psych learning exam 3

Monthly paychecks are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule? Question 25 options: a) variable ratio b) fixed interval c) variable interval d) fixed ratio

b) fixed interval

Based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a Question 12 options: a) reflex. b) instinct. c) condition. d) reaction

b) instinct.

Positive Reinforcement refers to a situation where ________. Question 21 options: a) a behavior is increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior b) A behavior is increased because something undesirable was added through engaging in the behavior c) a behavior increased, regardless of whether something was gained or lost d) a behavior is decreased because something undesirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior

a) a behavior is increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior

When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________. Question 2 options: a) extinction b) classical conditioning c) spontaneous recovery d) generalization

a) extinction

Ivan Pavlov Question 23 options: a) is famous for first demonstrating the power of observational learning. b) established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs. c) is famous for for demonstrating latent learning with rats learning to run a maze. d) established the principles of operant conditioning through experiments with pigeons.

b) established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.

Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________. Question 16 options: a) conditioning b) learning c) observational learning d) an instinct

b) learning

Playing the slots at a casino works on a ________ reinforcement schedule. Question 43 options: a) Variable ratio b) Fixed ratio c) Variable interval d) Fixed interval

a) Variable ratio

In classical conditioning, organisms learn to Question 53 options: a) associate events that repeatedly happen together. b) associate rewards or punishments with behavior. c) associate events that happen together on different schedules. d) anticipate consequences for behaviors.

a) associate events that repeatedly happen together.

Which is an example of classical conditioning? Question 19 options: a) being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes. b) watching your grandmother make her favorite recipe multiple times, as you help her out, and later discovering you can make the recipe by yourself. c) blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room d) telling students if they fill up a jar with tokens for good behavior, then they will get a pizza party at the end of the year.

a) being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes.

Which is an example of negative reinforcement? Question 60 options: a) buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car b) making children pay $1 each time they read a book c) getting a speeding ticket for exceeding the speed limit d) getting grounded and having to stay home for staying out too late

a) buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car

When Justin's dog hears the sound of a car door slam outside, she excitedly runs to the door and barks. This is an example of Question 33 options: a) classical conditioning. b) latent learning c) operant conditioning. d) observational learning.

a) classical conditioning.

If Jamal is teaching his son to say please and gives him a high-five each time he says it, then he is reinforcing his behavior on a ________ reinforcement schedule. Question 56 options: a) continuous b) variable interval c) fixed interval d) variable ratio

a) continuous

How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory? Question 22 options: a) determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else. b) draw a line on a piece of paper and show it to participants, testing who can reproduce the line most accurately. c) blindfolding participants and have them walk to another side of the room while other voices distract them. d) reward people who correctly copy the behavior of a character on a t.v. show.

a) determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else.

Napoleon works at the golf course. In addition to his salary, they told him he can get $10 for every bucket he fills with stray balls he finds scattered throughout the course. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Question 42 options: a) fixed ratio b) variable ratio c) variable interval d) fixed interval

a) fixed ratio

Which is an example of operant conditioning? Question 36 options: a) giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem b) a child being taught not to cross the street when the crossing guard is not present by pairing the sound of a car horn with the guard's absence c) getting awakened with a glass of water each day for a week d) determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing

a) giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem

Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen and he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies Question 37 options: a) learning. b) reflexes. c) instincts. d) conditioning.

a) learning.

A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rat small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is to press a lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of Question 61 options: a) negative reinforcement b) negative punishment c) positive reinforcement d) positive punishment

a) negative reinforcement

Doing something and then being influenced by what happens as a consequence of the thing you did is the basic idea behind ________. Question 8 options: a) operant conditioning b) classical conditioning c) associative learning d) observational learning

a) operant conditioning

Gillian's kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill they chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of ________. Question 44 options: a) operant conditioning b) modeling c) shaping conditioning d) classical conditioning

a) operant conditioning

Shelter, sex, and touch are examples of Question 39 options: a) primary reinforcers. b) secondary reinforcers. c) operant reinforcers. d) positive reinforcers.

a) primary reinforcers.

In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the unconditioned response is ________ and the conditioned response is ________. Question 46 options: a) salivation; salivation b) salivation; food c) the bell; salivation d) food; salivation

a) salivation; salivation

Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying teach her dog, Dodger, all at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of Question 30 options: a) shaping. b) primary reinforcement. c) acquisition. d) secondary reinforcement.

a) shaping.

In the study with Little Albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit because it was paired with a frightening loud sound. In this example, what was the unconditioned stimulus? Question 6 options: a) the loud sound b) fear c) the rabbit d) a bright light

a) the loud sound

Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate. Question 54 options: a) unconditioned stimulus. b) reactional stimulus. c) conditioned stimulus. d) neutral stimulus.

a) unconditioned stimulus.

You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Question 9 options: a) variable interval b) fixed interval c) variable ratio d) fixed ratio

a) variable interval

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? Question 55 options: a) Milan checking Facebook throughout the workday b) Iliana taking her dog to the vet once a year c) Frank playing scratch-off lottery tickets d) Paloma sending her relatives birthday cards on each of their birthdays throughout the year

b) Iliana taking her dog to the vet once a year

________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli. Question 40 options: a) Observational learning; classical conditioning b) Latent learning; behaviorism c) behaviorism, latent learning d) Latent learning; operant conditioning

b) Latent learning; behaviorism

What was the most important takeaway from Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? Question 29 options: a) Classical conditioning involves pairing a behavior and a consequence (reinforcements and punishments). b) Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. c) Food is the greatest motivator. d) One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

b) Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let in more light from the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate? Question 5 options: a) Turn the lights off twenty times while a bell is rung, then turn the lights off without the bell. b) Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell. c) Turn the lights off at least 15 times before ringing a bell, then turn the lights off without the bell. d) Ring a bell directly after turning the lights off, for at least 15 times. Then ring the bell.

b) Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell.

Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are: Question 7 options: a) retention, attention, motivation, reproduction b) attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation. c) motivation, attention, replication, and retention. d) motivation, intuitiveness, desire, and replication.

b) attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Which is an example of a positive reinforcer? Question 32 options: a) using an umbrella to stop the rain on your head b) being told "nice work!" after completing your homework c) having to stay in your room until it's clean d) getting an extra day off school at the end of the year for perfect attendance

b) being told "nice work!" after completing your homework

________ reinforcement is giving a reinforcer every time that a behavior is displayed. Question 45 options: a) primary b) continuous c) partial d) intermittent

b) continuous

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? Question 48 options: a) giving your dog a treat every time she goes to the bathroom outside b) getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin c) playing the slot machine d) feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m.

b) getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin

Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called Question 57 options: a) observational learning. b) latent learning c) shaping d) applied learning

b) latent learning

When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a Question 14 options: a) conditioned stimulus. b) neutral stimulus. c) unconditioned stimulus. d) neutral response

b) neutral stimulus.

Reinforcement differs from punishment in that ________. Question 38 options: a) reinforcement is always positive and punishment is always negative. b) reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior c) reinforcement involves desirable outcomes and punishment involves undesirable outcomes d) reinforcement is good and punishment is bad

b) reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior

According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she Question 35 options: a) gets bored during a school assembly about anti-bullying b) sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character. c) has a dream about getting in a fight with her parents. d) watches her brother act out and get in trouble for it.

b) sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character.

Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as Question 50 options: a) classical conditioning b) shaping. c) learning. d) reinforcement.

b) shaping.

Sierra and her family are on vacation at the beach. They eat lasagna for dinner and then head out to the waves. Sierra tries boogie boarding and ends up swallowing a mouthful of salt water, which makes her sick to her stomach. The next time someone offers her lasagna, the thought of it makes Sierra feel sick. This is an example of a/an ________. Question 3 options: a) taste response b) taste aversion c) habituation d) unconditioned response

b) taste aversion

According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely Question 31 options: a) to be rewarded. b) to be repeated. c) to be extinguished. d) to be discouraged.

b) to be repeated.

________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors. Question 13 options: a) Edward C. Tolman b) Ivan Pavlov c) B.F. Skinner d) Edward Thorndike

c) B.F. Skinner

The basic idea behind observational learning is that Question 26 options: a) Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. b) Learning occurs under the level of our consciousness. c) Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. d) Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

c) Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________. Question 4 options: a) a behavior is decreased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior b) a behavior is increased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior c) a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior d) a behavior increased because something undesirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior

c) a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? Question 24 options: a) salmon swimming upstream to lay eggs b) becoming bored during a movie c) a newborn baby knowing how to nurse d) becoming defensive if you feel like someone is upset with you

c) a newborn baby knowing how to nurse

In order for ________ to occur, it is best if the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is small, sometimes just a matter of seconds. Question 18 options: a) discrimination b) stimulation c) acquisition d) extinction

c) acquisition

When a person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together, they are exemplifying ________ learning. Question 34 options: a) instinctive b) reflexive c) associative d) modeling

c) associative

When Anna's old roommate would go to the kitchen first thing in the morning, she would always make coffee. Anna would stay in bed a few extra minutes and grab a cup of coffee as she left for class. Now Anna hears her new roommate go to the kitchen, so she stays in bed a few extra minutes. As she leaves for class, she is surprised that there is no coffee. Anna's mistaken assumption that her roommate would make coffee is based on ________. Question 17 options: a) spontaneous recovery b) extinction c) generalization d) discrimination

c) generalization

Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned? Question 49 options: a) instinctive b) operant c) primary d) secondary

c) primary

Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? What might he do that using the concept of shaping? Question 59 options: a) reward his dog when she touches the lightswitch, when she looks at it, when she turns it on by command, and when she pushes it. b) reward his dog when she turns it on by command, when she touches it, when she looks at it, and when she pushes it. c) reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command d) reward his dog when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, when she looks at it, and when she turns it on by command

c) reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command

Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of Question 28 options: a) primary reinforcement. b) positive reinforcement c) shaping. d) acquisition.

c) shaping.

Darnell was the subject for his in-class demonstration on classical conditioning. His teacher read through a list of random words, but each time she said the word, "pizza," she squirted him in the face with a water bottle, which caused him to flinch. When talking about pizza later outside of class, he didn't flinch, but then two days later, his friend from class said, "Hey Darnell, pizza!" and he flinched with fear. This is an example of ________. Question 41 options: a) neutral stimulus b) classical conditioning c) spontaneous recovery d) an experimental confederate

c) spontaneous recovery

Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this? Question 11 options: a) fixed interval b) fixed ratio c) variable interval d) variable ratio

c) variable interval

Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? Question 10 options: a) eating popcorn b) the concession stand c) watching a movie d) wanting popcorn

c) watching a movie

Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? Question 27 options: a) playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores b) Buying raffle tickets to win a new barbeque grill. c) taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m. d) checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day

d) checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day

3-year-old Lacy always gets her favorite juice in her Scooby-Doo cup, so she drinks readily. But now the Scooby-Doo cup is in the dishwasher, so mom puts her juice in the Dora the Explorer cup that is identical to the Scooby-Doo cup except for the decorations. Lacy refuses to drink because she ________. Question 15 options: a) generalizes from the Scooby-Doo cup to the Dora the Explorer cup b) extinguishes her association between the juice and the Scooby-Doo cup c) spontaneously recovers her Scooby-Doo reaction when she sees Dora the Explorer d) discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup

d) discriminates between the Scooby-Doo cup and the Dora the Explorer cup

A light and a shock are associated so the light now produces a fear response without presentation of the shock. If a new light that is similar to, but not identical to the original light produces the fear response, we have an example of ________. Question 51 options: a) spontaneous recovery. b) discrimination c) extinction d) generalization

d) generalization

Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are examples of ________. Question 47 options: a) learning b) conditioning c) reflexes d) instincts

d) instincts

Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation? Question 58 options: a) chemotherapy b) the doctor's office c) dread d) nausea

d) nausea

Money is an example of which type of reinforcer? Question 52 options: a) associative b) operant c) primary d) secondary

d) secondary

Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer? Question 20 options: a) operant b) classical c) primary d) secondary

d) secondary

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? Question 1 options: a) when a rabbit learns to jump at the sound of the door opening b) when a rabbit learns to jump after a red light flashes c) when a rabbit chases after another rabbit d) when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot

d) when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot