PSYCH CHAPTER 4 -----> (sections 3/4) stages of sleep and sleep disorders and problems

according to Carl Jung

certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location.

As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an ______ in theta wave activity

increase

sleep spindle

is a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory.

NREM STAGES OF SLEEP Stage 1 sleep

is a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. There is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. Involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. Is associated with both alpha and theta waves

K-complexes

is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli and might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments is often associated with stage 2 sleep.

sleep can be divides into two different general phases:

REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep.

If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in .....

REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. -This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated

NREM STAGES OF SLEEP stage 3 and 4

Stage 3 and stage 4 of sleep are often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because these stages are characterized by low frequency (up to 4 Hz), high amplitude delta waves. -During this time, an individual's heart rate and respiration slow dramatically.

TRUE OR FALSE it is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 and stage 4 than during earlier stages

TRUE -Someone with increased levels of alpha brain wave activity during stage 3 and stage 4 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept.

stages of sleep

The first four stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fifth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep.

DREAMS

The meaning of dreams varies across different cultures and periods of time.

Sigmund Freud ---> German psychiatrist late 19th century

become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives.

The early portion of stage 1 sleep produces __________ , which are relatively low frequency (8-13Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake.

alpha waves

lucid dreams

are dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. -In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dream's content

Theta waves

are even lower frequency (4-7 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves.

Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in ......

emotional processing and regulation

REM SLEEP

marked by Rapid Movements of the Eyes The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory, although there is disagreement within the scientific community about how important both NREM and REM sleep are for normal learning and memory.

Rosalind Cartwright

sleep and dreaming researcher who believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer

Rapid eye movement (REM)

sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness.

Non-REM (NREM)

sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves.

Allan Hobson (2009)

suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness.

NREM STAGES OF SLEEP stage 2 sleep

the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. -Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles.

TRUE OR FALSE It is relatively easy to wake someone from stage 1 sleep

true -in fact, people often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage 1 sleep.