Psych Learning Unit PT

Who introduced the term behaviorism? a. John Garcia b. B. F. Skinner C. John B. Watson d. Albert Bandura e. Ivan Pavlov

C. John B. Watson

Using an operant chamber, Skinner timed food pellets to drop every 15 minutes. If a rat was in a certain location just before the food was presented, the rat went to that location more frequently even though it was not directly tied to the appearance of food. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior? a. Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated. b. A continuous reinforcement schedule will lead to the most rapid learning. c. Learning sometimes becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it. d. Reinforcement for a task already enjoyed can backfire, reducing intrinsic motivation. e. Conditioned reinforcers get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers.

a. Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated.

In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the a. US. b. CR. c. UR. d. SR. e. CS.

a. US.

Julio believes that no matter how hard he works, the "system" is so biased against his ethnic group that he will be unable to achieve economic success. Julio's thinking most clearly demonstrates a. an external locus of control. b. the self-reference phenomenon. c. the spotlight effect. d. displacement. e. reaction formation.

a. an external locus of control.

The perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one's own life exemplifies a. an internal locus of control. b. reciprocal determinism. c. the spotlight effect. d. the reality principle. e. the self-reference phenomenon.

a. an internal locus of control.

The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on a. an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS. b. the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US. c. how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US. d. the expectation of a reward being fulfilled after the organism has responded appropriately. e. an organism's active behavioral responses to environmental stimulation.

a. an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.

It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. a. biological predispositions b. shaping c. primary reinforcers d. spontaneous recovery e. generalization

a. biological predispositions

As you enter the kitchen after school you can smell chocolate chip cookies baking. This scent causes you to salivate. Your salivation is best explained by a. classical conditioning. b. habituation. c. operant conditioning. d. latent learning. e. observational learning.

a. classical conditioning.

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of a. cognitive processes. b. respondent behavior. c. conditioned reinforcers. d. spontaneous recovery. e. primary reinforcers.

a. cognitive processes.

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n) a. conditioned response. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. higher-order response. e. conditioned stimulus.

a. conditioned response.

The most crucial ingredient in all learning is a. experience. b. intrinsic motivation. c. shaping. d. maturation. e. modeling.

a. experience.

The most important benefit of biofeedback is its capacity to a. facilitate the relaxation response. b. elevate blood sugar levels. c. enhance latent learning potential. d. reduce the production of lymphocytes. e. encourage regular aerobic exercise.

a. facilitate the relaxation response.

Glancing at the television in the next room in hopes of seeing the beginning of the evening news is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. variable-ratio c. fixed-ratio d. intermittent-variable e. variable-interval

a. fixed-interval

Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates a. generalization. b. acquisition. c. discrimination. d. extinction. e. shaping.

a. generalization.

Christian and Maggie are concerned with teaching their children to act prosocially. Social learning psychologists would advise them to a. make sure their own actions and words are consistent. b. read self-help books to their children. c. keep their children isolated from antisocial models. d. begin prosocial modeling after the children turn 8 years old. e. avoid reinforcing their children for tasks they already enjoy doing.

a. make sure their own actions and words are consistent.

We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a frown. This can most clearly be attributed to a. mirror neurons. b. partial reinforcement. c. cognitive maps. d. spontaneous recovery. e. positive reinforcement.

a. mirror neurons.

Chimpanzees learn foraging and tool use by observing other chimpanzees. This best illustrates a. modeling. b. habituation. c. generalization. d. insight. e. shaping.

a. modeling.

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of a. observational learning. b. operant conditioning. c. spontaneous recovery. d. respondent behavior. e. negative reinforcement.

a. observational learning.

In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of a. observational learning. b. spontaneous recovery. c. negative reinforcement. d. operant conditioning. e. respondent behavior.

a. observational learning.

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates a. operant conditioning. b. spontaneous recovery. c. latent learning. d. observational learning. e. respondent behavior.

a. operant conditioning.

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates a. operant conditioning. b. spontaneous recovery. c. respondent behavior. d. observational learning. e. latent learning.

a. operant conditioning.

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. a. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer b. immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer c. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer d. reinforcement; punishment e. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

a. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software? a. respondent behavior b. shaping c. operant behavior d. immediate reinforcement e. positive reinforcement

a. respondent behavior

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors. a. shaping b. extinction c. a cognitive map d. mirror neurons e. modeling

a. shaping

Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of a. shaping. b. observational learning. c. classical conditioning. d. delayed reinforcement. e. operant conditioning.

a. shaping.

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to a. the violence-viewing effect. b. instinctive drift. c. spontaneous recovery. d. operant conditioning. e. the law of effect.

a. the violence-viewing effect.

On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule. a. variable-interval b. variable-ratio c. conditioned-response d. fixed-interval e. fixed-ratio

a. variable-interval

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by a. Bandura's findings on observational learning and aggression in children. b. Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats. c. Skinner's research on schedules of reinforcement. d. Watson and Rayner's findings on fear conditioning in infants. e. Pavlov's findings on the conditioned salivary response.

b. Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.

Who would most likely agree with the following statement concerning the field of psychology? "Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods." a. John Garcia b. John B. Watson c. Carl Rogers d. Albert Bandura e. Sigmund Freud

b. John B. Watson

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement and punishment? a. Negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. b. Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. c. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding. d. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments increase the rate of operant responding. e. Negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; punishments have no effect on the rate of operant responding.

b. Negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; punishments decrease the rate of operant responding.

How does Robert Rescorla's model for classical conditioning differ from Ivan Pavlov's? a. Rescorla argued against the use of animals in research because of ethical concerns. b. Rescorla showed that cognition is important in an animal learning that one stimulus reliably predicts another stimulus. c. Rescorla emphasizes that an animal's capacity for conditioning is constrained by biology. d. Rescorla demonstrated that intermittent schedules of reinforcement lead to behaviors that are more resistant to extinction. e. Rescorla believes that learning by observation is more long lasting than learning through pairing stimuli.

b. Rescorla showed that cognition is important in an animal learning that one stimulus reliably predicts another stimulus.

Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies led research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a tedious task. This illustrated that self-control weakens following a. unconditional positive regard. b. an exertion of energy. c. the spotlight effect. d. fixation. e. free association.

b. an exertion of energy.

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by a. cognitive processes. b. biological predispositions. c. environmental factors. d. continuous reinforcement. e. latent learning.

b. biological predispositions.

After being classically conditioned to salivate to a tone, a dog continues to hear a tone but does not receive food; as a result, salivation will decrease, then disappear. A dog owner may use operant conditioning to train a dog to "sit" by presenting a treat each time the dog sits. However, the behavior may diminish if the treats are discontinued. Both examples illustrate a. discrimination. b. extinction. c. generalization. d. spontaneous recovery. e. cognitive processes.

b. extinction.

A choppy stop-start pattern of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. variable-ratio b. fixed-interval c. continuous-immediate d. fixed-ratio e. variable-interval

b. fixed-interval

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates a. extinction. b. generalization. c. latent learning. d. shaping. e. spontaneous recovery.

b. generalization.

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has the urge to urinate. If the sight of a urinal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate a. spontaneous recovery. b. generalization. c. secondary reinforcement. d. a discriminative stimulus. e. shaping.

b. generalization.

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called a. conditioned reinforcement. b. generalization. c. shaping. d. spontaneous recovery. e. latent learning.

b. generalization.

The violence-viewing effect is especially pronounced when the observed violence a. is committed by an unattractive person. b. goes unpunished. c. causes visible harm. d. seems unjustified. e. is committed by children.

b. goes unpunished.

Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule? a. studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes b. inserting coins into a slot machine c. paying a cashier for a candy bar d. checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived e. assembling car parts in a factory

b. inserting coins into a slot machine

Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine a. spontaneous recovery. b. intrinsic motivation. c. latent learning. d. discrimination. e. generalization.

b. intrinsic motivation.

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? a. walking into a restaurant to eat b. jerking your hand off a very hot stove c. working for money. d. salivating at the sight of a lemon e. raising your hand to ask a question

b. jerking your hand off a very hot stove

Compared with those who perceive an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are a. not easily able to delay gratification of their personal desires. b. likely to be academically successful. c. likely to experience depression. d. extremely introverted personalities. e. likely to experience low self-esteem.

b. likely to be academically successful.

The reduced imitative yawning displayed by people with autism is most directly related to their reduced levels of a. associative learning. b. mirror neuron activity. c. respondent behavior. d. positive reinforcement. e. spontaneous recovery.

b. mirror neuron activity.

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with a. bright lights. b. novel tastes. c. high-pitched sounds. d. loud sounds. e. acrid smells.

b. novel tastes.

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums. a. unconditioned stimulus b. positive reinforcer c. negative reinforcer d. conditioned stimulus e. punishment

b. positive reinforcer

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers. a. fixed b. primary c. continuous d. unconditioned e. positive

b. primary

An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a a. delayed reinforcer. b. punishment. c. conditioned stimulus. d. negative reinforcer. e. secondary reinforcer.

b. punishment.

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to a. wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited. b. retrieve sticks and balls. c. fear cars in the street. d. dislike the taste of dead birds. e. salivate when presented with food.

b. retrieve sticks and balls.

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the a. ringing bell. b. salivation to the food in the mouth. c. salivation to the ringing bell. d. food in the mouth. e. dog's hunger.

b. salivation to the food in the mouth.

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of a. generalization. b. shaping. c. modeling. d. delayed reinforcement. e. discrimination.

b. shaping.

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because a. it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning. b. so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned. c. it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning. d. all learning depends on reinforcement. e. it demonstrated that rewards were more effective than punishment.

b. so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction? a. generalization b. spontaneous recovery c. partial reinforcement d. discrimination e. latent learning

b. spontaneous recovery

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. variable-ratio d. partial-delayed e. fixed-ratio

b. variable-interval

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called a. latent learning. b. spontaneous recovery. c. acquisition. d. shaping. e. generalization.

c. acquisition.

The perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one's own life exemplifies a. the reality principle. b. the self-reference phenomenon. c. an internal locus of control. d. the spotlight effect. e. reciprocal determinism.

c. an internal locus of control.

Learning that certain events occur together is called a. conditioned reinforcement. b. shaping. c. associative learning. d. latent learning. e. observational learning.

c. associative learning.

Ivan Pavlov's experiments a. revealed how biological predispositions affect learning. b. showed that cognition is important to learning. c. demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively. d. exhibited the central principles of operant conditioning. e. illustrated how the law of effect can be applied to conditioning.

c. demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively.

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of a. secondary reinforcement. b. latent learning. c. discrimination. d. shaping. e. extinction.

c. discrimination.

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear. a. reinforcement b. shaping c. extinction d. generalization e. latent learning

c. extinction

Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule. a. variable-ratio b. fixed-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-interval e. intermittent-continuous

c. fixed-ratio

Little Albert was conditioned by John B. Watson to fear furry white rats. After conditioning, Albert also showed fear to rabbits, dogs, and fur coats. This best illustrates a. discrimination. b. shaping. c. generalization. d. acquisition. e. extinction.

c. generalization.

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of a. spontaneous recovery. b. immediate reinforcement. c. modeling. d. shaping. e. respondent behavior.

c. modeling.

Compared with those who made a purchase choice from among 30 different brands of jam or chocolate, those who chose from among just 6 brands expressed a. less unconditional positive regard. b. more learned helplessness. c. more satisfaction with their choice. d. less self-esteem. e. less tolerance of the store prices.

c. more satisfaction with their choice.

A psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their a. genetic makeup. b. circadian rhythm. c. muscle tension. d. cholesterol level. e. blood type.

c. muscle tension.

Closing your bedroom door so that you won't hear the TV that is interfering with your studying is an example of a. partial reinforcement. b. conditioned reinforcers. c. negative reinforcement. d. positive reinforcement. e. punishment.

c. negative reinforcement.

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called a. conditioned responses. b. prosocial behaviors. c. operant behaviors. d. respondent behaviors. e. unconditioned responses.

c. operant behaviors.

A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to a. insight learning. b. latent learning. c. operant conditioning. d. classical conditioning. e. intrinsic motivation.

c. operant conditioning.

Spontaneous recovery refers to the a. organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS. b. return of a response after punishment has been terminated. c. reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. d. expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive. e. tendency of organisms to generalize conditioned responses.

c. reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

For purposes of effective child-rearing, most psychologists favor the use of a. spontaneous recovery over extinction. b. primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers. c. reinforcement over punishment. d. shaping over modeling. e. classical conditioning over operant conditioning.

c. reinforcement over punishment.

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. operant behavior. c. reinforcer. d. conditioned stimulus. e. discrimination.

c. reinforcer.

In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed programs experience an increase in a. self-transcendence. b. the spotlight effect. c. self-control. d. unconditional positive regard. e. reaction formation.

c. self-control.

In explaining prosocial behavior, B. F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized a. an unconscious need for social approval. b. the internalization of moral values. c. the beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior. d. empathy and compassion. e. genetic influences.

c. the beneficial consequences of prosocial behavior.

Marvin happens to wear a red shirt when he takes a test he expects to fail. Surprisingly, he does well on the test, so he wears the red shirt every time he takes a test. Which of the following explains Marvin's superstitious behavior? a. Reinforcement for a task already enjoyed can backfire, reducing intrinsic motivation. b. A continuous reinforcement schedule will lead to the most rapid learning. c. Learning sometimes becomes apparent when there is some incentive to demonstrate it. d. Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated. e. Conditioned reinforcers get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers.

d. Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated.

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was a. John B. Watson. b. Ivan Pavlov. c. Albert Bandura. d. B. F. Skinner. e. John Garcia.

d. B. F. Skinner.

Which of the follow describes one of Watson's contributions to the study of learning? a. He demonstrated that the more predictable the association, the stronger the conditioned response. b. He explained how partial reinforcement schedules can be used to maintain learned behaviors. c. He showed how the law of effect can be used to teach new behaviors. d. He demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be learned by classical conditioning. e. He challenged the prevailing belief that all associations can be learned equally well.

d. He demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be learned by classical conditioning.

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by a. B. F. Skinner. b. Albert Bandura. c. John B. Watson. d. Ivan Pavlov. e. Edward Deci.

d. Ivan Pavlov.

According to the text, learning involves a. the development of prosocial behavior. b. the ability to think abstractly. c. a reduction in extrinsic motivation. d. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. e. acquiring knowledge that can be recalled explicitly or implicitly.

d. a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with a. unconditional positive regard. b. the spotlight effect. c. self-serving bias. d. an external locus of control. e. the false consensus effect.

d. an external locus of control.

The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects a. the spotlight effect. b. the pleasure principle. c. self-serving bias. d. an external locus of control. e. reciprocal determinism.

d. an external locus of control.

The perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one's own life exemplifies a. the reality principle. b. the self-reference phenomenon. c. reciprocal determinism. d. an internal locus of control. e. the spotlight effect.

d. an internal locus of control.

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer? a. termination of shock after removing one's finger from a live electric wire b. a spanking for eating cookies before dinner c. a cold root beer for mowing the lawn on a hot day d. applause for an excellent piano recital e. pudding for eating all your peas at supper

d. applause for an excellent piano recital

The results of early research on biofeedback were surprising because they indicated that people could learn to control bodily functions regulated by the a. endocrine system. b. somatic nervous system. c. frontal lobes. d. autonomic nervous system. e. cerebellum.

d. autonomic nervous system.

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates a. operant conditioning. b. generalization. c. the law of effect. d. classical conditioning. e. observational learning.

d. classical conditioning.

Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning. a. intrinsic motivation b. spontaneous recovery c. secondary reinforcers d. cognitive processes e. biological predispositions

d. cognitive processes

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests, he will receive good grades. This suggests that associative learning involves a. intermittent reinforcement. b. respondent behavior. c. shaping. d. cognitive processes. e. primary reinforcers.

d. cognitive processes.

Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will a. soon give up asking for a treat entirely. b. come to ask for a treat only occasionally. c. begin to ask for treats every time she sees her mother. d. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store. e. ask for a treat every time her mother takes her out, even if they don't go to the grocery store.

d. continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store.

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of a. spontaneous recovery. b. intermittent reinforcement. c. shaping. d. discrimination. e. latent learning.

d. discrimination.

A sea slug learns to withdraw its gill after repeatedly being squirted by water. After repeated squirting, the withdrawal response lessens. Which term would learning theorists use to describe this reaction? a. negative reinforcement b. conditioned stimulus c. law of effect d. habituation e. operant conditioning

d. habituation

In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll a. did not demonstrate prosocial behavior even when such behavior was modeled later. b. acted aggressively in the presence of other children. c. behaved aggressively in the presence of their parents. d. imitated the adult's actions. e. displayed little interest in the experimental situation.

d. imitated the adult's actions.

Mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for a. intrinsic motivation. b. intermittent reinforcement. c. insight learning. d. imitation. e. spontaneous recovery.

d. imitation.

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates a. modeling. b. delayed reinforcement. c. spontaneous recovery. d. latent learning. e. shaping.

d. latent learning.

Which of the following will most likely occur in people who have developed learned helplessness? a. an Oedipus complex. b. the tyranny of choice. c. an internal locus of control. d. lower morale. e. a positive self-concept.

d. lower morale.

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of a. classical conditioning. b. latent learning. c. insight. d. operant conditioning. e. observational learning.

d. operant conditioning.

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates a. continuous reinforcement. b. generalization. c. shaping. d. partial reinforcement. e. spontaneous recovery.

d. partial reinforcement.

Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered a. positive reinforcement. b. continuous reinforcement. c. negative punishment. d. positive punishment. e. negative reinforcement.

d. positive punishment.

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) a. conditioned stimulus. b. positive punishment. c. unconditioned stimulus. d. positive reinforcer. e. negative reinforcer.

d. positive reinforcer.

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. negative reinforcer. c. positive punishment. d. positive reinforcer. e. conditioned stimulus.

d. positive reinforcer.

The law of effect refers to the tendency to a. learn associations between consecutive stimuli. b. lose intrinsic interest in an over-rewarded activity. c. enhance conditioning using strict responses. d. repeat behaviors that are rewarded. e. learn in the absence of reinforcement.

d. repeat behaviors that are rewarded.

Rhesus macaque monkeys are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of a. spontaneous recovery. b. immediate reinforcement. c. shaping. d. respondent behavior. e. observational learning.

d. respondent behavior.

The process by which people learn a sense of personal control or personal helplessness has been most strongly emphasized by the a. trait perspective. b. humanistic perspective. c. psychoanalytic perspective. d. social-cognitive perspective. e. psychodynamic perspective.

d. social-cognitive perspective.

Asking for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. continuous-ratio c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio e. variable-interval

d. variable-ratio

Wolves that were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced with poison develop an aversion to sheep meat. Which of the following provided the initial evidence leading to this practice? a. B. F. Skinner's studies on intermittent schedules of reinforcement b. Edward L. Thorndike's research on the law of effect c. Martin Seligman's research on learned helplessness d. Robert Rescorla's research on the importance of cognition in classical conditioning e. John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions in conditioning

e. John Garcia's studies on the importance of biological predispositions in conditioning

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers? a. Positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. b. Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding. c. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding. d. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding. e. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.

e. Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.

Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of a. the self-reference phenomenon. b. unconditional positive regard. c. free association. d. the spotlight effect. e. an external locus of control.

e. an external locus of control.

Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates a. reaction formation. b. the self-reference phenomenon. c. unconditional positive regard. d. reciprocal determinism. e. an internal locus of control.

e. an internal locus of control.

Paula expects that diligent study will enable her to earn good grades on her tests. Paula's belief best illustrates a. the spotlight effect. b. an Electra complex. c. unconditional positive regard. d. self-serving bias. e. an internal locus of control.

e. an internal locus of control.

Electronically recording, amplifying, and displaying information regarding subtle physiological responses is called a. relaxation training. b. acupuncture. c. psychoneuroimmunology. d. psychometrics. e. biofeedback.

e. biofeedback.

It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning. a. spontaneous recovery b. generalization c. primary reinforcers d. shaping e. biological predispositions

e. biological predispositions

Months after she was raped, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place where she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety. a. negative reinforcer b. partial reinforcer c. primary reinforcer d. unconditioned stimulus e. coditioned stimulus

e. coditioned stimulus

After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcohol dependence may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning. a. generalization b. biological predispositions c. spontaneous recovery d. negative reinforcement e. cognitive processes

e. cognitive processes

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of a. conditioned reinforcers. b. spontaneous recovery. c. respondent behavior. d. primary reinforcers. e. cognitive processes.

e. cognitive processes.

Associating a conditioned stimulus with a new neutral stimulus can create a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. This best illustrates a. spontaneous recovery. b. intermittent reinforcement. c. extinction. d. shaping. e. higher-order conditioning.

e. higher-order conditioning.

What type of learning sometimes occurs after an extended period of thinking about a problem but little or no direct, systematic interaction with the environment? a. classical conditioning b. observational learning c. latent learning d. operant learning e. insight learning

e. insight learning

Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine a. insight learning. b. generalization. c. latent learning. d. spontaneous recovery. e. intrinsic motivation.

e. intrinsic motivation.

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates a. latent learning. b. negative reinforcement. c. observational learning. d. partial reinforcement. e. learned helplessness.

e. learned helplessness.

Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a a. positive punishment. b. positive reinforcement. c. negative reinforcement. d. punishing reinforcer. e. negative punishment.

e. negative punishment.

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of a. insight. b. observational learning. c. latent learning. d. classical conditioning. e. operant conditioning.

e. operant conditioning.

Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to a. practice cleanliness but not preach its virtues. b. preach the virtues of obeying parents but not notice the washing hands rule. c. neither practice nor preach the virtues of cleanliness. d. practice and preach the virtues of cleanliness. e. preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.

e. preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness.

Myron quit gambling after he lost more than a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of a. generalization. c. negative reinforcers. c. secondary reinforcers. d. spontaneous recovery. e. punishment.

e. punishment.

Which of the following terms best describes a respondent behavior? a. unlearned b. purposeful c. voluntary d. conscious e. reflexive

e. reflexive

The law of effect refers to the tendency to a. learn in the absence of reinforcement. b. learn associations between consecutive stimuli. c. lose intrinsic interest in an over-rewarded activity. d. enhance conditioning using strict responses. e. repeat behaviors that are rewarded.

e. repeat behaviors that are rewarded.

An automatic response to some stimulus is called a. latent learning. b. associative learning. c. observational learning. d. operant behavior. e. respondent behavior.

e. respondent behavior.

B. F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both a. observational learning and spontaneous recovery. b. positive reinforcement and punishment. c. classical and operant conditioning. d. continuous reinforcement and latent learning. e. shaping and immediate reinforcement.

e. shaping and immediate reinforcement.

Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because a. children will forget how to perform punished behaviors even when the behaviors may be justified and necessary. b. punishment cannot temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors. c. although punishments delivered by parents can be effective, teacher-delivered punishments usually have little effect. d. the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors, the more likely they will exhibit those behaviors. e. the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school.

e. the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school.

Classical conditioning involves a learned association between a. behavior and its consequence. b. two reinforcers. c. reinforcers and punishers. d. two responses. e. two stimuli.

e. two stimuli.

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear. a. conditioned stimulus b. secondary reinforcer c. negative reinforcer d. primary reinforcer e. unconditioned stimulus

e. unconditioned stimulus

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that the power of observational learning depends on what? a. whether the participant is directly rewarded or punished for behaving b. the power of extinction to overcome conditioning c. whether violence is performed d. whether the conditioned stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus e. whether we see the people as similar to us

e. whether we see the people as similar to us