Psych Final Exam

Which of the following is least likely to be an example of classical conditioning? a. A child hears a police siren for the first time and cries. b. A whiff of perfume on a crowded subway triggers a memory of a prior love. c. A dog sits upon sight or smell of a treat. d. A former soldier cringes at the sound of an airplane overhead.

a. A child hears a police siren for the first time and cries.

Professor Frankel is an editor for a psychology journal. She is considering which submissions to send out for peer review. Which of the following submissions is likely to receive the strongest consideration based on its research methods? a. A professor from Utah who used well-established methods b. A researcher from California who developed novel methods c. A professor from Illinois who employed rarely-used methods d. A postdoctoral fellow from Texas who used a controversial method

a. A professor from Utah who used well-established methods

a biological psychologist studies the effects of amphetamine on aggression in rhesus monkeys. However, to the researcher's surprise, the experimental results differ for isolated monkeys versus monkeys in a colony. What is missing from this experiment? a. The social psychology perspective b. Human controls c. Physiological measurements d. An integration between biology and psychology

a. The social psychology perspective

What is a token economy? a. Tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior. b. Tokens gradually replace negative reinforces to increase the frequency of a desired behavior. c. Tokens are provided at fixed intervals to increase the frequency of a desired behavior. d. Tokens are provided at variable intervals to increase the frequency of a desired behavior.

a. Tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior.

According to research studies, what heavily skews our perception of the localization of sound? a. Watching a moving object b. Pitch and amplitude of a sound wave c. Density of the atmosphere d. Absorbent matter

a. Watching a moving object

Women experience depression more frequently than men do. This discrepancy between rates of depression in men and women has been observed to ____. a. be independent of race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence b. be dependent on race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence c. vary by race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence d. be causally related to race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence

a. be independent of race, ethnicity, social class, and country of residence

Tim, an alcoholic, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as ____. a. counterconditioning c. systematic desensitization b. flooding d. inhibition

a. counterconditioning

At the age of 45, Denise has gradually lost the ability to sleep. After seeking the advice of medical experts, Denise learns that she suffers from a rare genetic disorder that caused damage to her thalamus. What is the prognosis for this disorder? a. death c. dystonia b. heart disease d. loss of eyesight

a. death

Christopher suffered a traumatic brain injury in an automobile accident. Since the accident, he has great difficulty in forming new memories but remembers his childhood well, which suggests that his ____ was damaged. a. hippocampus b. hypothalamus c. basal ganglia d. amygdala

a. hippocampus

the endocrine system is comprised of a number of glands that release chemical messengers known as ____ into the ____. a. hormones; blood b. neurotransmitters; blood c. hormones; cerebrospinal fluid d. neurotransmitters; cerebrospinal fluid

a. hormones; blood

Which process best illustrates the effect of development stages on the interaction between instinct and learning? a. imprinting c. conditioning b. facilitating d. engulfing

a. imprinting

the spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on ____. a. individual experiences c. semantic similarities b. predetermined hierarchies d. cultural norms

a. individual experiences

Dora has no problem falling asleep each night, but she wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Dora suffer? a. maintenance insomnia c. continuance insomnia b. duration insomnia d. interval insomnia

a. maintenance insomnia

Mary Ann and Toby have been married for two years and are very happy. Each feels they receive a high level of support from the other and are very physically compatible. They may have higher than average levels of which hormone? a. oxytocin b. growth hormone c. insulin d. estrogen

a. oxytocin

The experience of intense fear and autonomic arousal in the absence of real threat is called a(n) ____. a. panic attack c. phobia b. anxiety attack d. panic disorder

a. panic attack

Preeti discovers that her roommate Shari recently experimented with methamphetamine. Preeti, worried about her roommate, informs Shari that there are risks associated with methamphetamine use, such as the induction of symptoms associated with ____. a. psychosis c. bipolar disorder b. obsessive compulsive disorder d. generalized anxiety disorder

a. psychosis

A measure is a method for describing a variable's ____. a. quantity c. fluctuation b. reliability d. deviation

a. quantity

Stephanie reports to her physician that she suddenly cannot sleep because she is unable to tune out noises such as the humming of the refrigerator or an occasional car driving down the street. After undergoing an MRI, she finds out that she has a tumor in her ____. a. reticular formation c. hippocampus b. cerebellum d. thalamus

a. reticular formation

A(n) ____ is a neuron that carries information from the external environment, or from the body, back to the central nervous system. a. sensory neuron b. interneuron c. cerebellar neuron d. motor neuron

a. sensory neuron

The reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group is called ____. a. social loafing c. group polarization b. deindividuation d. groupthink

a. social loafing

Manu's suffers from a rare genetic disorder that does not allow incoming light from her eyes to be transmitted to her brain. Because of Manu's disorder, which process is directly disrupted? a. transduction c. sensory adaptation b. perception d. sensation

a. transduction

Which correlational coefficient represents the strongest relationship? a. -.95 b. -.75 c. .75 d. 1.25

a. -.95

The Gestalt movement traces its origin to a single experiment conducted by Max Wertheimer in 1912 that demonstrated the ____. a. apparent movement of stationary objects b. influence of introspection on behavior c. speed of nerve conduction d. salivation of dogs anticipation of food

a. apparent movement of stationary objects

Seven-year-old Sangram is not allowed to touch the TV remote. Nevertheless, he uses the remote to change the volume from level 15 to 17. His parents, who are in the next room, seem unaware. The next day, Sangram becomes bold and turns the volume from level 15 to 30. His father yells at him, "Stop playing with the remote!" What prevented Sangram's father from noticing the volume change on the previous day? a. difference threshold b. fixed threshold c. absolute threshold d. distinct threshold

a. difference threshold

Hugo is running an experiment to determine if a specific DNA allele is present in a new transgenic mouse line. He glances through numerous data sets and identifies the correct DNA "band" in the majority of his experiments. This illustrates the concept of a ____. a. hit b. random result c. target d. correct assumption

a. hit

The Gestalt psychologists believed that breaking a "whole" perception into its building blocks, as advocated by the structuralists, would result in the loss of ____. a. important psychological information b. fundamental intellect c. learned consciousness d. irrational behavior

a. important psychological information

At the House of Reptiles, three-year-old Sinead is intrigued by a motionless python snake in a large cage with three parallel viewing windows. Sinead cries out, "Look mommy, a snake!" According to Gestalt psychology, how does Sinead know that the snake is not broken into individual segments? a. principle of continuity b. principle of familiarity c. principle of order d. principle of fragmentation

a. principle of continuity

William James' impact on contemporary psychology is evidenced by the fact that functionalism ____. a. was absorbed into mainstream psychology b. became a separate discipline c. bridged the gap between philosophy and psychology d. bridged the gap between structuralism and Gestalt psychology

a. was absorbed into mainstream psychology

Manu's suffers from a rare genetic disorder that does not allow incoming light from her eyes to be transmitted to her brain. Because of Manu's disorder, which process is directly disrupted? a.transduction b. perception c. sensory adaptation d. sensation

a.transduction

Emily grew up in Boston and attends college there. She often notices clusters of people smoking outside of office buildings as she walks to class. Which of the following sources would provide the most reliable information regarding the prevalence of smoking in Boston? a. A detailed personal study of the history of her extended family b. Interviews with her classmates and professors c. A review of her professor's behavioral statistics study drawn from census data d. Observations of campus fraternity and sorority life

c. A review of her professor's behavioral statistics study drawn from census data

____ is a neurotransmitter that participates in movement, planning, and reward. a. Serotonin c. Dopamine b. Acetylcholine d. Glutamate

c. Dopamine

Which of the following is a nondeclarative memory? a. Mike remembers learning how to ski as a teenager. b. In a spelling contest, Larry misremembers the spelling of the word mnemonic. c. Juan feels happy when he smells the scent of the perfume that his mother wore. d. Ryan remembers how to play chess the way that his grandfather taught him.

c. Juan feels happy when he smells the scent of the perfume that his mother wore.

Professor Hall is giving a surprise test in economics class. All other things being equal, which of the following students is likely to make the most errors on the exam? a. Sandra, who has been in a depressed mood but keeps picturing the rainbow she saw just before class b. Carl, who is picturing the cheeseburger he is going to have for lunch. c. Lorena, who is depressed that her boyfriend broke up with her and cannot stop thinking about how awful she feels d. Peter, who is confused about his attraction to Sara and is thinking about next steps

c. Lorena, who is depressed that her boyfriend broke up with her and cannot stop thinking about how awful she feels

What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment? a. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly increased the children's aggressive behavior b. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior did not affect the children's aggressive behavior c. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior d. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior substantially reduced the children's aggressive behavior

c. Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior

Tom was knocked unconscious briefly during a game while playing on his high school's football team. He does not remember much about the immediate circumstances leading to the injury. Why? a. There was insufficient time for memory storage in the cerebral cortex. b. He was motivated to forget the event because of its unpleasant nature. c. Synaptic consolidation of memories was interrupted by the head injury. d. There was insufficient time for memory storage in the hippocampus.

c. Synaptic consolidation of memories was interrupted by the head injury.

Our perception of color is best described by which of the following processes? a. The response of individual cones to either red, green, blue, yellow, purple or white light b. A comparison of the responses of the red, green, and blue cones to light c. The transmission of information from the primary red, green or blue cones to secondary yellow, purple or white cones d. The sensation and transmission of light by rods to more specialized red, green, or blue cones

b. A comparison of the responses of the red, green, and blue cones to light

Denise, a first year graduate student, is getting ready to begin a lab rotation with Dr. Hudson, an expert on the nodes of Ranvier. What should Denise know about the nodes of Ranvier before beginning her lab rotation? a. Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier in unmyelinated axons. b. Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons. c. Action potentials "skip" over the nodes of Ranvier in unmyelinated axons. d. Action potentials "skip" over the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons.

b. Action potentials occur only at the nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons.

Students from professor Veigel's psychology class cram for their next psychology exam by by staying up the entire night before the exam - against professor Veigel's good advice. What is a likely consequence of their actions? a. They will experience a brief surge of energy during the test followed by a prolonged "crash" phase. b. They will need to rest their eyes periodically during the exam or risk temporary vision impairment. c. They will likely perform below her fullest potential because they decreased their capacity to remember the material. d. They will need to have at least two nights of normal sleep before experiencing normal mental functioning.

c. They will likely perform below her fullest potential because they decreased their capacity to remember the material.

How do rods differ from cones in the retina? a. Rods are less sensitive to light than cones. b. In contrast to cones, rods are optimally activated by light entering the center of the eye. c. Unlike cones, rods cannot detect color. d. Rods provide the ability to see sharper images than cones.

c. Unlike cones, rods cannot detect color.

The group of early 20th century German psychologists who founded Gestalt psychology included Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and ____. a. Wilhelm Wundt c. Wolfgang Köhler b. William James d. Ulric Neisser

c. Wolfgang Köhler

Which drug is involved with the majority of suicides? a. cocaine c. alcohol b. LSD d. MDMA

c. alcohol

According to the Müller-Lyer illusion, we tend to see lines with outward-pointing arrowheads as ____. a. the focal point of an image c. being farther away from us b. the secondary object of an image d.

c. being farther away from us

Keller and Marion Breland, two of B. F. Skinner's former students who used operant conditioning to train animals for entertainment, encountered ____. a. extensive cognitive mapping c. biological boundaries b. repeated latent inhibition d. observer interference

c. biological boundaries

Synaptic communication between two neurons usually occurs via ____. a. direct contact b. molecular transduction c. chemical messengers d. electrical signaling

c. chemical messengers

Alejandra, a resident of lower Manhattan, suffers from PTSD after witnessing the attack on the twin towers of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. A certain acrid burning smell can trigger intense feelings of jitteriness and distress for her. This is an example of ____. a. positive reinforcement c. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning d. observational learning

c. classical conditioning

A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued is called a(n) ____. a. unconditioned reinforcer c. conditioned reinforcer b. primary reinforcer d. associative reinforcer

c. conditioned reinforcer

the news headline, "Recession Spurs Young in U.S. to Forgo or Delay Marriage," described ____. a. a study that found a causal link between the U. S. recession and the decisions of young adults to marry b. census data that indicated poverty was a primary cause of decreased marriage rates c. data that could have been explained by the trend for Americans to marry at later ages d. a study of historical data on marriage rates

c. data that could have been explained by the trend for Americans to marry at later ages

The cingulate cortex is a subcortical structure above the corpus callosum. Its anterior (forward) segment participates in ____, and its posterior (rear) segment participates in ____. a. memory and visual processing; decision-making and emotion b. the four Fs; formation of long-term memories c. decision-making and emotion; memory and visual processing d. formation of long-term memories; the four Fs

c. decision-making and emotion; memory and visual processing

Statistical methods that organize data into meaningful patterns and summaries, such as finding the average value, are called ____. a. inferential statistics c. descriptive statistics b. measures d. modes

c. descriptive statistics

Thorndike's Law of Effect states that behavior is ____. a. based on a strong relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli b. an adaptation based on imitation c. engrained relative to the consequences of the behavior d. predetermined by the type of organism

c. engrained relative to the consequences of the behavior

Some researchers restrict the possibility of self-aware consciousness to species that ____. a. show strong individualism b. demonstrate cognitive complexity c. exhibit complex social behavior d. are at the top of the food chain

c. exhibit complex social behavior

When Roxie the dog was a puppy, she would jump excitedly on anyone who entered the house; receiving praise for her actions. Now that Roxie weighs 65 pounds, Roxie's owner has asked everyone who enters the house to ignore the dog until she settles down. This scenario illustrates the use of ____. a. latent inhibition c. extinction b. discrimination d. generalization

c. extinction

As a child, Kim was always highly reactive to new situations. In addition, her mother was a worry wart, so Kim learned to view the world as a place requiring vigilance. When her father died, Kim's doctor attributed her stress levels to general anxiety disorder (GAD). The source of her GAD is best described by using a(n) ____. a. social explanation c. integrated perspective b. cognitive explanation d. biological explanation

c. integrated perspective

The process of forgetting ____. a. has no adaptive benefit b. is due to encoding failure c. may help prioritize the things we should remember d. is related to insufficient dopamine

c. may help prioritize the things we should remember

Dr. Benson discovers a new hormone, "hormone X," which becomes elevated when people experience extreme anxiety. To establish a reciprocal relationship, Dr. Benson needs to show that ____. a. blocking the binding sites of "hormone X" leads to feelings of euphoria b. feelings of euphoria decrease "hormone X" levels c. people experience anxiety when injected with "hormone X" d. levels of anxiety correlate with levels of "hormone X"

c. people experience anxiety when injected with "hormone X"

Humanistic psychologists believed that ____. a. human behavior is on a continuum with animal behavior b. society acts to civilize humans who are otherwise innately selfish and aggressive c. people only behave badly when corrupted by society d. the true motivation for humans to be successful is to see others fail

c. people only behave badly when corrupted by society

After a stressful day of work, Randi often makes small burn marks on her inner arm with a cigarette; which she feels helps her sleep better at night. This type of behavior is an example of ____. a. positive punishment c. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement d. negative punishment

c. positive reinforcement

According to the levels of processing theory, the depth (shallow to deep) of processing ____. a. enhances long-term memory capacity b. predicts the duration of information in long-term memory c. predicts the ease of retrieval d. exemplifies the power of maintenance rehearsal

c. predicts the ease of retrieval

Stefan is ____; therefore, he is nearly certain to lateralize language to his left hemisphere. a. left-handed c. right-handed b. ambidextrous d. bidextrous

c. right-handed

Regarding organization in long-term memory, what area has been most researched? a. procedural memory c. semantic memory b. episodic memory d. implicit memory

c. semantic memory

Lauren has been chosen to introduce the guest speaker to her economics class. She is worried about how she will look and sound to her classmates, her palms are sweaty, and she can feel her heart beating. This is best described as ____. a. a phobia c. social anxiety b. a specific phobia d. a panic attack

c. social anxiety

During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of rest is called ____. a. dominant presentation c. spontaneous recovery b. re-acquisition d. higher order conditioning

c. spontaneous recovery

A measure of how tightly clustered a group of scores is around their mean is called the ____. a. variability c. standard deviation b. mode d. frequency

c. standard deviation

Alicia is fascinated to learn about the Native American practice of "vision quests" in her Native American Cultures class. She learns that to initiate an altered state of consciousness, Native Americans would engage in ____. a. starvation and sleep extension c. starvation and sleep loss b. twirling and sleep extension d. twirling and sleep loss

c. starvation and sleep loss

Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because ____. a. they provide cues based on personal experience b. they provide fewer cues c. they provide more cues d. they provide widely accepted cues

c. they provide more cues

Carlos asks Laura to write down her phone number and e-mail address. He promptly loses the slip of paper. However, he finds that he stills remembers them both. This is possible because ____. a. of the nature of rehearsal within working memory b. of the passive nature of storage involved with working memory c. working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time d. working memory processes information as visuospatial memories

c. working memory can manage more than one type of information at a time

Which of the following best represents a cognitive approach to childhood language learning? a. Children acquire language in response to parental approval. b. Children are born with distinct physical features that facilitate learning the language of their parents. c. Children are born with innate mechanisms for learning language. d. Children acquire language in response to being understood.

c. Children are born with innate mechanisms for learning language.

Between the 17th and 19th centuries, supernatural explanations for psychological disorders began to give way to two scientific approaches: ____. a.functionalism and behaviorism b. a cognitive model and a behavioral model c. a medical model and a psychological model d. psychodynamic theory and humanism

c. a medical model and a psychological model

The news headline, "Recession Spurs Young in U.S. to Forgo or Delay Marriage," described ____. a. study that found a causal link between the U. S. recession and the decisions of young adults to marry b.census data that indicated poverty was a primary cause of decreased marriage rates c. data that could have been explained by the trend for Americans to marry at later ages d. a study of historical data on marriage rates

c. data that could have been explained by the trend for Americans to marry at later ages

The psychological perspective that examines the normal changes in behavior that occur across the lifespan is called ____. a. social psychology b. the individual differences perspective c. developmental psychology d. evolutionary psychology

c. developmental psychology

The process of transduction is analogous to ____. a. a person using social media to communicate with friends b. a rocket ship breaking through the earth's atmosphere c. a TV picking up and processing the signal from a remote control d. a sailboat utilizing the wind's energy to glide along the water

c.a TV picking up and processing the signal from a remote control

Eduardo, a psychologist, uses systematic desensitization to help his client, Catherine, address her extreme fear of heights. What technique is Eduardo likely to use? a. Each week, Eduardo and Catherine take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand close to the edge while he reassures her that everything will be alright. b. Eduardo teaches Catherine relaxation techniques then gradually, through guided imagery, asks her to imagine herself in a high place. If she starts to feel anxious, they temporarily return to the relaxation techniques. c. Eduardo and Catherine repeatedly visit a scenic viewpoint at the top of a hill. They have a pleasant picnic there, gradually moving to picnic tables that are closer to the top of the hill. d. Each week, Eduardo and Catherine take an elevator to the 50th floor of his office building and go outside on the observation deck. They stand there in silence while she internally works through her fear.

b. Eduardo teaches Catherine relaxation techniques then gradually, through guided imagery, asks her to imagine herself in a high place. If she starts to feel anxious, they temporarily return to the relaxation techniques.

Acknowledging that an experience is different than the sum of its elements is reflective of ____. a. psychodynamic theory c. structuralism b. Gestalt psychology d. functionalism

b. Gestalt psychology

Jake, a veteran of the Iraq war, saw his friends be severely injured or killed on two tours of duty. He came home physically healthy but suffering from PTSD. Jake was not much of a drinker before he went to Iraq, but now, he frequently drinks alone at night. To what might this be related? a. Excessive levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the frontal cortex b. Lower levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the frontal cortex c. Excessive levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the hippocampus d. Lower levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the hippocampus

b. Lower levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the frontal cortex

While writing a story for her student paper, Our Voice, about the dangers of alcohol, Liz is surprised to find out that moderate alcohol consumption is both detrimental and beneficial. What does Liz include in her story? a. Moderate alcohol consumption increases the risk for heart disease, but decreases the risk for developing certain cancers. b. Moderate alcohol consumption decreases the risk for heart disease, but increases the risk for developing certain cancers. c. Moderate alcohol consumption increases the risk for early onset Alzheimer's disease, but decreases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes. d. Moderate alcohol consumption decreases the risk for early onset Alzheimer's disease, but increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes.

b. Moderate alcohol consumption decreases the risk for heart disease, but increases the risk for developing certain cancers.

Consider a classical case study of a woman named Christina who suffered inflammatory damage to her somatosensory nerves. What were the consequences of this damage? a. She lost the ability to recognize faces and no longer had self-confidence. b. She lost the ability to sense the placement of her body and no longer had a sense of self. c. She lost the ability to empathize with others and became narcissistic. d. She lost the ability to communicate with others and suffered from major depression.

b. She lost the ability to sense the placement of her body and no longer had a sense of self.

Tarik is designing a new race car video game. To create the illusion of depth, how should Tarik design the backdrop in relationship to the first person driver? a. Show distant objects traveling in the opposite direction of the first person driver; show closer objects moving with the driver. b. Show distant objects traveling with the first person driver; show closer objects moving in the opposite direction of the driver. c. Show peripheral objects traveling with the first person driver; show central objects moving in the opposite direction of the driver. d. Show central objects traveling with the first person driver; show peripheral objects moving in the opposite direction of the driver.

b. Show distant objects traveling with the first person driver; show closer objects moving in the opposite direction of the driver.

Jake, a 24-year-old Caucasian man, was caught in a stolen car and taken into the police station for identification. Which of the following lineups would be the fairest for Jake? a. The witness is shown six photos of suspects simultaneously. b. The witness is shown six photos of suspects sequentially. c. In a physical lineup, the police officer asks the witness "Is that the guy?" while pointing to Jake. d. Jake is the only Caucasian man in a physical lineup.

b. The witness is shown six photos of suspects sequentially.

Of the following, who is likely to have the most rods activated in the retina? a. Blake, who is reading a book while sunbathing at the park b. Yasmeen, who is searching for her keys under the bed c. Gavin, who is painting a mural as part of a community outreach program d. Dale, who is working on a detailed pen and ink drawing

b. Yasmeen, who is searching for her keys under the bed

Ethan, a five-year-old with autism, often rocks back and forth repetitively. He also gets upset if he cannot follow each step of his familiar routines. A possible source of repetitive or ritualistic behavior is ____. a. a failure to develop a normal theory of mind b. a general dysfunction in sensory networks c. slow development of language skills d. a low level of energy

b. a general dysfunction in sensory networks

The idea that a person's dominant hemisphere influences their creativity or ability to think logically is ____. a. supported by the evidence that most left-handed individuals are employed as artists or musicians b. a popular myth about lateralization c. supported by the research findings on split-brain operations d. important for teachers to consider when working with children who have learning disabilities

b. a popular myth about lateralization

Craig and Beth have been a couple for over a year. When they first met, Beth was always late for class and Craig liked to be early. Now they tend to get to class on time and are increasingly similar in other respects as well. This reflects a process known as ____. a. homogenization c. the exposure effect b. attitude alignment d. habituation

b. attitude alignment

Carolos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition termed ____. a. dyspnea c. ataxia b. cataplexy d. narcolepsy

b. cataplexy

What is the uncomfortable state that occurs when behavior and attitudes do not match? a. group polarization c. social exclusion b. cognitive dissonance d. deindividuation

b. cognitive dissonance

The reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time is called ____. a. forgetting c. motivated forgetting b. decay d. interference

b. decay

Manny coaches a team of ten-year-old boys in baseball. When they lost to their arch rivals by a score of 7-2, the boys complained that the umpire was not fair and that they would have won if they had played on their home field. This is an example of ____. a. correspondence bias c. just-world belief b. group-serving bias d. self-serving bias

b. group-serving bias

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding is called ____. a. sensitization c. habituation b. higher order conditioning d. generalization

b. higher order conditioning

In order to understand the reciprocal relationships between factors leading to psychological disorders, which is the most helpful perspective? a. evolutionary c. developmental b. integrated d. biological

b. integrated

Psychologists find that agreeing on the differences between typical and abnormal behaviors is surprisingly difficult. However, deciding that an individual's behaviors and mental processes are abnormal is essential because ____. a. it provides a benchmark for statistical analysis of these behaviors b. it is the first step toward labeling that person with a psychological disorder and providing treatment c. it establishes a cross-cultural consensus of what constitutes a disorder d. it protects society from possible psychopathological behavior

b. it is the first step toward labeling that person with a psychological disorder and providing treatment

Using her data set regarding the working conditions and stress levels of domestic workers, Callie has calculated the standard deviation of their housing expenses in two ways, with and without the workers who have zero housing expense. When she includes all workers, the standard deviation is ____. a. smaller c. the same b. larger d. scattered

b. larger

Mariah is a neuroscience graduate student interested in understanding how the human brain processes early childhood memories. What technique should Mariah use to determine which brain regions are activated when someone recalls their first memory? a. single cell recording b. positron emission tomography c. evoked potential d. transcranial magnetic stimulation

b. positron emission tomography

Dinesh takes a quick call from his wife and then returns to a conversation with his co-worker. His wife asked him to pick up six items at the grocery store on his way home from work, and while walking to his car, he realizes that he can only remember the first three items. This illustrates the ____. a. spreading activation model c. recency effect b. primacy effect d. maintenance model

b. primacy effect

The relationship between neurons and glia is similar to the relationship between ____. a. plumbers and electricians b. racecar drivers and their pit crews c. ballerinas and their audience members d. dentists and their patients' teeth

b. racecar drivers and their pit crews

The process of storing autobiographical information ____. a. requires maintenance rehearsal c. results from focused attention b. seems effortless d. benefits from the use of mnemonics

b. seems effortless

During REM sleep, specific brainstem neurons show reduced activity. What types of neurotransmitters are released by these neurons? a. serotonin and dopamine c. glutamate and dopamine b. serotonin and norepinephrine d. glutamate and norepinephrine

b. serotonin and norepinephrine

What is an effective method for teaching a new behavior that involves balancing too much versus too little reinforcement? a. chaining c. molding b. shaping d. imprinting

b. shaping

Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of ____. a. latent inhibition c. habituation b. spontaneous recovery d. observational learning

b. spontaneous recovery

According to Rescorla and Wagner, the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is strongest when the association is ____. a. consistent c. familiar b. surprising d. variable

b. surprising

It is difficult for others to confirm an individual's subjective introspections; therefore, this approach does not lend itself well to ____. a. psychoanalysis c. case studies b. the scientific method d. cognitive therapy

b. the scientific method

Which of the following is one of the most important schemas we have for organizing and remembering what we study? a. hierarchies from most important to least important b. the self c. alphabetization d. categorization by purpose and properties

b. the self

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response after a varying period of time is reinforced is called a(n) ____. a. variable ratio schedule c. arbitrary interval schedule b. variable interval schedule d. arbitrary ratio schedule

b. variable interval schedule

In research using surveillance camera footage of public places, researchers observed actual fighting behavior and found that third parties ____. a. did not intervene to stop the fight b. were more likely to intervene when the number of bystanders was larger c. were less likely to intervene as the number of bystanders grew larger d. only intervened with words, not actions

b. were more likely to intervene when the number of bystanders was larger

Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day. She decides to cut her coffee habit "cold turkey," but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep. Jordan is experiencing ____. a. desensitization c. recoil b. withdrawal d. sensitization

b. withdrawal

Acknowledging that an experience is different than the sum of its elements is reflective of ____. a. psychodynamic theory b. Gestalt psychology c. structuralism d. functionalism

b. Gestalt psychology

Who was a vocal proponent of dualism? a. Aristotle b. René Descartes c. Baruch Spinoza d. Democritus

b. René Descartes

The salivation of dogs in Pavlov's experiments was significant because it ____. a. emphasized conscious thought b. demonstrated the ability to learn to anticipate future events as a survival advantage c. indicated that intelligence is innate d. demonstrated that the ability to smell food prior to its arrival is a highly developed sense

b. demonstrated the ability to learn to anticipate future events as a survival advantage

Callie has gathered extensive data regarding the working conditions and stress levels of domestic workers in five U.S. cities, including their annual income. She arranges the data from low to high and notes how many workers are in each category using a histogram. This is called a ____. a. standard deviation b. frequency distribution c. normal distribution d. median

b. frequency distribution

Ancient Greek Philosophers _________. a. were exclusively monists b. provided natural explanations for their observations c. were exclusively dualists d. relied on the supernatural to explain their observations

b. provided natural explanations for their observations

In Dr. Segal's study of the effects of television watching on the language development of children under the age of two, which of the following would you recommend to operationalize the dependent variable? a. The cumulative amount of time spent watching television during the study b. A count of the number of words each child knows at the end of the study c. The amount of time per session spent watching television d. A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and end of the study

d. A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and end of the study

Who would be exhibiting normal behavior under the statistical definition of abnormality? a. A U.S. President (one of forty-three men) b. A Nepalese speaker (approximately 30,000,000 people on earth) c. A person with an IQ above 115 (almost 16% of the population) d. A resident of the United States with a motor vehicle (for every 1,000 residents, there are approximately 800 motor vehicles)

d. A resident of the United States with a motor vehicle (for every 1,000 residents, there are approximately 800 motor vehicles)

In which of the following scenarios is Roxie the dog most likely to rapidly learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with food? a. When Roxie's owner gets home from work, sometimes she gives Roxie a food treat right away; other times, they go for a short walk before Roxie is given the treat. b. During the week, Roxie gets treats for not scratching the furniture; during the weekend, she gets treats for performing complex tricks. c. Roxie's owner has two sons: the older son teaches Roxie tricks and sometimes rewards her with a treat; the younger son likes to play fetch with Roxie. d. Each morning, Roxie's owner opens the squeaky kitchen cupboard, pours dog food into a bowl, and immediately puts the bowl of food on the floor for Roxie to eat.

d. Each morning, Roxie's owner opens the squeaky kitchen cupboard, pours dog food into a bowl, and immediately puts the bowl of food on the floor for Roxie to eat.

What is true of opiates? a. Opiate use is associated with feelings of both euphoria and anxiety. b. Opiates work as muscle relaxers by acting on the neurotransmitter GABA. c. At high doses, opiates can lead to death by causing cardiac arrest. d. Opiates have legitimate medical purposes, such as the control of diarrhea.

d. Opiates have legitimate medical purposes, such as the control of diarrhea.

Dr. Tanner is studying the effects of continuous pesticide exposure on auditory function. Using a rodent model, Dr. Tanner monitors the organ of Corti in rats with long-term pesticide exposure via two-photon microscopy. Based on his observations, he suspects that pesticides do indeed disrupt auditory function. What did Dr. Tanner observe? a. Pesticide exposure caused the organ of Corti to fill with fluid, preventing the transmission of sound waves. b. Pesticide exposure caused the eustachian tube to constrict, restricting the passage of sound waves. c. Pesticide exposure caused the ossicles to fracture and fail to vibrate in response to sound waves. d. Pesticide exposure caused damage to hair cells, preventing them from bending in response to sound.

d. Pesticide exposure caused damage to hair cells, preventing them from bending in response to sound.

Selena weeds her garden while thinking about what she will wear to her daughter's graduation ceremony. What brain network is engaged while Selena daydreams? a. The "fall back network" c. The "ulterior network" b. The "clandestine network" d. The "default network"

d. The "default network"

Which of the following was one of the findings of early Greek physicians regarding the brain? a. The brain controls the coordinated movement of the body. b. The brain is divided into four major lobes. c. The brain controls personality by secreting yellow bile. d. The brain is connected to the sense organs, such as the eyes.

d. The brain is connected to the sense organs, such as the eyes.

What is the physiological basis for night terrors? a. Sleep spindles and K-complexes do not form during Stage 4 N-REM sleep. b. Dreaming begins in N-REM stages rather than in the REM state. c. Hyperstimulation of beta waves occur during the REM state. d. The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry.

d. The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry.

Former members of a Girl Scout troop have gotten back in touch on Facebook. Verda reminds the others of their camping trip, where it rained for three days. Others share their memories of that weekend as well. What is most likely to happen to Verda's memories? a. They remain essentially the same. b. They are stored in a separate section of long-term memory from the memories of others. c. They are over-written by the memories shared by others. d. They interact with others' memories and are re-encoded as new long-term memories.

d. They interact with others' memories and are re-encoded as new long-term memories.

What was a major shortcoming of early psychologists? a. They overgeneralized their findings. b. They abandoned the scientific method. c. They diluted their efforts by diverging into several psychological specializations. d. They tried to establish theories without a large body of experimental data.

d. They tried to establish theories without a large body of experimental data.

Who is the American psychologist who proposed the functionalist approach and whose textbook, Principles of Psychology, dominated the field of psychology for the fifty years after its publication? a. Sigmund Freud c. Abraham Maslow b. B.F. Skinner d. William James

d. William James

Sara allows her dog, Isabel, to run freely at a local park. As Isabel is chased by several other dogs, Sara notices that Isabel's hair rises up along her spine. Isabel's response illustrates ____. a. an instinct c. sensitization b. operant conditioning d. a reflex

d. a reflex

A simplified set of traits associated with membership in a group or category is called ____. a. prejudice c. a bias b. discrimination d. a stereotype

d. a stereotype

The existence of varying states of awareness benefits animals by facilitating ____. a. reproduction and immune function b. reproduction and energy conservation c. body repair and immune function d. body repair and energy conservation

d. body repair and energy conservation

Abby finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. Soon after she settles in, a group of girls gather at a nearby table and begin gossiping about someone Abby knows. While reading her textbook, Abby listens in on the conversation. What aspect of consciousness describes Abby's awareness of both her textbook material and the conversation? a. degree of awareness b. state of awareness c. stream of awareness d. content of awareness

d. content of awareness

Dr. Pohler is a neurobiologist studying ways to enhance the perception of sound in people with hearing difficulties. He discovers a natural neurotransmitter that increases the chance a neuron will fire an action potential, increasing sensitivity to sound. What is the effect of this neurotransmitter on the receiving neuron? a. inhibitory, causing hyperpolarization b. inhibitory, causing depolarization c. excitatory, causing hyperpolarization d. excitatory, causing depolarization

d. excitatory, causing depolarization

Myelin, which insulates many neuronal axons, is formed by ____. a. synaptic coatings b. blood vessel extensions c. dendritic ensheathings d. glial membranes

d. glial membranes

Elias is a young athlete and body builder who hopes to be a personal trainer someday. He sees that other athletes at the gym take ____ for performance enhancement; however, he is hesitant to take it because he is unsure of its side effects. a. insulin c. estrogen b. vasopressin d. growth hormone

d. growth hormone

If people are continuously startled by a stimulus that they know will not cause them harm, they will fail to ____. a. tolerate the stimulus b. control their reflexes c. form an association with the stimulus d. habituate to the stimulus

d. habituate to the stimulus

The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____. a. positive punishment c. negative punishment b. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement

d. negative reinforcement

Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and ____. a. classical c. conditioned b. operant d. observational

d. observational

The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ____. a. habituative learning b. nonassociative learning c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning

d. operant conditioning

Junko's grandmother survived a stroke but is paralyzed on her left side. She has likely suffered damage to her ____. a. left hemisphere c. brain stem b. cerebellum d. right hemisphere

d. right hemisphere

Carl's wife Juanita is unhappy that her husband's new shift as a security guard is from 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. She complains to her husband that since he started his new job, he seems sluggish, depressed, and irritable. What condition might Carl have? a. circadian abnormality disorder c. altered graveyard state b. dysfunctional cycle condition d. shift maladaption syndrome

d. shift maladaption syndrome

Giacomo Rizzolatti and a team of Italian scientists conducted research that led to the discovery of "mirror neurons" in monkeys. Which research method did they use? a. positron emission tomography b. functional magnetic resonance imaging c. electroencephalography d. single cell recording

d. single cell recording

What type of brain waveforms did Brennan display right before being awakened? a. delta waves b. theta waves c. beta waves d. theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes

d. theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes

From the bottom up, the gateway to information processing is attention, which prioritizes ____. a. encoding, storage, and retrieval b. thinking, problem solving, and language c. sensory adaptation, survival, and consistency d. unfamiliar, changing, or high-intensity stimuli

d. unfamiliar, changing, or high-intensity stimuli

Enclosed within axons are ____, which are hollow spheres containing ____. a. peroxisomes; myelin b. vesicles; myelin c. peroxisomes; chemical messengers d. vesicles; chemical messengers

d. vesicles; chemical messengers

People tend to choose friends and romantic partners ____. a. who provide complementary personal qualities b. who compete in terms of occupational status and income c. who are of diverse backgrounds, aptitudes, and preferences d. who are similar in race, ethnicity, religion, values, education, and age

d. who are similar in race, ethnicity, religion, values, education, and age

In Dr. Segal's study of the effects of television watching on the language development of children under the age of two, which of the following would you recommend to operationalize the dependent variable? a. The cumulative amount of time spent watching television during the study b. A count of the number of words each child knows at the end of the study c.The amount of time per session spent watching television d. A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and end of the study

d. A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and end of the study

Our judicial system relies heavily on eyewitness testimony; however, as ____ informs us, eyewitness testimony can be shaped by a community's perceptions of race. a. clinical psychology b. the individual differences perspective c. development psychology d. social psychology

d. social psychology

State-dependent memory means that a person has better recall of material that is learned ____. a. in a similar physical environment or body position b. in a similar location c. in a similar physiological state or mood d. at a similar time of day

C. in a similar physiological state or mood

The best analogy for light energy is: ____. a. a rabbit hoping along a path b. a plane flying through the air c. raindrops falling from the sky d. the propagation of waves in the ocean

d. the propagation of waves in the ocean

Hermann von Helmholtz's work on ____ provided further evidence that the mind had a physical basis. a. dissection and human anatomy b. the range of human hearing c. the mind/body dichotomy d. the speed of nerve conduction

d. the speed of nerve conduction

How do sensory systems differ for humans versus non-human animals? a. Because of a highly developed cerebral cortex, humans have highly diverse sensory systems in comparison to most other animals. b.In contrast to contemporary humans, non-human animals use their sensory systems to enhance survival. c.Industrialization has had a negative effect on the sensory systems of humans; as human sensory systems declined, the sensory systems of other animals became more efficient. d.Developed out of natural selection, sensory systems are unique to an individual species (human or non-human) and work to maximize the survival of that species.

d.Developed out of natural selection, sensory systems are unique to an individual species (human or non-human) and work to maximize the survival of that species.

The world perceived by Matteo is very different than the world perceived by most; he can only see black, white or shades of gray. What can we conclude about Matteo? a. His retina is void of at least one type of rod. b. His retina is void of at least two types of rods. c. His retina is void of at least one type of cone. d. His retina is void of at least two types of cones.

d.His retina is void of at least two types of cones.