Psych Ch. 6 Test Review
iconic memory
sight
primacy effect
tendency for people to recall words from the beginning of a list better than words that appeared int he middle of the list
recency effect
tendency for people to recall words from the end of a list better than words that appeared in the middle of the list
explicit memory
the conscious use of memory
memory traces
the stored code that represents a piece of information that has been encoded into memory
implicit memory
the unconscious use of memory
chunking
using limited short-term memory resources more efficiently by combining small bits of information to form larger bits of information or chunks
not do well
If you use maintenance rehearsal to prepare for your next test in psychology, you probably will
7
If you were trying to store a list of single digit numbers in your short-term memory, about how many should you be able to store on average?
capacity of short-term memory
Imagine that you are a subject in a study in which you are asked to remember a sequence of 20 letters of the alphabet dictated to you at the rate of one letter every two seconds. Immediately after the dictation, you are asked to recall the original sequence of letters. Most likely the researcher is studying what aspect of memory?
capacity of short-term memory
Imagine that you are participating in a research study in which you are shown a list of numbers and then immediately afterwards you are asked to recall as many of them as you can. Most likely the researcher is studying the
recognition
In _______, the memory probes and cues are stronger and contain more information
7 +/- 2 bits of information
In the 1950s, George Miller showed that the capacity of short-term memory is
short-term
In the three stage model of memory, the second stage of memory is __________ memory
sensory memory
In the three stages model of memory, in which stage does encoding of the environment first occur?
sensory memory
In the three stages model of memory, the briefest stage of memory is
hearing
Katrina picks up information through her echoic sensory memory. Through which sense does Katrina process the information?
attempt to remember something by repeating it over and over
Maintenance rehearsal describes the
most effective in keeping memories in short-term memory
Maintenance rehearsal is
short-term memory; long-term memory
Maintenance rehearsal is most closely associated with ________, while elaborative rehearsal is most closely associated with ______
extending the duration of short-term memory
Maintenance rehearsal is most useful for
haptic sensory memory
Milo received a new DVD player that she is trying to connect to the back of her television by feel alone. The first stage of memorizing how to make the connection would be through
reconstructive
Recalling the actual details of your first day in college in an accurate manner would be an example of ______ memory
when playing comparable sports, girls have a higher rate of concussions than boys
Research on concussions in high school athletics suggests that
short-term memories are usually stored either acoustically or visually
Short-term memory uses a dual-coding system for storing memories. This means that
encoding
inputting information into memory
sensory memory--> short-term memory--> long-term memory
What are the three stages of the memory model?
sight and hearing
What are the two primary sensory memories?
all of the above (long-term, semantic, and declarative)
Your knowledge of cars and trucks is an example of ______ memory
semantic memory
long-term, declarative memory for conceptual information
declarative memory
memory for knowledge that can be easily verbalized: names, dates, events, concepts, and so on
episodic memory
memory for the recent events in our lives
encoding------> storage------> retrieval
What are the 3 functions of memory?
saw
A person without iconic memory probably would not be able to remember anything that he or she
we keep all permanent memories in our long-term memory
According to the three stages model of memory,
iconic memory
According to the working memory model, which of the following is not a component of working memory?
they are very accurate in their detail
According to their available research, which of the following is not a true statement about flashbulb memories?
encoding
Adding information to memory is known as
iconic memory
As you read a book, which is the first stage of memory into which the information that you are reading is processed?
the central executive
As you read the words on this page, which component of working memory is likely controlling the manner in which you process this information?
visual or acoustic
At any given moment, the information that you have stored in your short-term memory is likely to be encoded in which format?
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At most, the average person should be able to hold ______ single-digit numbers in her short-term memory
implicit
Brushing your teeth, combing your hair, and trying your shoes are all most likely to involve use of which type of memory?
more explicit
Compared to procedural memory, declarative memory is often _______
elaborative
If you prepare for your test on memory by relating the information to your grandfathers memory problems due to Alzheimers disease, you are using _____ rehearsal
sensory memory
Echoic memories are a type of
sound bit
Echoic sensory memory is most like a
associating it with something you already have stored on long-term memory
Elaborative rehearsal involves trying to store something in long-term memory by
chunking
Even though a long series of digits may exceed the normal capacity of short-term memory, it may still fit in your short-term memory through a grouping process called
anterograde amnesia
Glenn suffered a concussion in a terrible car accident, after which he could no longer store new episodic or semantic memories. Glenn seems to be suffering from _______
snapshot
Iconic memory is most like a
visual sensory memory; auditory sensory memory
Iconic memory is to ________, as echoic memory is to _________
given at least a slight amount of attention
If a new memory has made it to short-term memory stage, it has definitely been
be forgotten forever
If we do not pay attention to sensory memories, they will most likely
short-term memory
If you are able to remember the words in this question as you are reading it, it is because memory for the words is most likely residing in your
30 seconds
If you look up a phone number to the local theater and are unable to write it down or rehearse it, how long do you have before this information fades from your short-term memory?
process sensations long enough to send them on to short-term memory
Sensory memories help us to
visually; acoustically
Short-term memories are encoded either ________ or ________
temporary; permanent
Short-term memory is to _______, as long-term memory is to _______
small in capacity and short in duration
The duration and capacity of short-term memory are best described as
30 seconds
The duration of short-term memory is about
hippocampus
The limited capacity of short-term memory may be due to how neurons in the ______ code and store information
capacity of short-term memory
The phrase "7+/- 2 bits" describes the
a mnemonic
The phrase please excuse my dear aunt Sally, used as a tool to help people recall the order of mathematical operations, is an example of
attention
The process that determines which memory information gets transferred from sensory memory to short-term memory is
chunking
The ten digits of a persons telephone number may exceed the capacity of short-term memory, but for most people a telephone number actually becomes three bits of information through a process called
semantic memory and episodic memory
What are the 2 subtypes of declarative memory?
parallel processing; serial processing
The working memory model is to ______ as the three stages model is to ______
pay attention to the information
To move information from iconic sensory memory to short-term memory, you must
you are not actually changing the size of the bookshelf
Using the bookshelf analogy to explain the capacity of short-term memory, when you use chunking to increase that capacity
iconic sensory memory
Very brief memory for visual material is known as
In sensory memory, information coms in from our senses and is briefly stored in a sensory form. If we pay attention to this information, the information is sent to short-term memory. in short-term memory it works as a temporary holding tank for a limited amount of information. It can either be sent on or refreshed. It can than move to permanent long-term memory
What is the three stages model of memory?
echoic memory
When you are not paying attention to your teacher and then suddenly realize that something important may have been said, you are often able to hear what was just said by reflecting on your experience over the past couple of seconds. This is possible because of
maintenance
When you attempt to reminder the definition of implicit memory by repeating the definition over and over again, you are using ______ rehearsal
retroactive interference
When you first meet your classmate, he was introduced to you as Calvin. However, Calvin never uses his first name and goes by just his initials (C. D.). Now, after a few years, you find that you cannot recall C. D.'s first name. This is most likely an example of
some information that enters our memory from the outside world does not pass through our senses
Which of the following is FALSE about sensory memory?
chunking can increase the efficiency of short-term memory, but as the size of the chunks increases, the number of chunks that can be stored effectively will decrease
Which of the following is TRUE regarding chunking?
haptic sensory memory involves stimuli we touch
Which of the following is TRUE regarding sensory memory?
maintenance rehearsal can sometimes be effective in transferring information to long-term memory
Which of the following is most TRUE about maintenance rehearsal?
no, the model says that information has to travel in sequence from one stage to the next
Your friend asks you if it is possible in the three stages model of memory for memories to go directly from sensory memory to long-term memory. How should you answer?
sensory memory
Which of the following types of memory has the shortest duration?
reading your notes over and over as you study for an exam
Which of the following would be the best example of maintenance rehearsal?
the words will fade away forever
You are watching a tape of your professors lecture. The door bell rings and you go to see who is there. Assuming that you did not pay further attention to the lecture part you were watching, what will likely happen to the information?
pay attention to it
You have the phone number of the local pizza parlor in your iconic memory right now. What do you have to do with this information to move it to short-term memory?
long-term memory as semantic memory traces
Your knowledge of animals is most likely stored in ______
short-term memory
a system of memory that is limited in both capacity and duration; the intermediate stage between sensory memory and long-term memory
sensory memory
a system of memory that very briefly stores sensory impressions so that we can extract relevant information from them for further processing
schema
an organized generalized knowledge structure in long-term memory
elaborative rehearsal
forming associations or links between information one is trying to learn and information already stored in long-term memory so as to facilitate that transfer of this new information into long-term memory
echoic sensory memory
hearing; one of the primary ways in which we acquire information
storage
place where information is retained in memory
retrieval
process of assessing information in memory and pulling it into consciousness
maintenance rehearsal
repeating information over and over again to keep it in short-term memory for an extended period of time