BILD 3 - UCSD Reuther

When the Darwin/Wallace theory of natural selection is summarized, four central postulates emerge. Which of the following is NOT one of these four natural selection postulates?

Variations in traits are produced by mutations.

Who developed a theory of evolution almost identical to Darwin's?

Wallace

Which of the following conditions would tend to make the Hardy-Weinberg equation more accurate for predicting the genotype frequencies of future generations in a population of a sexually reproducing species?

little to no migration with surrounding populations

An antibiotic kills 99.9% of a bacterial population. You would expect the next generation of bacteria

to be more resistant to that antibiotic.

Darwin developed his theory of natural selection despite having an incomplete and/or inaccurate knowledge base from which to work. Which of the following were problems for Darwin?

-the source of variations in populations -the source of variations in populations -The accepted age of the Earth was far too young to allow for the gradual changes Darwin envisioned.

Which of these values would most likely be the heritability of body mass index (BMI) in a developing country with a large gap between nutrition and health care available to the rich and poor?

0.33

Which of these conditions are always true of populations evolving due to natural selection? Condition 1: The population must vary in traits that are heritable. Condition 2: Some heritable traits must increase reproductive success. Condition 3: Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.

1 & 2

If a population of 100 individuals is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the recessive allele frequency is 0.4, what are the expected numbers of individuals who are recessive homozygotes, dominant homozygotes, and heterozygotes?

40 recessive homozygotes, 44 dominant homozygotes, 16 heterozygotes

Suppose 64 percent of a remote mountain village can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and must, therefore, have at least one copy of the dominant PTC taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy—Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be heterozygous for this trait?

48 percent

Which statement illustrates Lamarck's theory on the mechanism of evolution?

A man who routinely shaves the hair off his head will have sons who become bald.

You sample a population of butterflies and find that 56% are heterozygous at a particular locus. What should be the frequency of the recessive allele in this population?

Allele frequency cannot be determined from this information.

A particular species can choose to reproduce sexually or asexually. If it is living in a relatively stable, resource filled environment, which is the most beneficial for the species to choose?

Asexual reproduction

Who proposed the geological theory of catastrophism?

Cuvier

In Prokaryotes, is asexuality rare or common?

Common

Traits with low heritability are more affected by environmental variation than by genetic variation.

True

______________ favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

Directional selection

A new predator arrived on the island of Terror Island. What type of selection were prey initially under? How about 1000 years later?

Disruptive at first Stabilizing later

_______________ favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

Disruptive selection

What's the most common mutation?

Duplication

What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?

Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.

Lyell's book Principles of Geology, which Darwin read on board the H.M.S. Beagle, argued in favor of which of the following concepts?

Earth's surface is shaped by natural forces that act gradually and are still acting.

Essentialism as proposed by Aristotle considered variation within a species to be important characteristics created by God.

False

Special Creation proposed originally that species are created and never go extinct.

False

Do Gene Pools or Individuals evolve?

Gene Pools

Which of the following influences on Darwin believed in evolution?

Lamarck

The concept that Earth's present landscape is due to gradual geologic processes was proposed by:

Lyell.

Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?

Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.

In Eukaryotes, is asexuality rare or common?

Rare

You are an organism that can choose to reproduce either sexually or asexually. You just migrate to the roughest, toughest environment. Resources are limited and the temperature varies wildly. You should decide to ____________ reproduce.

Sexually Reproduce

A chimpanzee has zero offspring during her life because she focuses on helping raise the children of her sisters and cousins, helping them survive and reproduce. She lives ten years longer than any other chimp. What can you say about her fitness?

She would have had higher fitness if she lived alone and raised 2 children. (INDIRECT FITNESS)

Which of the following mechanisms can drive evolution?

Small population size (genetic drift), Mutations, Natural Selection.

____________ favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes

Stabilizing selection

Which of the following statements best summarizes natural selection?

Traits that promote survival and reproduction become more frequent in species from one generation to the next.

Which of the following thinkers argued that organisms tend to produce many more offspring than the environment can support, leading to a struggle for existence, an argument that later influenced Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection?

Thomas Malthus

Which of the following assumptions or observations contradicts Darwin's idea of natural selection?

Whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random chance.

A trait that confers a greater level of fitness, relative to those who lack it, is called a(n) ________.

adaptation

A population of organisms will not evolve if _____.

all individual variation is due only to environmental factors

Broccoli, cabbages, and brussels sprouts all descend from the same wild mustard and can still interbreed. These varieties were produced by

artificial selection.

Evolution by natural selection ________.

can be both tested experimentally and observationally.

Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should ________.

determine if hair length is heritable

This type of large scale mutation is the most common mechanism for the origin of new (novel) genes?

duplications

Definition of genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

The genetic makeup of any organism is its ________, which determines the physical characteristics called its ________.

genotype; phenotype

Humans share several features with salamanders. Certain genes and proteins are nearly identical between the two species; both species have four limbs with a similar skeletal structure; the species' early embryos are very similar; and where the salamander has a functional tail, humans have a vestigial tailbone. In evolutionary terms, these are examples of

homology

Genetic variation _____.

must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals in a population is equal to

p^2

Definition of phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

Aristotle believed that

species are fixed (permanent) and perfect.

Biological fitness is best defined as

the ability of an individual to produce offspring that survive and reproduce, relative to other individuals in the population.

Which of the following represents a pair of homologous structures?

the wing of a bat and the flipper of a whale