PSYCH Module 5

Thoughts of rumination

"Why am I so unmotivated? I just can't get going. I'm never going to get my work done feeling this way"

Manic episode

"distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week,"

Disorder

(a) there is a dysfunction in an internal mechanism, and (b) the dysfunction has resulted in harmful consequences.

Bipolar disorder

(commonly known as manic depression) often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania; that is, the person's mood is said to alternate from one emotional extreme to the other

peripartum onset

(commonly referred to as postpartum depression), applies to women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child

Auditory hallucinations

(hearing voices) occur in roughly two-thirds of patients with schizophrenia and are by far the most common form of hallucination. (schizophrenia)

systematic desensitization

- Joseph Wolpe (1958) refined Jones's techniques - wherein a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli.

Stimulants

- Used to treat: ADHD - How they work: Improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention - Side effects: Decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, headache

Anti-anxiety agents

- Used to treat: Anxiety and agitation that occur in OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and social phobia - How they work: Depress central nervous system activity - Side effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheadedness

Mood stabilizers

- Used to treat: Bipolar disorder - How they work: Treat episodes of mania as well as depression - Side effects: Excessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching/rash, swelling (face, mouth, and extremities), nausea, loss of appetite

Anti-depressants

- Used to treat: Depression and increasingly for anxiety - How they work: Alter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine Side effects: -SSRIs: headache, nausea, weight gain, drowsiness, reduced sex drive Tricyclics: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, increased risk of suicide

Atypical Antipsychotics (developed in the late 1980s)

- Used to treat: Schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders - How they work: Treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms - Side effects:Can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness

Antipsychotics (developed in the 1950s)

- Used to treat: Schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders -How they work: Treat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine - Side effects: Long-term use can lead to tardive dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson's-like tremors

orbitofrontal cortex

- involved with OCD - an area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

- involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression. - The exact mechanism is unknown, although it does help alleviate symptoms for people with severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

free-floating anxiety

- is not part of another disorder, occurs more days than not for at least six months, and is accompanied by any three of the following symptoms: restlessness, difficulty concentrating, being easily fatigued, muscle tension, irritability, and sleep difficulties. - Freud

Symptoms of depression

- significant weight loss (when not dieting) or weight gain and/or significant decrease or increase in appetite; difficulty falling asleep or sleeping too much; - psychomotor agitation (the person is noticeably fidgety and jittery, demonstrated by behaviors like the inability to sit, pacing, hand-wringing, pulling or rubbing of the skin, clothing, or other objects) or psychomotor retardation (the person talks and moves slowly, for example, talking softly, very little, or in a monotone); - fatigue or loss of energy; - feelings of worthlessness or guilt; - difficulty concentrating and indecisiveness; and - suicidal ideation: thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt.

psychological disorder

1. There are significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors 2. The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction. 3. The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life 4. The disturbances do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events.

children

13% of U.S. __________ experienced mental illness

adults

19% of U.S. __________ experienced mental illness

ADHD

A child with _________ shows a constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning

coined prodromal symptom

A new approach involves identifying people who show minor symptoms of psychosis, such as unusual thought content, paranoia, odd communication, delusions, problems at school or work, and a decline in social functioning— _______________—and following these individuals over time to determine which of them develop a psychotic disorder and which factors best predict such a disorder (schizophrenia)

19 13

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2013), _________ %of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012. For teens (ages 13-18), the rate is similar to that of adults, and for children ages 8-15, current estimates suggest that _______% experience mental illness in a given year

marijuana

Another variable that is linked to schizophrenia is ________________ use.

Cognitive therapy

Awareness of cognitive process helps patients eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress Example: Patient learns not to overgeneralize failure based on single failure

classical and operant

Behavior therapy employs both ________ and _______ conditioning techniques to change behavior.

ventricles

Brain imaging studies reveal that people with schizophrenia have enlarged ___________, the cavities within the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid

ABC model

Cognitive-behavioral therapy aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors using techniques like the _________. With this model, there is an Action (sometimes called an activating event), the Belief about the event, and the Consequences of this belief.

Example of jumping to conclusions

Consider the example of Savannah and Hillaire, who recently met at a party. They have a lot in common, and Savannah thinks they could become friends. She calls Hillaire to invite her for coffee. Since Hillaire doesn't answer, Savannah leaves her a message. Several days go by and Savannah never hears back from her potential new friend. Maybe Hillaire never received the message because she lost her phone or she is too busy to return the phone call. But if Savannah believes that Hillaire didn't like Savannah or didn't want to be her friend, she is demonstrating the cognitive distortion of jumping to conclusions.

serotonin

Contemporary neurological research shows that disturbances in the functioning of ____________ are linked to suicidal behavior

amygdala activity

Depressed individuals show elevated ___________.

Example of conditioning therapy

Emmie begins to sleep on a liquid-sensitive bed pad that is hooked to an alarm. When moisture touches the pad, it sets off the alarm, waking up Emmie. When this process is repeated enough times, Emmie develops an association between urinary relaxation and waking up, and this stops the bedwetting. Emmie has now gone three weeks without wetting her bed and is looking forward to her first sleepover this weekend.

transference

Freud called this _______________: the patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst. For example, Crystal is seeing a psychoanalyst. During the years of therapy, she comes to see her therapist as a father figure. She transfers her feelings about her father onto her therapist, perhaps in an effort to gain the love and attention she did not receive from her own father.

Philippe Pinel

In the late 1700s, a French physician, ______________, argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill. He suggested that they be unchained and talked to, and that's just what he did for patients at La Salpêtrière in Paris in 1795

Humanistic therapy

Increase self-awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts Example: Patient learns to articulate thoughts that keep her from achieving her goals

ABC Model example

Jon and Joe both go to a party. Jon and Joe each have met a young woman at the party: Jon is talking with Megan most of the party, and Joe is talking with Amanda. At the end of the party, Jon asks Megan for her phone number and Joe asks Amanda. Megan tells Jon she would rather not give him her number, and Amanda tells Joe the same thing. Both Jon and Joe are surprised, as they thought things were going well. What can Jon and Joe tell themselves about why the women were not interested? Let's say Jon tells himself he is a loser, or is ugly, or "has no game." Jon then gets depressed and decides not to go to another party, which starts a cycle that keeps him depressed. Joe tells himself that he had bad breath, goes out and buys a new toothbrush, goes to another party, and meets someone new. Jon's belief about what happened results in a consequence of further depression, whereas Joe's belief does not. Jon is internalizing the attribution or reason for the rebuffs, which triggers his depression.

Example of behavior therapy

Jones began by placing a caged rabbit on the other side of a room with Peter while he ate his afternoon snack. Over the course of several days, Jones moved the rabbit closer and closer to where Peter was seated with his snack. After two months of being exposed to the rabbit while relaxing with his snack, Peter was able to hold the rabbit and pet it while eating

American Psychiatric Association

Many of the features of the harmful dysfunction model are incorporated in a formal definition of psychological disorder developed by the ___________________.

biomedical therapy

Medications used to treat psychological disorders are called psychotropic medications and are prescribed by medical doctors, including psychiatrists.

locus coeruleus

Neurobiological theories of panic disorder suggest that a region of the brain called the ___________ may play a role in this disorder.

dopamine

People with ADHD show less _________ activity in key regions of the brain, especially those associated with motivation and reward

Behavior therapy

Principles of learning applied to change undesirable behaviors Example: Patient learns to overcome fear of elevators through several stages of relaxation techniques

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis was developed by _____________ and was the first form of psychotherapy.

Play therapy

Psychoanalytical therapy wherein interaction with toys is used instead of talk; used in child therapy Example: Patient (child) acts out family scenes with dolls

1. Classical Conditioning 2. Modeling 3. Verbal transmission of information

Rachman (1977) proposed that phobias can be acquired through three major learning pathways:

unconditional positive regard

Rogers called _____________, which involves not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are. Rogers (1951) also felt that therapists should demonstrate genuineness, empathy, and acceptance toward their clients because this helps people become more accepting of themselves, which results in personal growth.

inattention

Some of the signs of ______________include great difficulty with and avoidance of tasks that require sustained attention (such as conversations or reading), failure to follow instructions (often resulting in failure to complete school work and other duties), disorganization (difficulty keeping things in order, poor time management, sloppy and messy work), lack of attention to detail, becoming easily distracted, and forgetfulness.

26

Statistics show that ___% of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

Talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior Example: Patient talks about his past

Hoffman

The symptoms of ADHD were first described by Hans ____________ in the 1920s.

brain tissue

This finding is important because larger than normal ventricles suggests that various brain regions are reduced in size, thus implying that schizophrenia is associated with a loss of ________________.

True

True or False: To receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, one must experience a total of five symptoms for at least a two-week period; these symptoms must cause significant distress or impair normal functioning, and they must not be caused by substances or a medical condition.

True

True or false: A key assumption of this theory is that hopelessness stems from a tendency to perceive negative life events as having stable ("It's never going to change") and global ("It's going to affect my whole life") causes

True

True or false: A number of environmental factors are also thought to be associated with increased risk for autism spectrum disorder, at least in part, because they contribute to new mutations. These factors include exposure to pollutants, such as plant emissions and mercury, urban versus rural residence, and vitamin D deficiency

True

True or false: According to the American Psychological Association, three factors work together to produce successful treatment. The first is the use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for your particular issue. The second important factor is the clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist. The third factor is your own characteristics, values, preferences, and culture.

True

True or false: Although it is believed by some that autism is triggered by the MMR vaccination, evidence does not support this claim.

True

True or false: Brain imaging studies have shown that children with ADHD exhibit abnormalities in their frontal lobes, an area in which dopamine is in abundance.

True

True or false: Compared to children without ADHD, those with ADHD appear to have smaller frontal lobe volume, and they show less frontal lobe activation when performing mental tasks

True

True or false: Currently, estimates indicate that nearly 1 in 88 children in the United States has autism spectrum disorder; the disorder is 5 times more common in boys (1 out of 54) than girls

True

True or false: It was believed that mental illness was caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, or an angry god

True

True or false: Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.

True

True or false: Not only must the person be biologically or psychologically vulnerable, but he must also have the means to perform the suicidal act, and he must lack the necessary protective factors (e.g., social support from friends and family, religion, coping skills, and problem-solving skills) that provide comfort and enable one to cope during times of crisis or great psychological pain

True

True or false: Numerous studies, however, have shown a significant relationship between exposure to nicotine in cigarette smoke during the prenatal period and ADHD

True

True or false: On the average, boys are 3 times more likely to have ADHD than are girls

True

True or false: People with mood disorders often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin

True

True or false: Psychologist Carl Rogers developed a therapeutic orientation known as Rogerian, or client-centered therapy. Note the change from patients to clients. Rogers (1951) felt that the term patient suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure. Since this is a form of nondirective therapy, a therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings, Rogers (1951) emphasized the importance of the person taking control of his own life to overcome life's challenges.

True

True or false: Research has also suggested that a mother's emotional stress during pregnancy may increase the risk of schizophrenia in offspring. One study reported that the risk of schizophrenia is elevated substantially in offspring whose mothers experienced the death of a relative during the first trimester of pregnancy

True

True or false: The frontal lobes are important in a variety of complex cognitive functions, such as planning and executing behavior, attention, speech, movement, and problem solving. Hence, abnormalities in this region provide merit in explaining why people with schizophrenia experience deficits in these of areas.

True

True or false: The most common treatment was exorcism, often conducted by priests or other religious figures: Incantations and prayers were said over the person's body, and she may have been given some medicinal drinks

True

True or false: There is considerable evidence suggesting that schizophrenia has a genetic basis. The risk of developing schizophrenia is nearly 6 times greater if one has a parent with schizophrenia than if one does not

True

True or false: Those afflicted were thought to be practitioners of black magic or possessed by spirits

True

True or false: depressed individuals exhibit less activation in the prefrontal, particularly on the left side

True

True or false: evidence seems to point to the conclusion that ADHD is triggered more by genetic and neurological factors and less by social or environmental ones.

True

True or false: one critical factor that determines the success of treatment is the person's relationship with the psychologist or therapist.

True

True or false: overabundance of dopamine in the limbic system may be responsible for some symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, whereas low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex might be responsible primarily for the negative symptoms. (schizophrenia)

True

True or false: people are at an increased risk for developing schizophrenia if their mother was exposed to influenza during the first trimester of pregnancy

True

True or false: —both genetic vulnerability and environmental stress are necessary for schizophrenia to develop, genes alone do not show the complete picture.

True

True or false:many people with schizophrenia display a reduction in gray matter (cell bodies of neurons) in the frontal lobes, and many show less frontal lobe activity when performing cognitive tasks

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Work to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors Example: Patient learns to identify self-defeating behaviors to overcome an eating disorder

13.4

____% of adults received treatment for a mental health issue

13.4

_____% of U.S. sought mental illness treatment

Asylums

________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders, but the focus was ostracizing them from society rather than treating their disorders. Often these people were kept in windowless dungeons, beaten, chained to their beds, and had little to no contact with caregivers.

Dorthea Dix

_________ began lobbying various state legislatures and the U.S. Congress for change (Tiffany, 1891). Her efforts led to the creation of the first mental asylums in the United States.

Depressed

___________ people feel sad, discouraged, and hopeless. These individuals lose interest in activities once enjoyed, often experience a decrease in drives such as hunger and sex, and frequently doubt personal worth.

Anxiety

_____________ motivates us to avoid certain things—such as running up debts and engaging in illegal activities—that could lead to future trouble

Counterconditioning

a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior

Example of cognitive therapy

a client may overgeneralize. Because Ray failed one test in his Psychology 101 course, he feels he is stupid and worthless. These thoughts then cause his mood to worsen. Therapists also help clients recognize when they blow things out of proportion. Because Ray failed his Psychology 101 test, he has concluded that he's going to fail the entire course and probably flunk out of college altogether. These errors in thinking have contributed to Ray's feelings of distress. His therapist will help him challenge these irrational beliefs, focus on their illogical basis, and correct them with more logical and rational thoughts and beliefs.

Mania

a is a state of extreme elation and agitation. When people experience _____________, they may become extremely talkative, behave recklessly, or attempt to take on many tasks simultaneously.

generalized anxiety disorder

a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension

behavior therapy

a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors—rather than digging deeply into one's unconscious.

dream analysis

a therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams.

Exposure therapy

a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.

Seasonal patterns

applies to situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year (e.g., fall or winter). In everyday language, people often refer to this subtype as the winter blues.

50

approximately ____% of children with mental disorders had received treatment for their disorder within the past year

Depressive disorders

are a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature.

Bipolar and related disorders

are a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature.

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

are a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors

Delusions

are beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence. (schizophrenia)

Anxiety disorders

are characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior

Mood disorders

are characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions—most often depression, but also mania and elation

Negative symptoms

are those that reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives. (schizophrenia)

Wakefield

argued that natural internal mechanisms—that is, psychological processes honed by evolution, such as cognition, perception, and learning—have important functions, such as enabling us to experience the world the way others do and to engage in rational thought, problem solving, and communication.

Examples of safety behaviors

assuming roles in social situations that minimize interaction with others (e.g., taking pictures, setting up equipment, or helping prepare food) asking people many questions to keep the focus off of oneself selecting a position to avoid scrutiny or contact with others (sitting in the back of the room) wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself avoiding substances or activities that might cause anxiety symptoms (such as caffeine, warm clothing, and physical exercise)

Kanner's

autism spectrum disorder today, is a direct extension of __________ work.

grandiose delusions

beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important. (schizophrenia)

virtual reality exposure therapy

by using a simulation to help conquer fears. Virtual reality exposure therapy has been used effectively to treat numerous anxiety disorders such as the fear of public speaking, claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces), aviophobia (fear of flying), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a trauma and stressor-related disorder

hoarding disorder

cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are.

nondirective play therapy

children are encouraged to work through their problems by playing freely while the therapist observes

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

classification system Each disorder is described in detail, including an overview of the disorder (diagnostic features), specific symptoms required for diagnosis (diagnostic criteria), prevalence information (what percent of the population is thought to be afflicted with the disorder), and risk factors associated with the disorder.

Aaron Beck

cognitive therapy was developed by psychiatrist ______________ in the 1960s. His initial focus was on depression and how a client's self-defeating attitude served to maintain a depression despite positive factors in her life

Antabuse

creates a conditioned aversion to alcohol because it replaces the original pleasure response with an unpleasant one.

Suicide

defined by the CDC as "death caused by self-directed injurious behavior with any intent to die as the result of the behavior"

Supernatural

describes a force beyond scientific understanding

disorders

develop not from a single cause, but from a delicate fusion between partly biological and partly psychosocial factors.

Atypical

deviate from the norm, and could signify the presence of a psychological disorder

Mood disorders

experience mood fluctuations, but their fluctuations are extreme, distort their outlook on life, and impair their ability to function.

panic disorder

experience recurrent (more than one) and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self-defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks (e.g., avoidance of exercise or unfamiliar situations)

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions).

Specific phobia

experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (such as animals, enclosed spaces, elevators, or flying)

Taphophobia

fear of being buried alive

Hematophobia

fear of blood

Cynophobia

fear of dogs

Claustrophobia

fear of enclosed spaces

Aerophobia

fear of flying

Acrophobia

fear of heights

Trypanophobia

fear of injections

Ophidiophobia

fear of snakes

Arachnophobia

fear of spiders

Xenophobia

fear of strangers

early warning signs of schizophrenia

genetic risk (a family history of psychosis), recent deterioration in functioning, high levels of unusual thought content, high levels of suspicion or paranoia, poor social functioning, and a history of substance abuse

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior. It aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors.

psychodynamic perspective

his approach to therapy remains centered on the role of people's internal drives and forces, but treatment is less intensive than Freud's original model.

John F. Kennedy

in 1963, Congress passed and_____________ signed the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act, which provided federal support and funding for community mental health centers

Major depressive disorder

include "depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day" (feeling sad, empty, hopeless, or appearing tearful to others), and loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities

Comorbid disorders

include anxiety disorders and substance abuse disorders

Symptoms of schizophrenia

include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms.

diathesis-stress model

integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder.

neurodevelopmental disorders

involve developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning

Fear

involves an instantaneous reaction to an imminent threat

anxiety

involves apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative event

Biomedical therapy

involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders.

Phobia

is a Greek word that means fear

psychological disorder

is a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Schizophrenia

is a devastating psychological disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior.

Cognitive therapy

is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress. The idea behind cognitive therapy is that how you think determines how you feel and act.

hallucination

is a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation. (schizophrenia)

Psychotherapy

is a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth.

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

is also widely recognized. Published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the ICD was developed in Europe shortly after World War II and, like the DSM, has been revised several times.

Avolition

is characterized by a lack of motivation to engage in self-initiated and meaningful activity, including the most basic of tasks, such as bathing and grooming. (schizophrenia)

Hyperactivity

is characterized by excessive movement, and includes fidgeting or squirming, leaving one's seat in situations when remaining seated is expected, having trouble sitting still

Social anxiety disorder

is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others

Schizophrenia

is considered a psychotic disorder, or one in which the person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is not able to function normally in life. In informal terms, one who suffers from a psychotic disorder (that is, has a psychosis) is disconnected from the world in which most of us live.

panic attack

is defined as a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes

Play therapy

is often used with children since they are not likely to sit on a couch and recall their dreams or engage in traditional talk therapy.

body dysmorphic disorder

is preoccupied with a perceived flaw in her physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people

Rumination

is the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms, rather that distracting one's self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem-solving manner

Psychopathology

is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (i.e., their causes), and treatment.k

humanistic therapy

is to help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves. In contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic therapists focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. They also emphasize the patient's present and future, as opposed to exploring the patient's past.

ICD

is used for clinical purposes, this tool is also used to examine the general health of populations and to monitor the prevalence of diseases and other health problems internationally

Agoraphobia

literally means "fear of the marketplace" situations include public transportation, open spaces (parking lots), enclosed spaces (stores), crowds, or being outside the home alone

PCF

may inhibit its ability to override negative emotions that might then lead to more negative mood states

Voluntary treatment

means the person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms.

Ritalin Adderall

medications used in the treatment of ADHD, such as methylphenidate (______) and amphetamine with dextroamphetamine (______), have stimulant qualities and elevate dopamine activity

safety behaviors

mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes.

harmful dysfunction

model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function

dopamine hypothesis

of schizophrenia proposed that an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia

biological

perspective views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities

Hopelessness theory

postulates that a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression

diathesis-stress models

propose that depression is triggered by a "cognitive vulnerability" (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events

anhedonia

refers to an inability to experience pleasure. expresses little interest in what most people consider to be pleasurable activities, such as hobbies, recreation, or sexual activity. (schizophrenia)

Disorganized thinking

refers to disjointed and incoherent thought processes—usually detected by what a person says. The person might ramble, exhibit loose associations (jump from topic to topic), or talk in a way that is so disorganized and incomprehensible that it seems as though the person is randomly combining words. (schizophrenia)

Alogia

refers to reduced speech output; in simple terms, patients do not say much. (schizophrenia)

Involuntary treatment

refers to therapy that is not the individual's choice.

Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

refers to unusual behaviors and movements: becoming unusually active, exhibiting silly child-like behaviors (giggling and self-absorbed smiling), engaging in repeated and purposeless movements, or displaying odd facial expressions and gestures. (schizophrenia)

cortisol

researchers have noted that depressed individuals have abnormal levels of _________, a stress hormone released into the blood by the neuroendocrine system during times of stress

Autism

significant disturbances in three main areas: (a) deficits in social interaction, (b) deficits in communication, and (c) repetitive patterns of behavior or interests

Examples of OCD

spend hours each day washing his hands or constantly checking and rechecking to make sure that a stove, faucet, or light has been turned off.

diagnosis

that is, appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms

deinstitutionalization

the closing of large asylums

comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two disorders.

free association

the patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment. However, Freud felt that the ego would at times try to block, or repress, unacceptable urges or painful conflicts during free association. Consequently, a patient would demonstrate resistance to recalling these thoughts or situations. I

flight of ideas

the person may talk loudly and rapidly abruptly switching from one topic to another

examples of grandiose delusions

the person who claims to be Jesus Christ, or who claims to have knowledge going back 5,000 years, or who claims to be a great philosopher. (schizophrenia)

Play therapy

the therapist observes how the child interacts with toys (e.g., dolls, animals, and home settings) in an effort to understand the roots of the child's disturbed behavior. Play therapy can be nondirective or directive.

directive play therapy

the therapist provides more structure and guidance in the play session by suggesting topics, asking questions, and even playing with the child

jumping to conclusions

the third kind of distortion involves ________________—assuming that people are thinking negatively about you or reacting negatively to you, even though there is no evidence.

psychoanalysis

therapists help their patients look into their past to uncover repressed feelings.

cognitive-behavioral ________________, which was founded by Albert Ellis and grew out of his dislike of Freudian psychoanalysis

therapy was rational emotive therapy (RET)

true

true or false: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that approximately half (50.6%) of children with mental disorders had received treatment for their disorder within the past year

Adverse conditioning

uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior. Therapists apply this technique to eliminate addictive behaviors, such as smoking, nail biting, and drinking.

Token economy

virtual reality exposure therapy

Asburgers disorder

were described as having average or high intelligence and a strong vocabulary, but exhibiting impairments in social interaction and social communication, such as talking only about their special interests

paranoid delusions

which involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person. (schizophrenia)

All or nothing thinking

which is a common type of cognitive distortion for people suffering from depression, reflects extremes. In other words, everything is black or white. After being turned down for a date, Jon begins to think, "No woman will ever go out with me. I'm going to be alone forever." He begins to feel anxious and sad as he contemplates his future.

somatic delusion

which is the belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one's body (e.g., that one's kidneys are being eaten by cockroaches). (schizophrenia)

catatonic behaviors

which show decreased reactivity to the environment, such as posturing, in which the person maintains a rigid and bizarre posture for long periods of time, or catatonic stupor, a complete lack of movement and verbal behavior. (schizophrenia)

Mary Cover Jones

who is considered the mother of behavior therapy. (1924)