PSYCH Module 5
Thoughts of rumination
"Why am I so unmotivated? I just can't get going. I'm never going to get my work done feeling this way"
Manic episode
"distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least one week,"
Disorder
(a) there is a dysfunction in an internal mechanism, and (b) the dysfunction has resulted in harmful consequences.
Bipolar disorder
(commonly known as manic depression) often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania; that is, the person's mood is said to alternate from one emotional extreme to the other
peripartum onset
(commonly referred to as postpartum depression), applies to women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child
Auditory hallucinations
(hearing voices) occur in roughly two-thirds of patients with schizophrenia and are by far the most common form of hallucination. (schizophrenia)
systematic desensitization
- Joseph Wolpe (1958) refined Jones's techniques - wherein a calm and pleasant state is gradually associated with increasing levels of anxiety-inducing stimuli.
Stimulants
- Used to treat: ADHD - How they work: Improve ability to focus on a task and maintain attention - Side effects: Decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, headache
Anti-anxiety agents
- Used to treat: Anxiety and agitation that occur in OCD, PTSD, panic disorder, and social phobia - How they work: Depress central nervous system activity - Side effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, lightheadedness
Mood stabilizers
- Used to treat: Bipolar disorder - How they work: Treat episodes of mania as well as depression - Side effects: Excessive thirst, irregular heartbeat, itching/rash, swelling (face, mouth, and extremities), nausea, loss of appetite
Anti-depressants
- Used to treat: Depression and increasingly for anxiety - How they work: Alter levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine Side effects: -SSRIs: headache, nausea, weight gain, drowsiness, reduced sex drive Tricyclics: dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, reduced sex drive, increased risk of suicide
Atypical Antipsychotics (developed in the late 1980s)
- Used to treat: Schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders - How they work: Treat the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as withdrawal and apathy, by targeting both dopamine and serotonin receptors; newer medications may treat both positive and negative symptoms - Side effects:Can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness
Antipsychotics (developed in the 1950s)
- Used to treat: Schizophrenia and other types of severe thought disorders -How they work: Treat positive psychotic symptoms such as auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia by blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine - Side effects: Long-term use can lead to tardive dyskinesia, involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue and facial muscles, resulting in Parkinson's-like tremors
orbitofrontal cortex
- involved with OCD - an area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
- involves using an electrical current to induce seizures to help alleviate the effects of severe depression. - The exact mechanism is unknown, although it does help alleviate symptoms for people with severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
free-floating anxiety
- is not part of another disorder, occurs more days than not for at least six months, and is accompanied by any three of the following symptoms: restlessness, difficulty concentrating, being easily fatigued, muscle tension, irritability, and sleep difficulties. - Freud
Symptoms of depression
- significant weight loss (when not dieting) or weight gain and/or significant decrease or increase in appetite; difficulty falling asleep or sleeping too much; - psychomotor agitation (the person is noticeably fidgety and jittery, demonstrated by behaviors like the inability to sit, pacing, hand-wringing, pulling or rubbing of the skin, clothing, or other objects) or psychomotor retardation (the person talks and moves slowly, for example, talking softly, very little, or in a monotone); - fatigue or loss of energy; - feelings of worthlessness or guilt; - difficulty concentrating and indecisiveness; and - suicidal ideation: thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt.
psychological disorder
1. There are significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors 2. The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction. 3. The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life 4. The disturbances do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events.
children
13% of U.S. __________ experienced mental illness
adults
19% of U.S. __________ experienced mental illness
ADHD
A child with _________ shows a constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning
coined prodromal symptom
A new approach involves identifying people who show minor symptoms of psychosis, such as unusual thought content, paranoia, odd communication, delusions, problems at school or work, and a decline in social functioning— _______________—and following these individuals over time to determine which of them develop a psychotic disorder and which factors best predict such a disorder (schizophrenia)
19 13
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2013), _________ %of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012. For teens (ages 13-18), the rate is similar to that of adults, and for children ages 8-15, current estimates suggest that _______% experience mental illness in a given year
marijuana
Another variable that is linked to schizophrenia is ________________ use.
Cognitive therapy
Awareness of cognitive process helps patients eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress Example: Patient learns not to overgeneralize failure based on single failure
classical and operant
Behavior therapy employs both ________ and _______ conditioning techniques to change behavior.
ventricles
Brain imaging studies reveal that people with schizophrenia have enlarged ___________, the cavities within the brain that contain cerebral spinal fluid
ABC model
Cognitive-behavioral therapy aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors using techniques like the _________. With this model, there is an Action (sometimes called an activating event), the Belief about the event, and the Consequences of this belief.
Example of jumping to conclusions
Consider the example of Savannah and Hillaire, who recently met at a party. They have a lot in common, and Savannah thinks they could become friends. She calls Hillaire to invite her for coffee. Since Hillaire doesn't answer, Savannah leaves her a message. Several days go by and Savannah never hears back from her potential new friend. Maybe Hillaire never received the message because she lost her phone or she is too busy to return the phone call. But if Savannah believes that Hillaire didn't like Savannah or didn't want to be her friend, she is demonstrating the cognitive distortion of jumping to conclusions.
serotonin
Contemporary neurological research shows that disturbances in the functioning of ____________ are linked to suicidal behavior
amygdala activity
Depressed individuals show elevated ___________.
Example of conditioning therapy
Emmie begins to sleep on a liquid-sensitive bed pad that is hooked to an alarm. When moisture touches the pad, it sets off the alarm, waking up Emmie. When this process is repeated enough times, Emmie develops an association between urinary relaxation and waking up, and this stops the bedwetting. Emmie has now gone three weeks without wetting her bed and is looking forward to her first sleepover this weekend.
transference
Freud called this _______________: the patient transfers all the positive or negative emotions associated with the patient's other relationships to the psychoanalyst. For example, Crystal is seeing a psychoanalyst. During the years of therapy, she comes to see her therapist as a father figure. She transfers her feelings about her father onto her therapist, perhaps in an effort to gain the love and attention she did not receive from her own father.
Philippe Pinel
In the late 1700s, a French physician, ______________, argued for more humane treatment of the mentally ill. He suggested that they be unchained and talked to, and that's just what he did for patients at La Salpêtrière in Paris in 1795
Humanistic therapy
Increase self-awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts Example: Patient learns to articulate thoughts that keep her from achieving her goals
ABC Model example
Jon and Joe both go to a party. Jon and Joe each have met a young woman at the party: Jon is talking with Megan most of the party, and Joe is talking with Amanda. At the end of the party, Jon asks Megan for her phone number and Joe asks Amanda. Megan tells Jon she would rather not give him her number, and Amanda tells Joe the same thing. Both Jon and Joe are surprised, as they thought things were going well. What can Jon and Joe tell themselves about why the women were not interested? Let's say Jon tells himself he is a loser, or is ugly, or "has no game." Jon then gets depressed and decides not to go to another party, which starts a cycle that keeps him depressed. Joe tells himself that he had bad breath, goes out and buys a new toothbrush, goes to another party, and meets someone new. Jon's belief about what happened results in a consequence of further depression, whereas Joe's belief does not. Jon is internalizing the attribution or reason for the rebuffs, which triggers his depression.
Example of behavior therapy
Jones began by placing a caged rabbit on the other side of a room with Peter while he ate his afternoon snack. Over the course of several days, Jones moved the rabbit closer and closer to where Peter was seated with his snack. After two months of being exposed to the rabbit while relaxing with his snack, Peter was able to hold the rabbit and pet it while eating
American Psychiatric Association
Many of the features of the harmful dysfunction model are incorporated in a formal definition of psychological disorder developed by the ___________________.
biomedical therapy
Medications used to treat psychological disorders are called psychotropic medications and are prescribed by medical doctors, including psychiatrists.
locus coeruleus
Neurobiological theories of panic disorder suggest that a region of the brain called the ___________ may play a role in this disorder.
dopamine
People with ADHD show less _________ activity in key regions of the brain, especially those associated with motivation and reward
Behavior therapy
Principles of learning applied to change undesirable behaviors Example: Patient learns to overcome fear of elevators through several stages of relaxation techniques
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis was developed by _____________ and was the first form of psychotherapy.
Play therapy
Psychoanalytical therapy wherein interaction with toys is used instead of talk; used in child therapy Example: Patient (child) acts out family scenes with dolls
1. Classical Conditioning 2. Modeling 3. Verbal transmission of information
Rachman (1977) proposed that phobias can be acquired through three major learning pathways:
unconditional positive regard
Rogers called _____________, which involves not judging clients and simply accepting them for who they are. Rogers (1951) also felt that therapists should demonstrate genuineness, empathy, and acceptance toward their clients because this helps people become more accepting of themselves, which results in personal growth.
inattention
Some of the signs of ______________include great difficulty with and avoidance of tasks that require sustained attention (such as conversations or reading), failure to follow instructions (often resulting in failure to complete school work and other duties), disorganization (difficulty keeping things in order, poor time management, sloppy and messy work), lack of attention to detail, becoming easily distracted, and forgetfulness.
26
Statistics show that ___% of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior Example: Patient talks about his past
Hoffman
The symptoms of ADHD were first described by Hans ____________ in the 1920s.
brain tissue
This finding is important because larger than normal ventricles suggests that various brain regions are reduced in size, thus implying that schizophrenia is associated with a loss of ________________.
True
True or False: To receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, one must experience a total of five symptoms for at least a two-week period; these symptoms must cause significant distress or impair normal functioning, and they must not be caused by substances or a medical condition.
True
True or false: A key assumption of this theory is that hopelessness stems from a tendency to perceive negative life events as having stable ("It's never going to change") and global ("It's going to affect my whole life") causes
True
True or false: A number of environmental factors are also thought to be associated with increased risk for autism spectrum disorder, at least in part, because they contribute to new mutations. These factors include exposure to pollutants, such as plant emissions and mercury, urban versus rural residence, and vitamin D deficiency
True
True or false: According to the American Psychological Association, three factors work together to produce successful treatment. The first is the use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for your particular issue. The second important factor is the clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist. The third factor is your own characteristics, values, preferences, and culture.
True
True or false: Although it is believed by some that autism is triggered by the MMR vaccination, evidence does not support this claim.
True
True or false: Brain imaging studies have shown that children with ADHD exhibit abnormalities in their frontal lobes, an area in which dopamine is in abundance.
True
True or false: Compared to children without ADHD, those with ADHD appear to have smaller frontal lobe volume, and they show less frontal lobe activation when performing mental tasks
True
True or false: Currently, estimates indicate that nearly 1 in 88 children in the United States has autism spectrum disorder; the disorder is 5 times more common in boys (1 out of 54) than girls
True
True or false: It was believed that mental illness was caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, or an angry god
True
True or false: Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.
True
True or false: Not only must the person be biologically or psychologically vulnerable, but he must also have the means to perform the suicidal act, and he must lack the necessary protective factors (e.g., social support from friends and family, religion, coping skills, and problem-solving skills) that provide comfort and enable one to cope during times of crisis or great psychological pain
True
True or false: Numerous studies, however, have shown a significant relationship between exposure to nicotine in cigarette smoke during the prenatal period and ADHD
True
True or false: On the average, boys are 3 times more likely to have ADHD than are girls
True
True or false: People with mood disorders often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin
True
True or false: Psychologist Carl Rogers developed a therapeutic orientation known as Rogerian, or client-centered therapy. Note the change from patients to clients. Rogers (1951) felt that the term patient suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure. Since this is a form of nondirective therapy, a therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person to identify conflicts and understand feelings, Rogers (1951) emphasized the importance of the person taking control of his own life to overcome life's challenges.
True
True or false: Research has also suggested that a mother's emotional stress during pregnancy may increase the risk of schizophrenia in offspring. One study reported that the risk of schizophrenia is elevated substantially in offspring whose mothers experienced the death of a relative during the first trimester of pregnancy
True
True or false: The frontal lobes are important in a variety of complex cognitive functions, such as planning and executing behavior, attention, speech, movement, and problem solving. Hence, abnormalities in this region provide merit in explaining why people with schizophrenia experience deficits in these of areas.
True
True or false: The most common treatment was exorcism, often conducted by priests or other religious figures: Incantations and prayers were said over the person's body, and she may have been given some medicinal drinks
True
True or false: There is considerable evidence suggesting that schizophrenia has a genetic basis. The risk of developing schizophrenia is nearly 6 times greater if one has a parent with schizophrenia than if one does not
True
True or false: Those afflicted were thought to be practitioners of black magic or possessed by spirits
True
True or false: depressed individuals exhibit less activation in the prefrontal, particularly on the left side
True
True or false: evidence seems to point to the conclusion that ADHD is triggered more by genetic and neurological factors and less by social or environmental ones.
True
True or false: one critical factor that determines the success of treatment is the person's relationship with the psychologist or therapist.
True
True or false: overabundance of dopamine in the limbic system may be responsible for some symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, whereas low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex might be responsible primarily for the negative symptoms. (schizophrenia)
True
True or false: people are at an increased risk for developing schizophrenia if their mother was exposed to influenza during the first trimester of pregnancy
True
True or false: —both genetic vulnerability and environmental stress are necessary for schizophrenia to develop, genes alone do not show the complete picture.
True
True or false:many people with schizophrenia display a reduction in gray matter (cell bodies of neurons) in the frontal lobes, and many show less frontal lobe activity when performing cognitive tasks
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Work to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors Example: Patient learns to identify self-defeating behaviors to overcome an eating disorder
13.4
____% of adults received treatment for a mental health issue
13.4
_____% of U.S. sought mental illness treatment
Asylums
________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders, but the focus was ostracizing them from society rather than treating their disorders. Often these people were kept in windowless dungeons, beaten, chained to their beds, and had little to no contact with caregivers.
Dorthea Dix
_________ began lobbying various state legislatures and the U.S. Congress for change (Tiffany, 1891). Her efforts led to the creation of the first mental asylums in the United States.
Depressed
___________ people feel sad, discouraged, and hopeless. These individuals lose interest in activities once enjoyed, often experience a decrease in drives such as hunger and sex, and frequently doubt personal worth.
Anxiety
_____________ motivates us to avoid certain things—such as running up debts and engaging in illegal activities—that could lead to future trouble
Counterconditioning
a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior
Example of cognitive therapy
a client may overgeneralize. Because Ray failed one test in his Psychology 101 course, he feels he is stupid and worthless. These thoughts then cause his mood to worsen. Therapists also help clients recognize when they blow things out of proportion. Because Ray failed his Psychology 101 test, he has concluded that he's going to fail the entire course and probably flunk out of college altogether. These errors in thinking have contributed to Ray's feelings of distress. His therapist will help him challenge these irrational beliefs, focus on their illogical basis, and correct them with more logical and rational thoughts and beliefs.
Mania
a is a state of extreme elation and agitation. When people experience _____________, they may become extremely talkative, behave recklessly, or attempt to take on many tasks simultaneously.
generalized anxiety disorder
a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension
behavior therapy
a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors—rather than digging deeply into one's unconscious.
dream analysis
a therapist interprets the underlying meaning of dreams.
Exposure therapy
a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.
Seasonal patterns
applies to situations in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year (e.g., fall or winter). In everyday language, people often refer to this subtype as the winter blues.
50
approximately ____% of children with mental disorders had received treatment for their disorder within the past year
Depressive disorders
are a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature.
Bipolar and related disorders
are a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature.
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
are a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors
Delusions
are beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence. (schizophrenia)
Anxiety disorders
are characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior
Mood disorders
are characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions—most often depression, but also mania and elation
Negative symptoms
are those that reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives. (schizophrenia)
Wakefield
argued that natural internal mechanisms—that is, psychological processes honed by evolution, such as cognition, perception, and learning—have important functions, such as enabling us to experience the world the way others do and to engage in rational thought, problem solving, and communication.
Examples of safety behaviors
assuming roles in social situations that minimize interaction with others (e.g., taking pictures, setting up equipment, or helping prepare food) asking people many questions to keep the focus off of oneself selecting a position to avoid scrutiny or contact with others (sitting in the back of the room) wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself avoiding substances or activities that might cause anxiety symptoms (such as caffeine, warm clothing, and physical exercise)
Kanner's
autism spectrum disorder today, is a direct extension of __________ work.
grandiose delusions
beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important. (schizophrenia)
virtual reality exposure therapy
by using a simulation to help conquer fears. Virtual reality exposure therapy has been used effectively to treat numerous anxiety disorders such as the fear of public speaking, claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces), aviophobia (fear of flying), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a trauma and stressor-related disorder
hoarding disorder
cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are.
nondirective play therapy
children are encouraged to work through their problems by playing freely while the therapist observes
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
classification system Each disorder is described in detail, including an overview of the disorder (diagnostic features), specific symptoms required for diagnosis (diagnostic criteria), prevalence information (what percent of the population is thought to be afflicted with the disorder), and risk factors associated with the disorder.
Aaron Beck
cognitive therapy was developed by psychiatrist ______________ in the 1960s. His initial focus was on depression and how a client's self-defeating attitude served to maintain a depression despite positive factors in her life
Antabuse
creates a conditioned aversion to alcohol because it replaces the original pleasure response with an unpleasant one.
Suicide
defined by the CDC as "death caused by self-directed injurious behavior with any intent to die as the result of the behavior"
Supernatural
describes a force beyond scientific understanding
disorders
develop not from a single cause, but from a delicate fusion between partly biological and partly psychosocial factors.
Atypical
deviate from the norm, and could signify the presence of a psychological disorder
Mood disorders
experience mood fluctuations, but their fluctuations are extreme, distort their outlook on life, and impair their ability to function.
panic disorder
experience recurrent (more than one) and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self-defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks (e.g., avoidance of exercise or unfamiliar situations)
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions).
Specific phobia
experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (such as animals, enclosed spaces, elevators, or flying)
Taphophobia
fear of being buried alive
Hematophobia
fear of blood
Cynophobia
fear of dogs
Claustrophobia
fear of enclosed spaces
Aerophobia
fear of flying
Acrophobia
fear of heights
Trypanophobia
fear of injections
Ophidiophobia
fear of snakes
Arachnophobia
fear of spiders
Xenophobia
fear of strangers
early warning signs of schizophrenia
genetic risk (a family history of psychosis), recent deterioration in functioning, high levels of unusual thought content, high levels of suspicion or paranoia, poor social functioning, and a history of substance abuse
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
helps clients examine how their thoughts affect their behavior. It aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors.
psychodynamic perspective
his approach to therapy remains centered on the role of people's internal drives and forces, but treatment is less intensive than Freud's original model.
John F. Kennedy
in 1963, Congress passed and_____________ signed the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act, which provided federal support and funding for community mental health centers
Major depressive disorder
include "depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day" (feeling sad, empty, hopeless, or appearing tearful to others), and loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities
Comorbid disorders
include anxiety disorders and substance abuse disorders
Symptoms of schizophrenia
include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms.
diathesis-stress model
integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder.
neurodevelopmental disorders
involve developmental problems in personal, social, academic, and intellectual functioning
Fear
involves an instantaneous reaction to an imminent threat
anxiety
involves apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative event
Biomedical therapy
involves medication and/or medical procedures to treat psychological disorders.
Phobia
is a Greek word that means fear
psychological disorder
is a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Schizophrenia
is a devastating psychological disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior.
Cognitive therapy
is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on how a person's thoughts lead to feelings of distress. The idea behind cognitive therapy is that how you think determines how you feel and act.
hallucination
is a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation. (schizophrenia)
Psychotherapy
is a psychological treatment that employs various methods to help someone overcome personal problems, or to attain personal growth.
International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
is also widely recognized. Published by the World Health Organization (WHO), the ICD was developed in Europe shortly after World War II and, like the DSM, has been revised several times.
Avolition
is characterized by a lack of motivation to engage in self-initiated and meaningful activity, including the most basic of tasks, such as bathing and grooming. (schizophrenia)
Hyperactivity
is characterized by excessive movement, and includes fidgeting or squirming, leaving one's seat in situations when remaining seated is expected, having trouble sitting still
Social anxiety disorder
is characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others
Schizophrenia
is considered a psychotic disorder, or one in which the person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is not able to function normally in life. In informal terms, one who suffers from a psychotic disorder (that is, has a psychosis) is disconnected from the world in which most of us live.
panic attack
is defined as a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes
Play therapy
is often used with children since they are not likely to sit on a couch and recall their dreams or engage in traditional talk therapy.
body dysmorphic disorder
is preoccupied with a perceived flaw in her physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people
Rumination
is the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms, rather that distracting one's self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem-solving manner
Psychopathology
is the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, etiology (i.e., their causes), and treatment.k
humanistic therapy
is to help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves. In contrast to psychoanalysis, humanistic therapists focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. They also emphasize the patient's present and future, as opposed to exploring the patient's past.
ICD
is used for clinical purposes, this tool is also used to examine the general health of populations and to monitor the prevalence of diseases and other health problems internationally
Agoraphobia
literally means "fear of the marketplace" situations include public transportation, open spaces (parking lots), enclosed spaces (stores), crowds, or being outside the home alone
PCF
may inhibit its ability to override negative emotions that might then lead to more negative mood states
Voluntary treatment
means the person chooses to attend therapy to obtain relief from symptoms.
Ritalin Adderall
medications used in the treatment of ADHD, such as methylphenidate (______) and amphetamine with dextroamphetamine (______), have stimulant qualities and elevate dopamine activity
safety behaviors
mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes.
harmful dysfunction
model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function
dopamine hypothesis
of schizophrenia proposed that an overabundance of dopamine or too many dopamine receptors are responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia
biological
perspective views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities
Hopelessness theory
postulates that a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression
diathesis-stress models
propose that depression is triggered by a "cognitive vulnerability" (negative and maladaptive thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events
anhedonia
refers to an inability to experience pleasure. expresses little interest in what most people consider to be pleasurable activities, such as hobbies, recreation, or sexual activity. (schizophrenia)
Disorganized thinking
refers to disjointed and incoherent thought processes—usually detected by what a person says. The person might ramble, exhibit loose associations (jump from topic to topic), or talk in a way that is so disorganized and incomprehensible that it seems as though the person is randomly combining words. (schizophrenia)
Alogia
refers to reduced speech output; in simple terms, patients do not say much. (schizophrenia)
Involuntary treatment
refers to therapy that is not the individual's choice.
Disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
refers to unusual behaviors and movements: becoming unusually active, exhibiting silly child-like behaviors (giggling and self-absorbed smiling), engaging in repeated and purposeless movements, or displaying odd facial expressions and gestures. (schizophrenia)
cortisol
researchers have noted that depressed individuals have abnormal levels of _________, a stress hormone released into the blood by the neuroendocrine system during times of stress
Autism
significant disturbances in three main areas: (a) deficits in social interaction, (b) deficits in communication, and (c) repetitive patterns of behavior or interests
Examples of OCD
spend hours each day washing his hands or constantly checking and rechecking to make sure that a stove, faucet, or light has been turned off.
diagnosis
that is, appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms
deinstitutionalization
the closing of large asylums
comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two disorders.
free association
the patient relaxes and then says whatever comes to mind at the moment. However, Freud felt that the ego would at times try to block, or repress, unacceptable urges or painful conflicts during free association. Consequently, a patient would demonstrate resistance to recalling these thoughts or situations. I
flight of ideas
the person may talk loudly and rapidly abruptly switching from one topic to another
examples of grandiose delusions
the person who claims to be Jesus Christ, or who claims to have knowledge going back 5,000 years, or who claims to be a great philosopher. (schizophrenia)
Play therapy
the therapist observes how the child interacts with toys (e.g., dolls, animals, and home settings) in an effort to understand the roots of the child's disturbed behavior. Play therapy can be nondirective or directive.
directive play therapy
the therapist provides more structure and guidance in the play session by suggesting topics, asking questions, and even playing with the child
jumping to conclusions
the third kind of distortion involves ________________—assuming that people are thinking negatively about you or reacting negatively to you, even though there is no evidence.
psychoanalysis
therapists help their patients look into their past to uncover repressed feelings.
cognitive-behavioral ________________, which was founded by Albert Ellis and grew out of his dislike of Freudian psychoanalysis
therapy was rational emotive therapy (RET)
true
true or false: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found that approximately half (50.6%) of children with mental disorders had received treatment for their disorder within the past year
Adverse conditioning
uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior. Therapists apply this technique to eliminate addictive behaviors, such as smoking, nail biting, and drinking.
Token economy
virtual reality exposure therapy
Asburgers disorder
were described as having average or high intelligence and a strong vocabulary, but exhibiting impairments in social interaction and social communication, such as talking only about their special interests
paranoid delusions
which involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person. (schizophrenia)
All or nothing thinking
which is a common type of cognitive distortion for people suffering from depression, reflects extremes. In other words, everything is black or white. After being turned down for a date, Jon begins to think, "No woman will ever go out with me. I'm going to be alone forever." He begins to feel anxious and sad as he contemplates his future.
somatic delusion
which is the belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one's body (e.g., that one's kidneys are being eaten by cockroaches). (schizophrenia)
catatonic behaviors
which show decreased reactivity to the environment, such as posturing, in which the person maintains a rigid and bizarre posture for long periods of time, or catatonic stupor, a complete lack of movement and verbal behavior. (schizophrenia)
Mary Cover Jones
who is considered the mother of behavior therapy. (1924)
