Psych Unit 14: Social Psychology

outgroup

"them" — those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

ingroup

"us" — people with whom we share a common identity

Lexie insists best friend's crash resulted from her carelessness. Her explanation for accident provides an example of _____

Dispositional attribution

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of _____ on aggression

Heredity

Bill publicly agrees with his friends that Superman is better than Batman. However, he actually likes Batman better. Bill's public conformity to his friends' opinion illustrates the power of _____

Normative social influence

conformity resulting from person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be response to _____

Normative social influence

_____ _____ and _____ also shapes behavior

Personal attitudes, dispositions

observing yourself on a videotape is most likely to increase your tendency to attribute your behavior to _____

Personality traits

what determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for welcome week dance liked each other?

Physical attractiveness

Our social intuitions are often ___ but sometimes ___

Powerful, perilous

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

The enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies occurs when people within a group discuss an idea that most of them either favor or oppose. This tendency is called

a. group polarization.

When we believe our school is better than all the other schools in town we exhibit

a. ingroup bias

Associating ourselves with certain groups and contrasting ourselves with others is often referred to as establishing

a. social identity

conformity

adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group or standard

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

norm

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; prescribe "proper" behavior

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members; generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

central route persuasion

attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

peripheral route persuasion

attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

_____ are belief based feelings that guide behavior

attitudes

Which of the following statements is false?

b. Playing violent video games decreases aggressive thoughts and behaviors.

Which of the following statements about the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is false?

b. The Chinese took advantage of this phenomenon in the thought control program they used on prisoners during the Korean war.

Becoming less self-conscious and less restrained when in a group situation is termed

b. deindividuation.

When we overestimate the influence of personality, and underestimate the influence of situations, we are demonstrating

b. the fundamental attribution error.

Which of the following least describes prejudice?

d. A physical behavior intended to hurt or destroy

If Juan believes Ngoc is annoyed with him, he may snub her, causing her to act in ways that justify his perception. This is an example of

d. a mirror-image perception.

Conformity is best described as

d. adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard.

When we become aware that our attitudes and actions don't coincide, we experience tension, or

e. cognitive dissonance.

Rosa Parks' refusal to sit at the back of the bus is an example of

e. minority influence.

attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

blame-the-victim dynamic

if the circumstances of poverty breed a higher crime rate, someone can then use the higher crime rate to justify continuing the discrimination against those who live in poverty

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

social scripts

mental tapes for how to act, provided by our culture

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

mood linkage (also may not be important)

sharing up and down moods

The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of _____ and to overestimate the impact of _____ in explaining the behavior of others

situational influences, personality influences

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

reward theory of attraction

that we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and that we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs

personal space

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

conpanionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

rape myth

the idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get "swept away" while being "taken"

social loafing

the tendency for peope in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group

outgroup homogeneity

the tendency to overestimate the similarity of those within other groups

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races; also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

chameleon effect (may not be important, but eh)

unconsciously mimicking others' expressions, postures, and voice tones

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Social behavior is ____ rooted

Biologically

opinion change resulting from thoughtful focus on content of arguments illustrates _____

Central route persuasion

the affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as _____

Companionate love

adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward group standard

Conformity

research participants believed that the Ash _____ test involved a study of visual perception

Conformity

Familiarity breeds _____ rather than contempt

Fondness

tendency to comply with large request if one has previously complied with small request is _____

Foot-in-the-door

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which a strangers violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates ...

Fundamental attribution error

since 1960, Americans have experienced an _____ in the incidence of depression and an _____ in work hours

Increase, increase

People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value

Individualism

social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among men in cultures that value _____

Individualism

Social psychology's principles are applicable in everyday ____

Life

We construct our social ____

Reality

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to service as prisoner or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of _____

Role-playing on attitudes

Social influence _____ our behavior

Shape

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy is called

c. aggression.

People frequently credit or blame either internal dispositions or external situations for other's behavior. This is called

c. attribution.

Performing a task better in the presence of others is called

c. social facilitation

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

minority influence (extra)

the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities

personal control (extra)

the power of the individual

social control (extra)

the power of the situation

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of person disposition