Psych final

psychopath

sometimes used to refer to a subgroup of individuals with (ASPD)

psychodynamic therapies

stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individuals problem

obedience

the behavior that complies with the explicit demand of the individual in authority

Factors of persuasion

the communicator, the medium, the target(audience), the message

false consensus effect

the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do

social comparison

the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others

group polarization effect

the solidification and further strengthening of an individuals position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction

social psychology

the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people

risky shift

the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members

bystander effect

the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone

hypervigilance

the tendency to be constantly on the alert, looking for threatening information in the environment

ethnocentrism

the tendency to favor ones own ethnic group over other groups is called ethnocentrism

avoidant attachment style

these individuals deemed closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive

ECT

treat severe depression; mainly given to individuals who have not responded to drug therapy psychotherapy

Attribution theory

views people as motivated to discover the underlying cause of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior; internal/external-stable/unstable-controllable/uncontrollable

medical model

which describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin

egoism

which involves giving to another person to gain self esteem

deindividuation

which occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsability

lithium

widely used to treat bipolar disorder

borderline personality disorder

(BPD) a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various context

obsessive-compulsive disorder

(OCD) features anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation

Post-traumatic stress disorder

(PTSD) an anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that overwhelms the persons abilities to cope

affectionate love

(companionate love) the type of love that occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near

dissociative identity disorder

(multiple personality disorder) the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder; two or more personalities

Romantic love

(passionate love) love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship

phobic disorder

(phobia) have an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation

self perception theory

Daryl Bems explanation of how behaviors influence attitudes; individuals make inferences about ther attitudes by perceiving their behavior

DSM-IV

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Axis I-V

I: all diagnostic categories except personality disorders and mental retardation II: personality diorders and mental retardation III:General medical conditions IV: psychosocial and environmental problems V: current level of functioning

cognitive dissonance

a concept developed by Festinger, is an individuals psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts

culture of honor

a mans reputation is thought to be an essential aspect of his economic survival

psychotherapy

a nonmusical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems

empathy

a persons feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another

Antisocial personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deciet

schizophrenia

a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes

dissociative amnesia

a type of amnesia characterized by extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress

stereotype threat

an individuals fast-acting, self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group

altruism

an unselfish interest in helping another person

antianxiety drugs

are commonly known as tranquilizers-make you calm

dissociative disorder

are psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity

biological therapies

are treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning

diathesis-stress model

argues that a combination of biogenetic disposition and stress causes schizophrenia

social role view of gender

asserts that social, not evolutionary experiences have led to differences in gender behavior

biological approach

attribues psychological disorders to organic, internal causes

social exchange theory

based on the idea of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits

relational aggression

behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors

tricyclics

believed to work by increasing the level of certain neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine

binge eating disorder

characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating

personality disorders

chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individuals personality

electroconvulsive therapy

commonly called shock therapy, is to set off a seizure in the brain, much like happens spontaneously in some forms of epilepsy

abnormal behavior

deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time

flat affect

display of little or no emotion

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation; weigh less than 85% normal, fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, amenorrhea ( lack of menstruation)

psychological approach

emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders

the sociocultural approach

emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships and culture

investment model

examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships

consensual validation

explains why people are attracted to others who are similar to them

delusions

false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individuals culture

psychotic

far removed from reality

psychoanalysis

frueds therapeutic technique for analyzing an individuals unconscious thoughts

frustration-aggression hypothesis

frustration-the blocking of an individuals attempts to reach a goal-always leads to aggression

referential thinking

giving personal meaning to completely random events

word salad

have no meaning for the listener

equity

having both partners feel that each is doing his or her "fair share"

elaboration likelihood model

identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route

social contagion

imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas

dissociative fugue

individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and sometimes assumes a new identity

anxiety disorders

involve fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate, to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life

Major depressive diorder

involves a siginficant depressive episode and depressed characteristics,such as lethargy and hopelessness for atleast two weeks

free association

involves encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind

foot-in-the-door technique

involves making a smaller request at the beginning and saving the biggest for last

door-in-the face technique

involves making the biggest pitch at the beginning which the customer will reject, and then making a smaller, "concessionary" demand

psychosurgery

is a biological intervention that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue

conformity

is a change in a persons behavior to coincide more closely with a groups standard

bipolar disorder

is a mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or moor episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state

catatonia

is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time

bulimia nervosa

is an eating disorder in which an individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern

generalized anxiety disorder

is different from such everyday feelings of anxiety in that suffers experience persistent anxiety for atlas 6 months and are unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety

dysthymic disorder

is mood disorder that is generally more chronic and has fewer symptoms than MMD

normative social influence

is the influence others have on us because we want them to like us

mere exposure effect

means the more we encounter someone or something, the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before

depressive disorders

mood disorders which the individual suffers from depression, an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life

fundamental attribution error

observers overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations

social facilitation

occurs when an individuals performance improves because of the presence of others

observer

offers a casual explanation of the actors behavior

antipsychotic drug

powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals who have a severe psychological disorder

actor

produces the behavior

mood disorders

psychological disorders in which there is a primary disturbance of mood

panic disorder

recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause

social loafing

refers to each persons tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort

overt aggression

refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly

aggression

refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally

group-think

refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony

informal social influence

refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right

self-serving bias

refers to the tendency to take credit for ones own success and deny responsibility for ones own failures

social identity

refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership (in/out group)

antidepressent drug

regulate mood

positive illusions

rosy views of themselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality

secure attachment style

securely attached adults have positive views of relationships

Hallucinations

sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli