memory,

iconic memory

According to the working memory model, which of the following is not a component of working memory?

they are very accurate in their detail

According to their available research, which of the following is not a true statement about flashbulb memories?

encoding

Adding information to memory is known as

iconic memory

As you read a book, which is the first stage of memory into which the information that you are reading is processed?

the central executive

As you read the words on this page, which component of working memory is likely controlling the manner in which you process this information?

visual or acoustic

At any given moment, the information that you have stored in your short-term memory is likely to be encoded in which format?

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At most, the average person should be able to hold ______ single-digit numbers in her short-term memory

implicit

Brushing your teeth, combing your hair, and trying your shoes are all most likely to involve use of which type of memory?

more explicit

Compared to procedural memory, declarative memory is often _______

elaborative

If you prepare for your test on memory by relating the information to your grandfathers memory problems due to Alzheimers disease, you are using _____ rehearsal

sensory memory

Echoic memories are a type of

sound bit

Echoic sensory memory is most like a

associating it with something you already have stored on long-term memory

Elaborative rehearsal involves trying to store something in long-term memory by

chunking

Even though a long series of digits may exceed the normal capacity of short-term memory, it may still fit in your short-term memory through a grouping process called

anterograde amnesia

Glenn suffered a concussion in a terrible car accident, after which he could no longer store new episodic or semantic memories. Glenn seems to be suffering from _______

snapshot

Iconic memory is most like a

visual sensory memory; auditory sensory memory

Iconic memory is to ________, as echoic memory is to _________

given at least a slight amount of attention

If a new memory has made it to short-term memory stage, it has definitely been

be forgotten forever

If we do not pay attention to sensory memories, they will most likely

short-term memory

If you are able to remember the words in this question as you are reading it, it is because memory for the words is most likely residing in your

30 seconds

If you look up a phone number to the local theater and are unable to write it down or rehearse it, how long do you have before this information fades from your short-term memory?

process sensations long enough to send them on to short-term memory

Sensory memories help us to

visually; acoustically

Short-term memories are encoded either ________ or ________

temporary; permanent

Short-term memory is to _______, as long-term memory is to _______

small in capacity and short in duration

The duration and capacity of short-term memory are best described as

30 seconds

The duration of short-term memory is about

hippocampus

The limited capacity of short-term memory may be due to how neurons in the ______ code and store information

capacity of short-term memory

The phrase "7+/- 2 bits" describes the

a mnemonic

The phrase please excuse my dear aunt Sally, used as a tool to help people recall the order of mathematical operations, is an example of

attention

The process that determines which memory information gets transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory is

chunking

The ten digits of a persons telephone number may exceed the capacity of short-term memory, but for most people a telephone number actually becomes three bits of information through a process called

semantic memory and episodic memory

What are the 2 subtypes of declarative memory?

parallel processing; serial processing

The working memory model is to ______ as the three stages model is to ______

pay attention to the information

To move information from iconic sensory memory to short-term memory, you must

you are not actually changing the size of the bookshelf

Using the bookshelf analogy to explain the capacity of short-term memory, when you use chunking to increase that capacity

iconic sensory memory

Very brief memory for visual material is known as

In sensory memory, information coms in from our senses and is briefly stored in a sensory form. If we pay attention to this information, the information is sent to short-term memory. in short-term memory it works as a temporary holding tank for a limited amount of information. It can either be sent on or refreshed. It can than move to permanent long-term memory

What is the three stages model of memory?

echoic memory

When you are not paying attention to your teacher and then suddenly realize that something important may have been said, you are often able to hear what was just said by reflecting on your experience over the past couple of seconds. This is possible because of

maintenance

When you attempt to reminder the definition of implicit memory by repeating the definition over and over again, you are using ______ rehearsal

retroactive interference

When you first meet your classmate, he was introduced to you as Calvin. However, Calvin never uses his first name and goes by just his initials (C. D.). Now, after a few years, you find that you cannot recall C. D.'s first name. This is most likely an example of

some information that enters our memory from the outside world does not pass through our senses

Which of the following is FALSE about sensory memory?

chunking can increase the efficiency of short-term memory, but as the size of the chunks increases, the number of chunks that can be stored effectively will decrease

Which of the following is TRUE regarding chunking?

haptic sensory memory involves stimuli we touch

Which of the following is TRUE regarding sensory memory?

maintenance rehearsal can sometimes be effective in transferring information to long-term memory

Which of the following is most TRUE about maintenance rehearsal?

no, the model says that information has to travel in sequence from one stage to the next

Your friend asks you if it is possible in the three stages model of memory for memories to go directly from sensory memory to long-term memory. How should you answer?

sensory memory

Which of the following types of memory has the shortest duration?

reading your notes over and over as you study for an exam

Which of the following would be the best example of maintenance rehearsal?

the words will fade away forever

You are watching a tape of your professors lecture. The door bell rings and you go to see who is there. Assuming that you did not pay further attention to the lecture part you were watching, what will likely happen to the information?

pay attention to it

You have the phone number of the local pizza parlor in your iconic memory right now. What do you have to do with this information to move it to short-term memory?

long-term memory as semantic memory traces

Your knowledge of animals is most likely stored in ______

short-term memory

a system of memory that is limited in both capacity and duration; the intermediate stage between sensory memory and long-term memory

sensory memory

a system of memory that very briefly stores sensory impressions so that we can extract relevant information from them for further processing

schema

an organized generalized knowledge structure in long-term memory

elaborative rehearsal

forming associations or links between information one is trying to learn and information already stored in long-term memory so as to facilitate that transfer of this new information into long-term memory

echoic sensory memory

hearing; one of the primary ways in which we acquire information

storage

place where information is retained in memory

retrieval

process of assessing information in memory and pulling it into consciousness

maintenance rehearsal

repeating information over and over again to keep it in short-term memory for an extended period of time