psych quizzes finals

The more we see and interact with other people, the more likely they are to become our friends. This statement captures the essence of the ______ effect.

Correct propinquity

The basic concepts of social exchange theory address

Correct rewards and costs, outcome, and comparison level.

If you had the misfortune to be attacked, who would be the ideal person to witness the attack?

.A person who is alone If they are alone, they are much more likely to help in some way.

Which of the following is NOT an act of aggression as traditionally defined by social psychologists?

.Accidentally running over a pedestrian

Which of the following is NOT a condition for successful use of contact to reduce prejudice?

.Independence among the groups Interdependence is what is needed!

The idea that natural selection favors behaviors that help a genetic relative is known as

Correct kin selection.

Jamal and Tina just earned the top two scores on their calculus examination. In response to this good news, Tina is likely to say _________ whereas Jamal is likely to say __________.

"Well, I did study for ten hours"; "Some people have it and some people don't."

If you unintentionally anger or frustrate someone, it is a good idea to:

. Apologize sincerely. An apology, coupled with the unintentional nature of the frustrating act, will likely reduce any aggressive tendencies they might have.

According to social exchange theory, who will be the happiest in their relationship?

.Janet, who feels she has invested little in the relationship but gets much in return Social exchange theory is about getting as much as you can, while having it cost you little. So according to it, Janet should be happiest.

The central premise of realistic group conflict theory is that:

.Prejudice emerges when groups compete for limited resources. When competition occurs for things that are scarce, groups tend to dislike one another more.

Women and men tend to respond to direct provocation with similar rates of aggression.

.True Men and women are much more similar than different, even on aggression.

Research indicates that the mere presence of an aggressive object, such as a gun, increases the likelihood of aggression. T or F

.True We think of guns as synonymous with aggression, so when we see one, it tends to increase our aggressive feelings.

You are a researcher interested in studying the phenomena of bystander intervention and pluralistic ignorance. You design a study in which participants overhear a heated exchange that appears to be a domestic abuse situation. In pretesting you find that 85% of individuals who are alone help. What percentage should you predict will help when individuals are tested in groups of four?

60% This is the percentage that Darley & Latane found when they had a group of four experience an emergency situation.

According to the social-psychological definition of "aggression," which of the behaviors below is the best example of aggression?

A child throws a temper tantrum and tries to hit his father.

You work for the College Board Testing Service and want to write directions for the SAT that will reduce the chance that students taking the test will experience stereotype threat. What should you include in the directions?

A reminder of their past academic success and achievements. Reminding them of this will serve to reduce their anxiety over being compared to the stereotype.

Your professor creates two groups in the classroom in random fashion. For each person in the class, he reaches into a bag and pulls out either a red or blue chip thus creating a "red team" and a "blue team." You happen to be a member of the red team. How are you likely to treat members of the blue team?

All of the above Even in these random groups, people will display various levels of prejudice toward the outgroup.

Your friend Dina has a stereotype that Asian Americans are good in math. Because she holds and endorses this view, Dina is:

All of the above The stereotype can affect her perception in many areas.

You have been hired by Habitat for Humanity to increase the number of students on your campus who spend their spring break building houses for those in need. Which strategy will be UNLIKELY to promote volunteerism?

All of the above should promote volunteerism rates. Good mood, empathy, and understanding the bystander effect are all good strategies.

When researchers suggest that people tend to prefer an "average" face as being most physically attractive, they mean that

Correct people prefer faces based on mathematically averaged composites.

Which of the following will reduce the likelihood that frustration will lead to aggression? If the frustrating event was:

All of the above will reduce the chance that frustration will lead to aggression If the frustrating occurrence is understandable or legitimate, or was done unintentionally, then you're less likely to aggress.

Research examining the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype cross-culturally has found that

Americans and Koreans both believe that more attractive people are more sociable, friendly, popular, and likable.

You have been put in charge of the charity drive for your sorority. What might you do to maximize the donations to your charity?

Ask people to donate when they are in a good mood A good mood increases helping behavior. Ever notice times when you're more helpful because you're in a good mood; or times when you're not helpful because you're in a bad mood?

In her research, Devine makes a distinction between:

Automatic and controlled processing of stereotypes. Devine has found that both high and low prejudiced individuals may be affected by stereotypes, but low prejudice individuals may be able to control their effects.

Which expression is supported by research on attraction?

Birds of a feather flock together People who are more similar on attitudes, interests, and other characteristics are more likely to end up in long-term relationships.

Which of the following findings provides the soundest support for the assertion that we learn aggression by observing others and imitating them?

Children who watch an adult assault a "Bobo" doll will imitate that behavior in the laboratory.

Research suggests that there is _____________ between babies and adults, men and women, and people from several cultures as to what is considered physically attractive.

Correct amazing consistency

Recall that Elaine Hatfield (Walster) and her colleagues (1966) randomly paired incoming students for a first-year orientation dance. They found that men _____

Correct and women both valued physical attractiveness.

Ramona cares deeply about Raül, but does not feel any passion for him. Raül, on the other hand, has feelings of great longing accompanied by physical arousal whenever she's near. In this situation, Ramona is feeling _____ love for Raül, whereas Raül, is feeling _____ love for Ramona.

Correct companionate; passionate

In romantic relationships, when would similarity with your partner be the least important?

Correct if you are just looking for a "fling"

When evaluating a relationship, which of the following is NOT a concern according to social exchange theory?

Equality and fairness between partners Social exchange theory isn't really about fairness/equality. It's about what you're getting out of a relationship, what it's costing you, and if you could do better elsewhere.

Which of the following provides the best evidence for the influence of heat upon aggression?

Experiment in which students in a hot room expressed greater hostility than students in a normal temperature room. While the other examples are helpful in the understanding of the effect of heat on aggression, they are correlational studies. The above is an experiment which provides the greatest support.

As defined by social psychologists, aggression is the intentional or unintentional infliction of pain upon another. T or F

False Aggression is intentional. An unintentional act that caused pain would be an accident.

What is considered "beautiful" tends to vary widely across cultures. true or false

False There is a great deal of consistency in what is seen as attractive around the world.

Research indicates that venting anger by punching a wall or breaking a pencil helps to reduce aggression against other people. T or F

False This is a Freudian concept known as catharsis, and it has been shown to not be effective. In fact, it has been shown to increase aggressive feelings.

Which of the following groups is NOT protected by national laws banning discrimination in the workplace?

Homosexuals

What is important to consider when determining whether someone is likely to leave a relationship?

How satisfied they are in the relationship What they think of the alternatives to the current relationship How much they have invested in the relationship

Your boss is trying to reduce aggression in the workplace. What should you suggest to him?

Include empathy training in staff meetings.

In a field study by Hebl and colleagues, job applicants who were portrayed as homosexual faced:

Interpersonal but not formal discrimination. The job applicants weren't kept from filling out an application or other formal proceedings, but the people they interacted with did display signs of discomfort.

You are sitting in a room with a locked closet. As you are sitting there, what appears to be smoke begins seeping from behind the locked closet door. What are you likely to do?

It depends on how many people are with you in the room If alone, you'll get help, if with other people you are likely to not do anything. Another great study by Darley and colleagues.

According to equity theory, who will be the happiest in their relationship?

Jack, who feels that both he and his partner, Jenn, contribute equally to the relationship. Equity theory is about seeking a balance in a relationship; each partner contributing equal and getting equal benefits.

Which of these people is most likely to help a person in need?

Karim, who is running a few minutes early for his appointment A study by Darley & Batson tested just this and found that people in a hurry, people who were religious, and people who had just written about helping were not more likely to help. Only those who weren't in a hurry were more likely to help.

Which of the following best exemplifies the concept "prejudice" as used by social psychologists?

Kevin feels mistrustful of and uncomfortable around people from the Middle East.

You want your new coach to have a good impression of you. What is a good strategy for you to use?

Let him know you come from the same hometown. Let him know you like his style of coaching. Have frequent contact with him.

The most recent research on attraction indicates:

Men and women rate physical attraction as equally important in sexual relationships.

If you want people to remember your product, research indicates you are best advised to advertise on televisions shows with:

Neutral content Research shows that violent or sexual content will interfere with memory for the products being advertised.

Jeremy is about to go on a blind date set up by his friend Justin. Justin gave Jeremy a picture of Carol, his potential date, and she is very attractive. Jeremy is about to call Carol to make arrangements for the date and to get to know her a little better. Which of the following is most likely to occur, according to the experiment by Mark Snyder, Elizabeth Decker Tanke, and Ellen Berscheid (1977)?

No matter what Carol really looks like, she will be judged as more attractive and confident by a third person listening in on the party line.

According to Latané and Darley, in order to help in an emergency, a person must do which of the following?

Notice the event B.Interpret the event as an emergency C.Assume responsibility for helping

Which of the following is supported by research?

Physical attractiveness bestows similar benefits to men and women.

What factors predict attraction?

Physical proximity Similarity in attitudes Familiarity

You are the mayor of a town and distressed by a recent case in which a person in need went unaided by several individuals who passed him lying in the street. What might you do to increase helping in your town?

Reduce people's focus on hurrying to their next event. People in a hurry are less likely to notice an emergency, and are more distracted, therefore making them less likely to help. If you could change this, it would be good.

Some have speculated that people in rural areas are more likely to help than are people in urban areas because "trust" and "being neighborly" are more valued in rural than in urban settings. Were this true, who would be most likely to help a stranger who needed assistance?

Tammie, who is visiting Chicago from a small town in Vermont

Richard Nisbett (1993) has conducted research pointing to regional differences in the propensity to aggress. Based on his findings, which of the men below would be more likely to beat up another man who called his wife "ugly"?

Ted, who lives in Texas

In the U.S., one of the most crucial determinants of whether or not we will like someone is:

The degree to which we think they like us.

Which of the following best summarizes the social exchange theory approach to helping?

The rewards of helping often outweigh the costs, so helping is in our self-interest. Helping others is beneficial to us. Remember with social exchange theory, we're looking to maximize our benefits.

Pluralistic ignorance means:

The tendency to assume nothing is wrong because no one else looks concerned. If someone has fallen on the sidewalk and no one looks concerned, many people will walk on by, thinking that it isn't an emergency because no one else thinks it is.

You are disturbed to hear that your classmate had her expensive, new mountain bike stolen from campus. You are concerned because you have a similar bike. You are likely to:

Think it foolish of your classmate to have left her on the bike racks with only a moderately strong lock. This would be an example of blaming the victim.

Your sister wants to train her son to respond in other ways besides aggression. You should advise her:

To encourage the development of empathy in her son.

In terms of brain activation, falling in love is, in some ways, like a drug. true or false

True Falling in love triggers neurons to fire in centers of the brain related to emotions, resulting in chemicals being released that have the same effect as some drugs.

Which description best characterizes individuals with an anxious/ambivalent attachment style?

Want to be close but fears partner's reaction The attachment style of anxious/ambivalent means that the person had an on/off connection with their primary caregivers. So they want connection, but are worried about it.

Which statement best reflects the research evidence between aggression and watching violence on television?

Watching violence tends to have an increasing effect on aggression. Overall, violent tv does seem to have this effect.

Evolutionary psychologists explain helping behavior by invoking the norm of reciprocity, which means:

When I help others they will be more likely to help me in the future Reciprocity means paying something back, and the norm of reciprocity is that we know we should reciprocate if someone helps us and vice-versa.

Imagine that you are a participant in one of Devine's studies of automatic and controlled processing of stereotypes. You are low in prejudice against African-Americans. You can expect that:

Your automatic responses are similar to highly prejudiced individuals but your controlled responses differ. When making a quick judgment, you may act like a high prejudice person would, but when given time and resources, you would not.

Imagine that you are in a burning building and must flee in order to survive. You can only assure the safety of one person. Who do you save?

Your child Evolutionary theory predicts that we are more likely to help those who are more closely related to us.

Who is most likely to help only when they feel that it is in their own self-interest to do so?

Your classmate All the others will likely help without it being in their own self interest. But a classmate with little connection to you will need more motivation to help.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to stop and help a stranger in need?

ack, currently in a rural town in Mississippi, who is walking to work alone. Jack is alone, therefore reducing the bystander effect. He's also in a small town, where helping is somewhat more likely.

John and Sam get into a fistfight in the middle of a gun shop. The presence of the guns would be an example of

aggressive stimuli.

Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response, but does not inevitably lead to such a response (e.g., Berkowitz, 1993). A number of situational factors work to accentuate frustration, further increasing the odds of aggression. For example, frustration is accentuated when we

are close to our intended goal.

Patricia Devine (1989) argues that even though we all hold _____ stereotypes, _____ can influence whether we believe and act on them.

automatically activated; conscious processing

According to the authors of your text, higher levels of serotonin serve to _________ aggression, while higher levels of testosterone serve to ___________ aggression.

decrease; increase

Juanita sees a crowd of people gathered around a man lying on the ground. She thinks about whether to call an ambulance, but then reasons that somebody else has probably already done so. This is an example of

diffusion of responsibility.

The definition of ___________ is "unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group."

discrimination

A child starts to cry after she sees her best friend trip and scrape her knee. The child's behavior is most likely an example of

empathy

Alice Isen and Paul Levin (1972) found that mall shoppers who found dimes were more likely to help a stranger pick up papers he had dropped. These results suggest that

finding a dime put people in a good mood and increased their helping.

An in-group is a group with which individuals

identify.

You have seen few people with nose rings, and few car accidents in your life. You happen to observe several car accidents involving people with nose rings, and come to the conclusion that people with nose rings drive badly. You have just created a(n)

illusory correlation.

Andrea asks her friends to spread a nasty rumor about her opponent for the office of class president to attempt to damage his reputation in the days before the election. This is an example of

instrumental aggression.

According to the authors, one nearly inevitable consequence of being the target of relentless prejudice is

lower self-esteem

People in interdependent cultures are

more likely to help in-group members, but less likely to help out-group members.

When prejudiced people say, "They all look alike to me," they are illustrating the

out-group homogeneity bias.

Recall that John Darley and Daniel Batson (1973) conducted a study in which participants were provided the opportunity to help when they were on their way to deliver a brief speech on the Good Samaritan or on another topic. These researchers found that _____ because _________.

participants in a hurry were less likely to help; they didn't notice the man slumped in the doorway

Whereas ______ is any act performed to benefit another, _____ is such an act performed with no regard for one's safety or interests.

prosocial behavior; altruism

According to the tenets of evolutionary theory, reproduction is more costly (in terms of time, energy, and effort) for females than it is for males. Thus, it is advantageous for males to ______ and for females to _______.

pursue many females; pair infrequently, and with a carefully chosen male

Well-controlled laboratory experiments and field studies (e.g., McDonald, Zanna, & Fong, 1996) have revealed that alcohol consumption contributes to aggression by

reducing social inhibitions and restraints.

Stereotypes are beneficial to the extent that they

simplify a complex social world.

As the only African American in his class, LaMonte tends to worry about committing errors because he does not want his white counterparts to think that all African Americans are intellectually inferior. LaMonte is experiencing

stereotype threat.

Whenever Jeff becomes angry, he suppresses his emotions. He continues to hold in these feelings, and they build up until one day he explodes and punches his hand through a wall. Jeff's behavior is an illustration of

the hydraulic theory of aggression.

William Griffitt and Roberta Veitch (1971) administered tests to students who were randomly assigned to take the test in a room with normal temperature or in a ninety-degree room. After completing the test, students were asked how aggressive they felt, and their hostility toward a stranger was measured. These researchers found that students in the

the ninety-degree room felt more aggressive than those in the normal room, and were more hostile to the stranger.

The basic assumption of social exchange theory is that we will help others when

the rewards outweigh the costs.

In John Darley and Bibb Latané's (1968) classic "seizure" experiment, participants were more likely to help the (alleged) seizure victim (and to help more quickly) when they believed that

they were the only ones listening.