Psych Unit 14: Social Psychology
outgroup
"them" — those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
ingroup
"us" — people with whom we share a common identity
Lexie insists best friend's crash resulted from her carelessness. Her explanation for accident provides an example of _____
Dispositional attribution
GRIT
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of _____ on aggression
Heredity
Bill publicly agrees with his friends that Superman is better than Batman. However, he actually likes Batman better. Bill's public conformity to his friends' opinion illustrates the power of _____
Normative social influence
conformity resulting from person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be response to _____
Normative social influence
_____ _____ and _____ also shapes behavior
Personal attitudes, dispositions
observing yourself on a videotape is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute your behavior to _____
Personality traits
what determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for welcome week dance liked each other?
Physical attractiveness
Our social intuitions are often ___ but sometimes ___
Powerful, perilous
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
stereotype
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
social trap
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
The enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies occurs when people within a group discuss an idea that most of them either favor or oppose. This tendency is called
a. group polarization.
When we believe our school is better than all the other schools in town we exhibit
a. ingroup bias
Associating ourselves with certain groups and contrasting ourselves with others is often referred to as establishing
a. social identity
conformity
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group or standard
passionate love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
social-responsibility norm
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
norm
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; prescribe "proper" behavior
prejudice
an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
central route persuasion
attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route persuasion
attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
_____ are belief based feelings that guide behavior
attitudes
Which of the following statements is false?
b. Playing violent video games decreases aggressive thoughts and behaviors.
Which of the following statements about the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is false?
b. The Chinese took advantage of this phenomenon in the thought control program they used on prisoners during the Korean war.
Becoming less self-conscious and less restrained when in a group situation is termed
b. deindividuation.
When we overestimate the influence of personality, and underestimate the influence of situations, we are demonstrating
b. the fundamental attribution error.
Which of the following least describes prejudice?
d. A physical behavior intended to hurt or destroy
If Juan believes Ngoc is annoyed with him, he may snub her, causing her to act in ways that justify his perception. This is an example of
d. a mirror-image perception.
Conformity is best described as
d. adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard.
When we become aware that our attitudes and actions don't coincide, we experience tension, or
e. cognitive dissonance.
Rosa Parks' refusal to sit at the back of the bus is an example of
e. minority influence.
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
blame-the-victim dynamic
if the circumstances of poverty breed a higher crime rate, someone can then use the higher crime rate to justify continuing the discrimination against those who live in poverty
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
social scripts
mental tapes for how to act, provided by our culture
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
mood linkage (also may not be important)
sharing up and down moods
The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of _____ and to overestimate the impact of _____ in explaining the behavior of others
situational influences, personality influences
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
reward theory of attraction
that we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and that we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs
personal space
the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
conpanionate love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
rape myth
the idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get "swept away" while being "taken"
social loafing
the tendency for peope in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
just-world phenomenon
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
outgroup homogeneity
the tendency to overestimate the similarity of those within other groups
other-race effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races; also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias
social exchange theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
chameleon effect (may not be important, but eh)
unconsciously mimicking others' expressions, postures, and voice tones
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Social behavior is ____ rooted
Biologically
opinion change resulting from thoughtful focus on content of arguments illustrates _____
Central route persuasion
the affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as _____
Companionate love
adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward group standard
Conformity
research participants believed that the Ash _____ test involved a study of visual perception
Conformity
Familiarity breeds _____ rather than contempt
Fondness
tendency to comply with large request if one has previously complied with small request is _____
Foot-in-the-door
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which a strangers violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates ...
Fundamental attribution error
since 1960, Americans have experienced an _____ in the incidence of depression and an _____ in work hours
Increase, increase
People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value
Individualism
social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among men in cultures that value _____
Individualism
Social psychology's principles are applicable in everyday ____
Life
We construct our social ____
Reality
Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to service as prisoner or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of _____
Role-playing on attitudes
Social influence _____ our behavior
Shape
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy is called
c. aggression.
People frequently credit or blame either internal dispositions or external situations for other's behavior. This is called
c. attribution.
Performing a task better in the presence of others is called
c. social facilitation
deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
mere exposure effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
minority influence (extra)
the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities
personal control (extra)
the power of the individual
social control (extra)
the power of the situation
frustration-aggression principle
the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of person disposition