Psych final
psychopath
sometimes used to refer to a subgroup of individuals with (ASPD)
psychodynamic therapies
stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapist, and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individuals problem
obedience
the behavior that complies with the explicit demand of the individual in authority
Factors of persuasion
the communicator, the medium, the target(audience), the message
false consensus effect
the overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way we do
social comparison
the process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others
group polarization effect
the solidification and further strengthening of an individuals position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction
social psychology
the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
risky shift
the tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members
bystander effect
the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone
hypervigilance
the tendency to be constantly on the alert, looking for threatening information in the environment
ethnocentrism
the tendency to favor ones own ethnic group over other groups is called ethnocentrism
avoidant attachment style
these individuals deemed closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive
ECT
treat severe depression; mainly given to individuals who have not responded to drug therapy psychotherapy
Attribution theory
views people as motivated to discover the underlying cause of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior; internal/external-stable/unstable-controllable/uncontrollable
medical model
which describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin
egoism
which involves giving to another person to gain self esteem
deindividuation
which occurs when being part of a group reduces personal identity and erodes the sense of personal responsability
lithium
widely used to treat bipolar disorder
borderline personality disorder
(BPD) a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various context
obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD) features anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation
Post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) an anxiety disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event that overwhelms the persons abilities to cope
affectionate love
(companionate love) the type of love that occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near
dissociative identity disorder
(multiple personality disorder) the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder; two or more personalities
Romantic love
(passionate love) love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and it often predominates in the early part of a love relationship
phobic disorder
(phobia) have an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation
self perception theory
Daryl Bems explanation of how behaviors influence attitudes; individuals make inferences about ther attitudes by perceiving their behavior
DSM-IV
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Axis I-V
I: all diagnostic categories except personality disorders and mental retardation II: personality diorders and mental retardation III:General medical conditions IV: psychosocial and environmental problems V: current level of functioning
cognitive dissonance
a concept developed by Festinger, is an individuals psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts
culture of honor
a mans reputation is thought to be an essential aspect of his economic survival
psychotherapy
a nonmusical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems
empathy
a persons feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another
Antisocial personality disorder
a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deciet
schizophrenia
a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered thought processes
dissociative amnesia
a type of amnesia characterized by extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress
stereotype threat
an individuals fast-acting, self fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group
altruism
an unselfish interest in helping another person
antianxiety drugs
are commonly known as tranquilizers-make you calm
dissociative disorder
are psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity
biological therapies
are treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of body functioning
diathesis-stress model
argues that a combination of biogenetic disposition and stress causes schizophrenia
social role view of gender
asserts that social, not evolutionary experiences have led to differences in gender behavior
biological approach
attribues psychological disorders to organic, internal causes
social exchange theory
based on the idea of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits
relational aggression
behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors
tricyclics
believed to work by increasing the level of certain neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine
binge eating disorder
characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating
personality disorders
chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individuals personality
electroconvulsive therapy
commonly called shock therapy, is to set off a seizure in the brain, much like happens spontaneously in some forms of epilepsy
abnormal behavior
deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time
flat affect
display of little or no emotion
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation; weigh less than 85% normal, fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, amenorrhea ( lack of menstruation)
psychological approach
emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders
the sociocultural approach
emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships and culture
investment model
examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships
consensual validation
explains why people are attracted to others who are similar to them
delusions
false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individuals culture
psychotic
far removed from reality
psychoanalysis
frueds therapeutic technique for analyzing an individuals unconscious thoughts
frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration-the blocking of an individuals attempts to reach a goal-always leads to aggression
referential thinking
giving personal meaning to completely random events
word salad
have no meaning for the listener
equity
having both partners feel that each is doing his or her "fair share"
elaboration likelihood model
identifies two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route
social contagion
imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas
dissociative fugue
individual not only develops amnesia but also unexpectedly travels away from home and sometimes assumes a new identity
anxiety disorders
involve fears that are uncontrollable, disproportionate, to the actual danger the person might be in, and disruptive of ordinary life
Major depressive diorder
involves a siginficant depressive episode and depressed characteristics,such as lethargy and hopelessness for atleast two weeks
free association
involves encouraging individuals to say aloud whatever comes to mind
foot-in-the-door technique
involves making a smaller request at the beginning and saving the biggest for last
door-in-the face technique
involves making the biggest pitch at the beginning which the customer will reject, and then making a smaller, "concessionary" demand
psychosurgery
is a biological intervention that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue
conformity
is a change in a persons behavior to coincide more closely with a groups standard
bipolar disorder
is a mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or moor episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state
catatonia
is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that lasts for long periods of time
bulimia nervosa
is an eating disorder in which an individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern
generalized anxiety disorder
is different from such everyday feelings of anxiety in that suffers experience persistent anxiety for atlas 6 months and are unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety
dysthymic disorder
is mood disorder that is generally more chronic and has fewer symptoms than MMD
normative social influence
is the influence others have on us because we want them to like us
mere exposure effect
means the more we encounter someone or something, the more likely we are to start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before
depressive disorders
mood disorders which the individual suffers from depression, an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life
fundamental attribution error
observers overestimate the importance of internal traits and underestimate the importance of external situations
social facilitation
occurs when an individuals performance improves because of the presence of others
observer
offers a casual explanation of the actors behavior
antipsychotic drug
powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior, and produce better sleep patterns in individuals who have a severe psychological disorder
actor
produces the behavior
mood disorders
psychological disorders in which there is a primary disturbance of mood
panic disorder
recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause
social loafing
refers to each persons tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort
overt aggression
refers to physically or verbally harming another person directly
aggression
refers to social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally
group-think
refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony
informal social influence
refers to the influence other people have on us because we want to be right
self-serving bias
refers to the tendency to take credit for ones own success and deny responsibility for ones own failures
social identity
refers to the way individuals define themselves in terms of their group membership (in/out group)
antidepressent drug
regulate mood
positive illusions
rosy views of themselves that are not necessarily rooted in reality
secure attachment style
securely attached adults have positive views of relationships
Hallucinations
sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli