Psych module 6
Mild intellectual disability
3rd- to 6th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math; may be employed and live independently
frog
4-year old Jada, who lives close to a lake in Virginia, is learning about animals. Her prototype for an amphibian is most likely a
a heuristic
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called ________.
an algorithm
A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.
script
An event schema is also known as a cognitive _______
Moderate intellectual disability
Basic reading and writing skills; functional self-care skills; requires some oversight
clearly identified.
Before finding a solution to the problem, the problem must first be ___________
creative ontelligence
Bryant, a graduate student who generates many innovative research ideas:
100
The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.
semantics
The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of ________.
creative
Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the roof without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with a fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on ________ intelligence.
Bodily kinesthetic intelligence
High ability to control the movements of the body and use the body to perform various physical tasks (Dancer, athlete, athletic coach, yoga instructor)
Naturalist intelligence
High capacity to appreciate the natural world and interact with the species within it (Biologist, ecologist, environmentalist)
intellectual disability
The DSM-5 now uses ________ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental retardation.
Wechsler-Bellevue; Stanford-Binet
The ___________test combined a series of subtests that tested verbal and nonverbal skills into a single IQ test in order to get a reliable, descriptive score of intelligence. While the test was normed and standardized, it focused more on verbal skills than variations in other cognitive processes.
conventionalized
When stories travel through communication chains, they tend to become ________
audience design (?)
When talking to a stranger about your sister, Ramona, you probably don't mention her by name and instead say, "my younger sister." This is because of
analytical
When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most?
Learning disabilities; Intellectual disabilities
_________ are specific neurological problems within the brain and are separate from intelligence while _________ are pervasive and related to intelligence.
Functional fixedness
___________ occurs when you cannot see a use for an object other than the use for which it was intended. For example, if you need something to hold up a tarp in the rain, but only have a pitchfork, you must overcome your expectation that a pitchfork can only be used for garden chores before you realize that you could stick it in the ground and drape the tarp on top of it to hold it up.
Wechsler
__________believed that intelligence encompassed "the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment"
Functional fixedness
__________happens when schemas prevent us from seeing and using objects in new and nontraditional ways.
common ground
_________changes as we talk, gathering new information that we agree on and have evidence that we share.
artificial
_________concepts can enhance the understanding of a topic by building on one another.
concepts are
_______big ideas that are generated by observing details, and categorizing and combining these details into cognitive structures.
concepts
______allow you to extend what you have learned about a limited number of objects to a potentially infinite set of entities.
schemata
______are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently.
Semantics; syntax
______refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words while _________refers to the way words are organized into sentences
Duncker (1945)
conducted foundational research on functional fixedness.
Natural concepts
created "naturally" through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences.
Fluid intelligence
encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. (used when Navigating your way home after being detoured onto an unfamiliar route because of road construction)
artificial concepts
geometric shapes, like squares and triangles, serve as useful examples of______
Hindsight bias
leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't (you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did.)
Dysgraphia
learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly and putting one's thoughts down on paper.
The words we use are called
lexicon.
role schema
makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
Creative intelligence
marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation (finding a novel solution to an unexpected problem or producing a beautiful work of art or a well-developed short story.)
Chinese speakers
may be more prone to think of time on a vertical or horizontal plane.
Standardization
means that the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent.
Practical intelligence
means you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences.
touch; agree; over; cook; able
morphemes that are also a words. ________
ed; able
morphemes that are also suffixes and that, when combined with "touch-" produce one word
(Cattell-Horn-Carroll) CHC theory of cognitive abilities
most comprehensive theory of intelligence to date
anchoring bias
occurs when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem.
Priming
occurs when your thinking about one concept reminds you about other related concepts
negative
people tend to describe and __________actions of outgroup members using adjectives (e.g., he is cruel) rather than verbs
adjectives; verbs
people tend to describe positive actions of their ingroup members using_____ rather than ______
mental set
persisting to approach a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now.
problem-solving strategy
plan of action used to find a solution.
Norms
referential scores, used to interpret future scores.
Grammar
refers to the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon
Lexicon
refers to the words of a given language and is a language's vocabulary.
triarchic theory of intelligence
sees intelligence as comprised of three parts practical, creative, and analytical intelligence
event schema (cognitive script)
set of behaviors that can feel like a routine.
social brain hypothesis
showed that those primate genera that have larger brains tend to live in larger groups.
audience design
speakers design their utterances for their audiences by taking into account the audiences' knowledge. If their audiences are seen to be knowledgeable about an object (such as Ben about Gary), they tend to use a brief label of the object (i.e., Gary); for a less knowledgeable audience, they use more descriptive words (e.g., "a friend of mine") to help the audience understand their utterances (Box 1).
dysgraphia
struggle to write legibly.
in the event that you only have one day to study
taking 1 hour breaks between study sessions will maximize your learning
Emotional intelligence
the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways
prototype (definition)
the best example or representation of a concept.
Choice blindness
the failure to recall a choice immediately after we have made that choice.
ingroup
the group to which one belongs
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
the hypothesis that the language that people use determines their thoughts
linguistic determinism
the idea that Language influences the way that we think is called __________
Flynn effect
the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last.
Mental sets occur
when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective.
Working backwards
a useful heuristic in which you begin solving the problem by focusing on the end result.
Spatial intelligence
ability to perceive the relationship between objects and how they move in space (Choreographer, sculptor, architect, aviator, sailor)
originality, usefulness, and surprise
all quantitative rather than qualitative attributes of an idea.
the team captain
an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team.
a triangle's area
an example of an artificial concept?
dyslexia
an inability to correctly process letters
Alfred Binet
________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use with children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school.
artificial concept.
Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates with a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a
Systematic Replication
Conducting a study that is similar to the original one, but using slightly different methods or stimuli.
Conceptual Replication
Conducting a very different study that still tests the original idea.
Direct Replication
Conducting exactly the same study again, usually with new participants from the same population as the original study.
Dyscalculia
Dyscalculia
high
Lewis Terman did research on those with ________ IQs and found them to be well-adjusted adults.
Intrapersonal intelligence
Ability to access personal feelings and motivations, and use them to direct behavior and reach personal goals (Key component of personal success over time)
Interpersonal intelligence
Ability to understand and be sensitive to the various emotional states of others (Counselor, social worker, salesperson)
IQs above 130.
About 2% of the population have
range of reaction
According to __________your genetic potential is a fixed quantity, but whether you reach your full intellectual potential is dependent upon the environmental stimulation you experience, especially in childhood.
practical intelligence
Linda, a newspaper reporter who has a knack for making connections with very important people:
analytic intelligence
Anna, a law student who ranks at the top of her class for her critiques of legal cases:
genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
Arthur Jensen believed that ________.
gossip and story telling
As a story is retold, the stereotypical information is likely to be dropped out of the retelling. (I think this is incorrect)
fluid
As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in ________ intelligence.
creative intelligence
Manuel, a community college teacher who was recognized for writing a book of poetry:
lexicon.
Caleb uses the words "sofa," "soda," and "dinner," instead of "couch," "soft drink," and "supper." When others use the same words in conversation, they have adopted the same
Logical-mathematical intelligence
Capable of seeing numerical patterns, strong ability to use reason and logic (Scientist, mathematician)
human thinking
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of ________.
dysgraphia
Colton is an average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
3-5 years
Complex sentences; has conversations
trial and error
Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved (Restarting phone, turning off WiFi, turning off bluetooth in order to determine why your phone is malfunctioning)
spatial
Destiny is excellent at working with shapes and models. Her dream job is to design for Lego one day. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
why event schemata are so powerful
Event schemata are rooted in the social fabric of our communities. We expect people to behave in certain ways in certain types of situations, and we hold ourselves to the same social standards. It is uncomfortable to go against an event schema—it feels almost like we are breaking the rules.
12-18 months
First words
being able to see complex relationships and solve problems
Fluid intelligence is characterized by ________.
Severe intellectual disability
Functional self-care skills; requires oversight of daily environment and activities
Heuristic
General problem-solving framework (Working backwards; breaking a task into steps; rule of thumb)
a representative sample
In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.
original, and surprising
In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be useful,
8-13 months
Intentional communication; sociability
logical-mathematical
Jonas loves working as a TA for his Physics professor and especially loves the excitement involved in solving problems. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
divergent thinking
Kayla's research group is thinking of every possible use for a pancake for their marketing project. This requires some
functional fixedness.
Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of
Margot and her mother do not share common ground
Margot doesn't feel like explaining all of the events from her day to her mom because she would need to explain too many of the details in order to set the stage for her stories. In this instance,
Profound intellectual disability
May be able to communicate verbally or nonverbally; requires intensive oversight
heuristics.
Miranda has to make a decision, but has a ton of information and not a lot of time. Which problem-solving strategy should she use?
practical intelligence
Patricia, president of a small company, who successfully implements the business plan her partner developed:
Linguistic intelligence
Perceives different functions of language, different sounds and meanings of words, may easily learn multiple languages (Journalist, novelist, poet, teacher)
morphemes
Phonemes are combined to form_____________
analytical intelligence
Raul, a college student who quickly recognizes the correct answers to multiple choice questions:
0-3 months
Reflexive communication
3-8 months
Reflexive communication; interest in others
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
Researchers ________ concluded that language determines thoughts.
un; over
Select a morpheme that is also a prefix and that, when combined with "________ -cooked" produces one word.
2-3 years
Sentences of three or more words
audience design.
Shianne tells the group of people at the table at her workshop that she's from Salt Lake City. A young man replies that he is also from Salt Lake, so he asks Shianne what area she's from. Shianne admits that she is really from Bountiful, which is north of Salt Lake City. The fact that she gives this additional information is an example of
18-24 months
Simple sentences of two words
major problem with IQ tests
Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.
Algorithm
Step-by-step problem-solving formula (Instruction manual for installing new software on your computer)
phoneme, morpheme, syntax.
The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are
Study for 1 hour per day
To be prepared for your exam, you need to study for 10 hours. How should you split up your study time to be most effective? Study for 10 hours all on the same day
evidence for a genetic component to an individual's IQ
Twin studies are one strong indication that IQ has a genetic component. Another indication is anecdotal evidence in the form of stories about highly intelligent individuals who come from difficult backgrounds yet still become highly successful adults.
gossip
Two-thirds of typical conversations are about ________.
dyslexia
Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have?
Musical intelligence
Understands and appreciates rhythm, pitch, and tone; may play multiple instruments or perform as a vocalist (Composer, performer)
following the instruction manual.
Using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to
revealed a genetic component to intelligence
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.
they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of creativity test.
What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common?
thoughts
When _________ are formed, the mind also pulls information from emotions and memories
both genetics and environment
Where does high intelligence come from?
creative
Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?
sternberg
Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?
Anchoring bias (q)
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
representative bias (:)
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?
David Wechsler
Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?
lexicon; syntax
Words and expressions are known as ________, but the rules that explain how they go together are called ________.
concepts
You use _________to see the relationships among the different elements of your experiences and to keep the information in your mind organized and accessible.
verbs; adjectives
_____ convey particularity, whereas _________convey permanency.
replication
_______ is the only one way to determine if a phenomenon is reliable
morphemes
________ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.
Natural
________ concepts are the ones we know through experience.
phonemes
________ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.
syntax
________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.
Functional fixedness
a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for.
morpheme; word
a __________ sometimes does not stand alone, but a __________, by definition, always stands alone.
phoneme
a basic sound unit of a given language
artificial concept
a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics.
outgroup
a group that one does not belong to or identify with
neurological disorder
a learning disability is a
words and expressions
a lexicon consists of
a schema
a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
Common ground
a set of knowledge that the speaker and listener share and they think, assume, or otherwise take for granted that they share.
category
a set of objects that can be treated as equivalent in some way. (The mental representations we form of categories)
representative sample
a subset of the population that accurately represents the general population.
linguistic intergroup bias
can produce and reproduce the representation of intergroup relationships by painting a picture favoring the ingroup.
concepts (definition)
categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.
Crystallized intelligence
characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it (used When you learn, remember, and recall information)
Analytical intelligence
demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast. (closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations)
Standard deviations
describe how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets.
Representative bias
describes a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something
intelligence quotient
describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence.
syntax is
grammatical rules for arranging words and expressions together
availability heuristic
heuristic in which you make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is that readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision.
Norming
involves giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups.
Range of Reaction
is the theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on his or her genetic makeup.
morpheme
the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning
confirmation bias
the tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs.
intelligence level
there are many factors working together to influence an individual's _____________
problem solving strategy
trial and error is a ?
Practical intelligence
type of intelligence that appears to be separate from traditional understanding of IQ
