psych chap 4

An insecurely attached infant is likely to show: confidence and happiness. anxiety and/or indifference. independence and friendliness. confidence and independence.

anxiety and/or indifference.

Biologically based differences in emotions, activity level, and self-regulation: originate with child-rearing practices. are referred to as personality. are predisposed by environmental situations. are referred to as temperament.

are referred to as personality

Secure attachment (type B) results in a toddler who: is willing to explore. wants to talk. is self-centered. clings to the mother.

is willing to explore

Child care by individuals other than biological parents is referred to as: nonparental preschool allocare non-kinship day care kangaroo care

kangaroo care

Proximal parenting increases the likelihood that children will: feed themselves. play well by themselves. sleep in their own separate bed. be more obedient to their parents.

be more obedient to their parents

Which perspective suggests that parents mold an infant's emotions and personality as they reinforce or punish their child? psychosocial behaviorism social learning psychoanalytic

behaviorism

The importance of responsive parenting is that: the child conditions the parents. it adjusts the child's temperament to conform to the cultural rules. it spoils the child and allows unruly behavior. difficult children often become easier.

difficult children often become easier

Which attachment pattern involves infants who freeze, look scared, scream, and/or hit themselves? insecure disorganized resistant avoidant

disorganized

Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from a baby, with minimal holding and touching, are referred to as _____ parenting. distal practical proximal avoidance

distal

Which theory focuses on the importance of the impulses and emotions of both infants and caregivers in the ability to survive as a species? epigenetic theory evolutionary theory humanistic theory psychoanalytic theory

evolutionary theory

What kind of leave can be taken by either parent simultaneously or concurrently following the birth of their child? no such leave exists maternity leave paternity leave parental leave

parental leave

Infants' emotional development, particularly for emotions that are in response to others, is directly related to: reactions to stress brain development. sibling relationships. parenting style.

parenting style

During this stage of attachment, newborns signal that they need others through crying and body movements. When caregivers respond in a positive manner, the newborn is comforted and learns to seek interaction. preattachment attachment as a launching pad classic secure attachment mutual attachment

preattachment

A lasting bond between an infant and a caregiver is called: social reference. synchrony. attachment. dependency.

attachment

Proximity-seeking and behaviors that help to maintain contact are displays of: love insecurity friendliness attachment

attachment

One essential factor for quality infant day care is: affordability. encouraging competition among infants. attention to health and safety. two caregivers for every infant.

attention to health and safety

Which of the following seems to predict insecure attachment? easy infant temperament synchrony child care by someone other than the mother highly stressed parents

highly stressed parents

The _____ grows more slowly when an infant is often frightened. right temporal lobe anterior cingulate gyrus cerebellum hypothalamus

hypothalamus

The theory that connects biosocial with psychosocial development is: psychoanalytic. epigenetic. behaviorism. sociocultural.

psychoanalytic

Autonomy versus shame and doubt is central to Erikson's _____ theory. psychosocial epigenetic learning cognitive

psychosocial

Research demonstrates that MOST infants are classified as: insecure-avoidant. secure. insecure-resistant/ambivalent. disorganized.

secure

When an infant is comfortable and confident in the presence of his or her caregivers, the infant is said to have a(n) _____ attachment. insecure-resistant/ambivalent secure disorganized insecure-avoidant

secure

Fourteen-month-old Carlos watches his older brother giggle and roll on the floor at SpongeBob on TV. Carlos then laughs and rolls on the floor whenever his brother does. This is an example of: social learning. affixation. learning to be autonomous. social reward.

social learning

The _____ theory helps to explain the effects of distal and proximal parenting with regard to the emotional development of the child. psychoanalytic social learning humanistic epigenetic

social learning

When 12-month-old Nicholas looked at his mother to see her expression as a stranger entered the room, he was demonstrating: social learning behavior. stranger wariness. social referencing. fear.

social referencing.

A longitudinal study on developmental changes of temperament over the life span focused on examining temperament from 4 months of age through adulthood at various points in development. Results indicated that _____ of the children in the study did NOT change their reactions over time. 50 percent 5 percent 70 percent 10 percent

50 percent

What percentage of mothers of infants under the age of 1 year were in the labor force in the United States in 2015? 40 percent 58 percent 48 percent 52 percent

58 percent

When does an infant normally begin to express anger? 2 months 6 months 10 months 3 months

6 months

Based on your understanding of center-based care, which nation is MOST likely to have heavily subsidized infant care by the government? Pakistan Israel Uganda Brazil

Israel

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who resists separation, is preoccupied with the parents' absence, and seeks contact when reunited with his or her caregiver? secure apathetic insecure-resistant/ambivalent disorganized

insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Children's inborn differences that originate with nature, or genes, are called: nurture-based traits. cultural sponge traits. dimensional traits. temperamental traits.

temperamental traits.

What percentage of infants are classified as having an "easy" temperament? 25 percent 80 percent 60 percent 40 percent

40 percent

In a study that examined 4-month-old infants during and immediately after a still-face episode, how many were considered socially engaged? 78 percent 60 percent 7 percent 33 percent

33 percent

_____ tend to play more exciting games, which involve swinging and chasing. Friends Mothers Grandparents Fathers

Friends

In a study that examined 4-month-old infants during and immediately after a still-face episode, how many were considered negatively engaged? 78 percent 33 percent 7 percent 60 percent

7 percent

High-quality day care during infancy has the following essential characteristic: high teacher to student ratio. warm and responsive caregivers. high levels of toddler independence. young caregivers.

warm and responsive caregivers.

In the United States, the U.S. military allows _____ of paid leave for fathers. 10 days 5 days 2 weeks 3 weeks

10 days

Temperamental differences among infants are quite common. Based on examination of temperament, approximately _____ of infants have been identified as "difficult." 40 percent 30 percent 10 percent 20 percent

10 percent

Approximately how many births occurred in 2017? 250 million 200 million 150 million 100 million

150 million

Self-recognition in the mirror/rouge test usually emerges at about _____ months along with two other advances: pretending and using first-person pronouns. 27 14 18 12

18

Based on the standards developed by NAEYC for infants, the appropriate ratio of adults to babies in a day care classroom is: 1:8 1:6 1:4 1:2

1:4

Before the age of _____ significant differences in allocare are present. 1 year 9 months 2 years 6 months

2 year

A typical infant begins laughing at: 3 months 1 month 2 months 5 months.

3 months

Based on your understanding of center-based care, which region is LEAST likely to have heavily subsidized infant care by the government? North America Western Europe Scandinavia Africa

Africa

A securely attached toddler is curious and eager to explore but maintains contact by occasionally looking back at the caregiver. The caregiver keeps a watchful eye on the toddler and maintains contact by responding to: All of these are correct. vocalizations. gestures. expressions.

All of these are correct

Research measuring infant-caregiver attachment involves: an extensive interview with parents about their relationships with their siblings. using the Strange Situation laboratory procedure. All of these are correct. interviews with parents about their relationships with their extended family.

All of these are correct.

Which is NOT an agreed upon conclusion by developmentalists regarding child care? Attachment to one or several familiar caregivers is essential. Frequent changes and instability are problematic. Attachment to a caregiver is not necessary for psychological adjustment. Babies benefit from a strong relationship with their parents.

Attachment to a caregiver is not necessary for psychological adjustment.

_____ and thumb sucking are common activities of the oral stage. Friendship development Toilet training Sleep training Breast-feeding

Breast-feeding

_____ parenting involves close physical contact with a child, while _____ parenting involves encouraging face-to-face talking rather than touch. Proximity; distance Distal; proximal Proximal; distant Proximal; distal

Proximal; distal

Based on your understanding of separation anxiety, how should a parent respond if their infant screams and refuses to let go of them when presented with staying with a babysitter for the evening? Recognize it is an abnormal response and cancel their plans Expect that the babysitter will know how to respond to the child appropriately Recognize it is a typical response and their child is developing normally Expect that the infant will scream for the next four hours.

Recognize it is a typical response and their child is developing normally

Which nation has the greatest length of approved parental leave for parents? Japan Germany United States Spain

Spain

Which situation is NOT a predictor of insecure attachment? The parent mistreats the child. The child's temperament is difficult. The infant-parent relationship is high in synchrony. The mother is mentally ill.

The infant-parent relationship is high in synchrony

An insecure-avoidant attached child is likely to display what characteristics later in life? Their relationships are likely supportive, and they are likely to maintain a positive self-concept. Their relationships may be angry and unpredictable, and they are likely to have few long-term friendships. They may be aloof in personal relationships and appear lonely. They may demonstrate odd behaviors and be at risk for serious psychological disorders.

They may be aloof in personal relationships and appear lonely.

A disorganized attached child is likely to display what characteristics later in life? Their relationships may be angry and unpredictable, and they are likely to have few long-term friendships. They may be aloof in personal relationships and appear lonely. They may demonstrate odd behaviors and be at risk for serious psychological disorders. Their relationships are likely supportive, and they are likely to maintain a positive self-concept.

They may demonstrate odd behaviors and be at risk for serious psychological disorders.

At about 6 weeks, an infant expresses happiness in response to a human face by displaying: a social smile. a cooing sound. contentment. laughter.

a social smile.

In cognitive theory, there is a set of assumptions that an individual uses to organize perceptions and experience. These assumptions are called: beliefs and customs a working model religious ideals personal ideals

a working model

Research has demonstrated that childhood temperament evolves into: brain structure variations. adult personality. innate tendencies. environmental responses.

adult personality

Once _____ smiles at an _____, the adult will respond by grinning and talking animatedly. an adult; infant a sibling; infant None of these is correct. an infant; adult

an infant; adult

What percentage of infants in the United States are cared for exclusively by their mothers for the first year? more than 50 percent approximately 30 percent approximately 20 percent approximately 10 percent

approximately 20 percent

An infant's smile in response to seeing a person's face normally emerges: after infants learn to distinguish strangers from nonstrangers. only if that person has fed the infant. at about 6 weeks of age. only in secure attachment relationships.

at about 6 weeks of age.

What is Erikson's second crisis of life? autonomy versus shame and doubt trust versus mistrust independence anal

autonomy versus shame and doubt

Based on the NICHD longitudinal study of over 1,300 children born in 1991, early day care experiences correlated with clear and distinctive: cognitive advances. emotional deficits. social deficits. language deficits.

emotional deficits

Based on the NICHD longitudinal study of over 1,300 children born in 1991, early day care experiences correlated with clear and distinctive: social deficits cognitive advances emotional deficits language deficits.

emotional deficits

Excessive stress during infancy harms the brain, particularly in areas associated with: hearing. vision. sensorimotor skills. emotions.

emotions

Research has confirmed that synchrony is _____, meaning that responsiveness in parent-child interactions is a factor in psychosocial and biological development. experience-expectant nurture-based nature-based experience-dependent

experience-expectant

One of the key aspects of the Strange Situation experiment is: inability to sleep. exploration of toys. inability to speak. a roomful of strangers.

exploration of toys.

There are several new emotions, such as jealousy, which appear in toddlerhood that require social awareness from: friends. wives. husbands. family interactions.

family interactions

Which attachment pattern involves an infant who continues playing when his or her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns? secure insecure-disorganized insecure-avoidant insecure-resistant

insecure-avoidant

Emotions that require social awareness of other people are: sadness, anger, and guilt. pride, shame, and embarrassment. surprise, sadness, and boredom. pride, anger, and fear.

pride, shame, and embarrassment.

Infants engage in _____ and contact-maintaining to show their attachment. proximal parenting social smiling proximity-seeking social referencing

proximity-seeking

Albert crawls after his father when his father leaves the room. In doing so, Albert is exhibiting: synchrony. proximity-seeking behavior. anxious behavior. goodness of fit.

proximity-seeking behavior.

Freud and Erikson were: cognitive theorists. psychoanalytic theorists. behaviorists. epigenetic theorists.

psychoanalytic theorists

Self-awareness is a: misguided perception realization that one is part of a family realization that one is separate from other people foundation for physical growth.

realization that one is separate from other people

The ability to engage in pretend play and using first-person pronouns such as I, me, mine, and myself are usually indications that the child has developed: self-tolerance. mistrust of others. self-acceptance. self-recognition.

realization that one is separate from other people

An infant's distress when the caregiver leaves is: separation anxiety. stranger wariness. parental anxiety. social staging.

separation anxiety

An integral element in a synchronous exchange is: love. attention span. split-second timing. mood.

split-second timing

What is Erikson's first crisis of life? oral independence versus dependence autonomy versus shame and doubt trust versus mistrust

trust versus mistrust