Psych Unit 2

Redemptive narratives

Life stories that affirm the transformation from suffering to an enhanced status or state. In American culture, redemptive life stories are highly prized as models for the good self, as in classic narratives of atonement, upward mobility, liberation, and recovery. Think Oprah: grew up poor and against the odds but came out on top ad motivates others

Which of the following refers to all the words in a given language? a. lexicon b. grammar c. morpheme d. semantics

a. lexicon

We use _________ analogies to conceptualize time. a. mathematical b. spatial c. all of the other options are correct d. computer

b. spatial

Kai has now learned that the past participle of "run" is "ran", and no longer incorrectly says "runned". In which area of language development is he progressing here? a. pragmatic b. narrative c. syntactic d. semantic

c. syntactic

Deindividualization

loss of self-awareness in groups

ultimate cause

"why" a behavior in context of natural selection Explanation of an organism's behavior based on its evolutionary adaptations.

Methylation

A chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed.

Genie Wiley

A severely abused and neglected child who provided evidence for the critical period theory.

Groupthink

A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts

Neoteny

A slowing of the process of maturation, allowing more time for growth; an important factor in the development of large brains

Conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

In evolutionary psychology, reproductive success is also known as _________. a. adaptation b. fitness c. sexual selection d. natural selection

I think a, not d though

Experience is ______, and the genome sequence is ______. dynamic; static static; static static; dynamic dynamic; dynamic

a

For which of the following have we not yet developed epigenetic therapies for? all of the other options are correct the effects of famine cognitive disability childhood trauma

a

Which of the following are types of histone modification? ADP-ribosylation all of the other options are correct chromatin plasticity

a

Which of the following has been demonstrated to be associated with methylation patterns of the glucocorticoid receptor gene? maternal licking of rodent offspring schizophrenia autism all of the other options are correct

a

Which of the following refers to the influence of phenotype on gene expression? epigenetics gene selection theory genotype all of the other options are correct

a

"Weird", "Odd", and "Eccentric" are words used to summarize the characteristics in which of the following clusters of personality disorders? a. Cluster A b. Cluster C c. Cluster B d. All of the other options are correct

a. Cluster A

"Wild", "Dramatic", and "Impulsive" are words used to summarize the characteristics included in which of the following clusters of personality disorders? a. Cluster B b. Cluster C c. Cluster A d. All of the other options are correct

a. Cluster B

Hans Eysenck suggested that two traits are the most important traits of the Five-Factor Model. More recently, Jeffrey Gray has suggested that these two traits are important because they are related to fundamental reward and avoidance systems in the brain. Which two traits of the Five-Factor Model are Eysenck and Gray referring to, and how do they map onto the reward and avoidance systems? a. Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment. b. Extroverts approach punishment while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment. c. Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid rewards. d. Extroverts avoid punishment while Neurotic individuals approach rewards.

a. Extroverts approach rewards while Neurotic individuals avoid punishment.

If a language doesn't have a word for "seven", it means that __________. a. It's difficult for native speakers of that language to consider the concept of "7", or multiple "7"s. b. It would be easier for native speakers of that language to consider the concept of "7" than people who speak other languages. c. Native speakers of that language would be better at math than speakers of other languages. d. The cognition of native speakers of that language would be almost identical to people who speak languages with a word for that concept.

a. It's difficult for native speakers of that language to consider the concept of "7", or multiple "7"s.

_____________ exist(s) in the minds of every human. a. Stereotypes b. Racism c. all of the other options are correct d. Discrimination

a. Stereotypes

Which of the following is the best definition of deindividuation? a. a lessening of self-awareness or identity within a group, leading to increased feelings of anonymity and reduced concern for how one's behavior will be evaluated by others in the group b. one human being viewing another as less than human in some way c. the offering of assistance to others without the expectation of immediate reward d. tendency for a person to be less likely to intervene and offer help to a stranger in an emergency situation when there are other people there who might reasonably be thought able to help

a. a lessening of self-awareness or identity within a group, leading to increased feelings of anonymity and reduced concern for how one's behavior will be evaluated by others in the group

Cluster B personality disorders are associated with _________. a. all of the other options are correct b. substance abuse c. depression d. bipolar disorder

a. all of the other options are correct

Danielle's case demonstrates the importance of human contact for normal _________ development. a. all of the other options are correct b. emotional c. grammar d. cognitive

a. all of the other options are correct

Human language shapes human thinking, including how we perceive stimuli and understand events, including which of the following? a. all of the other options are correct b. the way we understand gender expectations c. our understanding of punishment and blame d. the way we experience the passage of time

a. all of the other options are correct

Our current understanding of the adolescent brain, and the world more generally, suggests that an appropriate focus of adolescent education in the future should be _____________. a. all of the other options are correct b. creative thinking c. abstraction d. information synthesis

a. all of the other options are correct

Over the course of the lifespan of a given individual, adolescence is the time when ________ is highest. a. all of the other options are correct openness reward sensitivity riskiness

a. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following contribute to the problems with eyewitness testimony? a. all of the other options are correct b. attention c. stereotypes d. memory

a. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following genotypic predispositions involves an environmental influence on phenotypic expression? a. all of the other options are correct b. personality c. height d. phenylketonuria

a. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following is an accurate description of grammar? a. all of the other options are correct b. a system that allows us to generate logical communication. c. a system that allows us to use a lexicon to convey meaning d. a set of rules

a. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following is an example of a dimorphous expression? a. all of the other options are correct b. cute aggression c. squeezing the cheeks of children. d. "I just wanna eat you up."

a. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following is not fully developed in the teenage brain? a. all of the other options are correct frontal myelination prefrontal cortex frontal lobe

a. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following groups conceptualizes time horizontally, at least in some cases? (from podcast video 11, around 10 min in) a. all of the other options are correct b. native speakers of English c. native speakers of Hebrew d. native speakers of Arabic

a. all of the other options are correct english speakers read and organize things left to right, while arabic and hebrew speakers organize things from right to left

Which of the following do we coordinate in conversation? a. all of the other options are correct b. syntax c. lexicon d. accent

a. all of the other options are correct\

Josh exhibits clinging behavior, submissiveness, and feats of separation. He likely has which personality disorder? a. dependent personality disorder b. avoidant personality disorder c. borderline personality disorder d. antisocial personality disorder

a. dependent personality disorder

Ego-syntonic disorders are not associated with _________. a. distress b. all of the other options are correct c. symptoms d. impairment in functioning

a. distress

Which of the following are not fully developed in adolescents? a. dopamine reward system b. creativity c. all of the other options are correct d. intelligence

a. dopamine reward system

Which of the following are among the most common words that people use to describe themselves and other people? a. friendly b. all of the other answers are correct c. loyal d. dramatic

a. friendly loyal is used to describe dogs, and dramatic is one of the least common words used to describe ones self or others

Which of the following phenomena is associated with dopamine? a. fun all of the other options are correct hate forgetting

a. fun

The construct of "rebellion" here results most directly from which of the following concepts from the second video? radio_button_checked a. habituation b. mere exposure effect c. nudity d. all of the other options are correct

a. habituation

The ________ test has been shown to reveal unconscious prejudices of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups. a. implicit association b. internal attitudes c. true beliefs d. draw-a-person

a. implicit association

The ________ test has even been shown to reveal unconscious bias of people who say they advocate universal equality for all groups. a. implicit association b. draw-a-person c. true beliefs d. internal attitudes

a. implicit association

Gordon Allport and his colleagues' approach to personality led to the development of the five-factor model. Their approach, called the __________________, theorized that all important personality characteristics should be reflected in the language that we use to describe other people a. lexical hypothesis b. Allport Postulate c. common-adjective-use approach d. vocabulary premise

a. lexical hypothesis

Unlike psychoanalytic theory, trait theory emphasizes the influence of parameters in the ________ to explain human behavior. a. present b. past c. environment d. future

a. present

One proposed aspect of the self is that you reflect on and try to change your own self. This describes the self as __________. a. reflexive b. agentic c. bidirectional d. unconscious

a. reflexive

Which of the following is necessary for stereotype threat to affect a person? a. self-stigma b. discrimination c. radio_button_unchecked d. isolation e. prejudice

a. self-stigma

"Priming" can be defined as _____________.. a. the activation of a mental representation, leading to the activation of related representations. b. a mental representation of an event, object, or situation constructed at the time of comprehending a linguistic description. c. rules by which words are strung together to form sentences. d. the hypothesis that the human brain has evolved, so that humans can maintain larger ingroups.

a. the activation of a mental representation, leading to the activation of related representations.

Which of the following is associated with the tendency of adolescents worry more about being cool that other age groups? a. underdeveloped Cognitive Control Network b. underdeveloped Nucleus Accumbens c. active Nucleus Accumbens d. underdeveloped Socio-Emotional Network

a. underdeveloped Cognitive Control Network

When Marissa went skiing for the first time she felt confident she could handle the slow of the medium difficulty runs. When she rode the chair to the top, however, the slope appeared much steeper and she became worried. This is an example of: a. visual descent illusion b. the Darwin Effect c. survival of the fittest d. over-perception

a. visual descent illusion

Polygenic scores can be used to predict ___________, meaning that our genotype is associated with that phenotypic trait. radio_button_checked all of the other options are correct schizophrenia educational attainment reading ability

all of the other options are correct

What makes the comparison between domesticated and wild foxes more useful for scientific and statistical investigation than the comparison between modern dogs and wolves? a. The smaller number of generations differentiating the two groups. b. The smaller number of differences between the two. c. all of the other options are correct d. The amount of information we have about the processes that led to the change from one to the other.

all of the other options are correct

Social Psychology involves which of the following topics? a. groups b. power c. salesmanship d. influence e. obedience f. persuasion g. interpersonal interactions

all options

Which of the following are examples of peripheral route persuasion? a. Your friend tries to convince you to go to a party instead of doing homework by saying: "you have an 'A', you're allowed to drop a few assignments, and there will never be another party like his one." b. smiling increases trustworthiness c. the influence of memorable music in advertising d. "my dog ate my homework" e. interpreting evidence and arriving at a conclusion f. celebrity endorsements g. the layout of an advertising billboard

b. c. f. g

Dyanna is starting to develop more a purposeful and goal-directed approach to set the stage for her motivated self to grow. What age range is Dyanna likely in? a. 12 to 16 years old b. 5 to 7 years old c. adolescence d. 18 months to 2 years

b. 5 to 7 years old

Which of the following questions might be the most effective for examining the phenomenon of false memory? a. Asking participants to undergo hypnosis and then quizzing them on their family members while they are in a hypnotic trance. b. Asking a participant where on the Pepsi machine they saw the button to select a can of Sprite (which is actually a Coke product, not a Pepsi product). c. Showing a participant a video of a professional football game and then asking how many cheerleaders were seen on the sidelines. d. Asking participants to read a story and then giving them a quiz about the story after they have watched a news program on television.

b. Asking a participant where on the Pepsi machine they saw the button to select a can of Sprite (which is actually a Coke product, not a Pepsi product).

This model (BPD) is most similar to which of the following models of personality? a. Freudian b. Big Five c. MBTI d. Jungian

b. Big Five

______ are the basic information that is passed along in DNA that tells cells and molecules how to "build" an organism and how that organism should behave. a. Primary sexual characteristics b. Genes c. Heredity codes d. Adaptations

b. Genes

The construct of "measured rebellion" is most similar to which of the following concepts from the first video? radio_button_checked a. Omerta b. Ironic Detachment c. Itutu d. all of the other options are correct

b. Ironic Detachment

Which of the following is the best example of cognitive dissonance? a. Jamie was a feminism major who writes a blog about social justice and inequality. b. Jalen was an environmental science major before going to law school, but now he sues the EPA frequently. He now believes that the EPA does more harm than good. c. Javon hates his smoking habit. d. Jerelyn was an environmental science major before going into the fracking industry. She understands the negative environmental impacts of fracking, but feels that she can't switch careers. e. Jim hates his mom.

b. Jalen was an environmental science major before going to law school, but now he sues the EPA frequently. He now believes that the EPA does more harm than good.

Who is most closely associated with the idea that the influences of experience can be passed to offspring? a. Freud b. Lamarck c. all of the other options are correct d. Darwin

b. Lamarck

he assigned Invisibilia language episode (HIgh Voltage) provides anecdotal evidence that ______________________. a. all of the other options are correct b. Language influences emotion. c. Language determines thought. d. Language influences time perception.

b. Language influences emotion.

Based on his performance on this task, Piaget would classify this child as being in the ________ stage of development. a. Concrete Operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Formal Operational

b. Preoperational

If someone did not support the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following would most closely align with their position? a. Languages do not describe the world differently. b. Speakers of different languages do not actually perceive colors differently, even if they don't have words for all of the same colors. c. Languages do not have different words for color. d. Without a word for the number "ten", we would be unable to understand the difference between 5 and 10.

b. Speakers of different languages do not actually perceive colors differently, even if they don't have words for all of the same colors.

Activation of the Dopamine reward pathway, in the Nucleus Accumbens, by cute stimuli suggests that cuteness is _________. a. detrimental b. addictive c. beneficial d. evolutionary

b. addictive (cuteness is activated in the same place of the brain as cocaine and meth)

Attribution primarily involves _____________. a. describing intention b. all of the other options are correct c. assigning blame d. describing causality

b. all of the other options are correct

Behavioral consequences of the state of Liget include ___________. a. throwing heads b. all of the other options are correct c. yelling d. decapitating people

b. all of the other options are correct

Languages exist that don't have words for ____________. a. more than 2 colors b. all of the other options are correct c. certain emotions d. large numbers

b. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following refers to a component of every sentence? a. semantics b. all of the other options are correct c. syntax d. words

b. all of the other options are correct

In the classic study by Hartshorne, May, Maller, and Shuttleworth (1928), the authors found that if they varied the situation, they could get children to behave honestly or dishonestly depending on the situation. This study supports the belief that ______. a. children's ethical behavior depends on their personality b. children's ethical behavior depends on the situation c. children's ethical behavior depends on their parents d. children's ethical behavior is genetically determined

b. children's ethical behavior depends on the situation

Experience can influence the phenotype of offspring through _______ mechanisms. a. Lamarckian b. epigenetic c. all of the other options are correct d. genetic

b. epigenetic

"Society doesn't cause crime, criminals do". Which of the following best describes the opinion expressed in this quote? a. social facilitation b. fundamental attribution error c. all of the other options are correct d. self-serving bias

b. fundamental attribution error

Epigenetic mechanisms most directly influence which of the following? a. the genome b. gene expression c. genes d. the genotype

b. gene expression

CRISPR operates most directly on __________. a. the epigenome b. genes c. phenotype d. genotype

b. genes

A heritability coefficient is computed, relying on the average ___________ of monozygotic and dizygotic twins? a. genotypes b. genetic relatedness c. genes d. phenotypes

b. genetic relatedness

Bruno is extraverted to a maladaptive level. This includes traits such as attention-seeking, seductiveness, melodramatic emotionality, and extreme attachment needs. Bruno likely has which personality disorder? a. obsessive-compulsive b. histrionic c. borderline d. narcissistic

b. histrionic

The process by which people attempt to monitor and control how others view them is known as ___________. a. attribution b. impression management c. conformity d. self

b. impression management

Which of the following would lead to an increased likelihood of strangers helping someone in trouble? a. all of the other options are correct b. increasing the proportion of males in the group of potential helpers c. decreasing the danger of the situation d. increasing the size of the group of potential helpers

b. increasing the proportion of males in the group of potential helpers

Knowing Paige is extremely high in Extraversion does not help predict her scores on Neuroticism. This is because scores within the Five-Factor Model are mostly ___________, where two traits are separate from one another. Thus, in the Five-Factor Model, you need five scores to describe most of an individual's personality. a. collective b. independent c. intrapsychic d. interdependent

b. independent

Which of the following refers to a system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another? a. lexicon b. language c. all of the other options are correct d. grammar

b. language

The construct of "measured" here results most directly from which of the following concepts from the second video? a. all of the other options are correct b. mere exposure effect c. habituation d. nudity

b. mere exposure effect

Which of the following are examples of questions that would facilitate feelings of intimacy between strangers? a. What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial Christmas trees? b. none of the other options are correct c. Describe the last time you went to the zoo. d. Where are you from? Name all the places you've lived.

b. none of the other options are correct (these are all questions created after the first test and were seen as bad convo starters) good examples include: given the choice of anyone in the world, who would you invite to dinner and why? Do you have a secret hunch about how you will die? If you could change anything about the way you were raised, what would it be? What role do love and affection play in your life?

Unlike Freud (psychoanalytic theory), Gordon Allport (trait theory) emphasized ____________ to try to explain human behavior. a. all of the other options are correct b. personal characteristics c. past experiences d. unconscious influences

b. personal characteristics

Marietta is studying for a psychology test and is working with flashcards that she made. One of them says the following: "This is a person's characteristic manner of thinking, feeling, behaving, and relating to others." What word will she find when she flips the card over? a. attribution b. personality c. attitude d. temperament

b. personality

A __________ involves giving a selection of normally small pictures of faces to eyewitnesses for the purpose of identifying a perpetrator. a. in-vivo identification task b. photo spread c. police lineup d. laboratory study

b. photo spread

Unlike Piaget's stages, Erikson's stages focus on ________ development. psycho-sexual b. psycho-social Correct radio_button_unchecked moral radio_button_checked cognitive Incorrect

b. psycho-social

Stereotypes are necessary for which of the following? a. discrimination b. stereotype threat c. prejudice d. all of the other options are correct

b. stereotype threat

Which of the following is associated with adolescence? risk aversion b. synaptic pruning all of the other options are correct well established, fixed neural circuits

b. synaptic pruning

Which of the following refers to the manner by which words are organized into sentences? a. grammar b. syntax c. semantics d. lexicon

b. syntax

When an individual reflects on her sense of self as an embodied actor whose social performances may be construed in terms of more or less consistent self, upon which aspect of the self is she reflecting? a. the "motivated agent" b. the "social actor" c. the "reflexive artist" d. the "autobiographical author"

b. the "social actor"

Introverts have a greater affinity for _________ than Extroverts. a. all of the other options are correct b. thinking c. stimulation d. reward

b. thinking

The phenotypic trait that the Belyaev researchers used for selective breeding was _________. a. genotype b. behavioral c. cognitive d. neural

behavioral

Which of the following are enzymes involved in epigenetic mechanisms? histone deacetylases DNA methyltransferases all of the other options are correct histone acetyltransferases

c

Which of the following are enzymes that transfer acetyl groups to specific positions on histone tails, promoting an "open" chromatin state and transcriptional activation? histone deacetylases DNA methyltransferases histone acetyltransferases all of the other options are correct

c

Which is true of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? a. Language can make some distinctions difficult to avoid. b. Language has a profound effect on thought. c. Language can augment certain types of thinking. d. all of the other options are correct

c was not correct

Which of the following are examples of the fundamental attribution error (FAE)? (check all that apply) a. "Most people who become homeless suffer from environmental health issues and economic inequality." b. You're reluctant to suggest your favorite italian place for a first date with an Italian person. c. "Terrorists are evil people." d. "Society doesn't cause crime . . . criminals cause crime." e. You meet someone named Jon who is a professional clown. You assume that he's funny. f. You assume that the driver who cuts you off is a jerk. g. You get a new job, and your boss thinks that you are romantically interested in him because you're so nice.

c. d. f. g.

A person who grew up in American culture has likely developed a redemptive narrative. Which of the examples best represents this concept? a. Weying sees herself as a loyal friend who is willing to forego her own needs if it means her friends and family will be happy. b. Jarred sees himself as a victim who has no other choice but to stay at his job and provide for his family at home. c. Alison sees herself as a girl who had to endure great hardship growing up with divorced parents but has overcome this obstacle and is now happily married. d. DeWayne sees himself as a protagonist who has gotten lucky and been able to pursue his career and family dreams.

c. Alison sees herself as a girl who had to endure great hardship growing up with divorced parents but has overcome this obstacle and is now happily married.

Which of the following should be used to examine the way in which genes and one's environment work together to influence behavior? a. genotyping b. twin studies c. All of the other options are correct. d. child adoption studies

c. All of the other options are correct.

"Worried", "Fearful", and "Avoidant" are words used to summarize the characteristics included in which of the following clusters of personality disorders? a. Cluster A b. Cluster B c. Cluster C d. All of the other options are correct

c. Cluster C

Which of the following is detracts the most from the efficacy of the MBTI as compared to the "Big Five"? a. It was developed, and is currently used, primarily for commercial purposes. b. It allows for too much variation in behavior. c. It relies on a relatively small set of discrete personality "types". d. The Forer Effect

c. It relies on a relatively small set of discrete personality "types"

What are characteristics of the dimension added by the HEXACO model to the Five-Factor Model? a. The honesty-trustworthy dimension was added to describe people are truthful, empathetic, and noncompetitive, not liars, callousness, or apathy. b. The honesty-trustworthy dimension was added to describe people are defensive, manipulative, and gregarious, not shy, agreeable, or authentic. c. The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered. d. The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are ambitious, independent, and optimistic, not pessimistic, interdependent, or lazy.

c. The honesty-humility dimension was added to describe people who are sincere, fair, and modest, not manipulative, narcissistic, or self-centered.

It's important to be cautious when interpreting cases of feral children, such as Danielle Crockett and Genie Wiley, because feral children are generally often ________, which is also partially responsible for cognitive, behavioral, and emotional deficits. a. cognitively advanced b. extroverted c. abused d. all of the other options are correct

c. abused

Teenagers are especially susceptible to _______________. a. environmental influence on behavior b. temptation c. all of the other options are correct d. addiction

c. all of the other options are correct

The concept of Liget (High Voltage) is an example of words changing ________. a. concepts b. representations c. all of the other options are correct d. perception

c. all of the other options are correct

The famous case of Genie Wiley provided evidence for _________ in ________ development. critical periods; grammar critical periods; social-emotional all of the other options are correct plasticity; neural

c. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following is amplified during adolescence? a. rationalization b. pleasure seeking c. all of the other options are correct d. dopamine response

c. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following is best suited to examine the way in which genes and one's environment work together to influence behavior? a. cognitive studies b. cross-sectional studies c. child adoption studies d. qualitative studies

c. child adoption studies

Which of these is primarily behavioral? a. all of the other options are correct b. stereotypes c. discrimination d. prejudices

c. discrimination

Language forms part of the foundation of ____________. a. movement b. sensation c. perception d. all of the other options are correct

c. perception (not all of the above)

Which of the following is positively correlated with learning? a. reduction in synapse size b. reduction in the number of cells c. reduction in the number of synapses d. all of the other options are correct

c. reduction in the number of synapses

What does information travel and spread through when people exchange their gossip? a. unrestrained contacts b. information systems c. social networks d. relationship linkages

c. social networks

The brain has far more _________ during early childhood than the average adult brain. a. myelinated axons b. all of the other options are correct. c. synapses d. neurons

c. synapses

Methylation is __________. a chemical process a histone modification an epigenetic mechanism all of the other options are correct

d.

Renette has been trying to paint her bathroom for 3 weeks now, but she has made almost no progress. Every time she paints a wall, she uses a magnifying glass to ensure that the job is "perfect." If there is even the slightest imperfection, she will strip the paint off and start again. Renette is demonstrating the symptoms of __________ personality disorder. a. schizoid b. hoarding c. histrionic d. obsessive-compulsive

d. . obsessive-compulsive

Based on his performance on these tasks, which of the following is this child most likely to be able to demonstrate? Theory of Mind Conservation of Volume Moral Reasoning d. Object Permanence

d. Object Permanence

In Piaget's terms, this child is in the ______ stage of development. a. Formal Operational b. Concrete Operational c. Sensorimotor d. Preoperational

d. Preoperational

Which of the following hypothesis regarding the relationship between language and thought is supported by available evidence? a. Linguistic determinism b. all of the other options are correct c. Thought is only possible using language. d. Thinking is directed toward properties highlighted by language.

d. Thinking is directed toward properties highlighted by language.

Which of the following personality disorder clusters from the DSM was not covered in greater depth in either the second or third video in this assignment? a. Worried b. Weird c. None of the other options are correct d. Wild

d. Wild

What is the definition of self-esteem? a. a person's sense of positive social reputation. b. a person's sense of self as a motivated agent. c. a person's sense of social identity. d. a person's sense of feeling worthy or good.

d. a person's sense of feeling worthy or good.

Over time, humans developed the ability to shiver. This is an example of ___________. a. a reproductive adaptation b. a unit of heredity c. a mating advantage d. a survival adaptation

d. a survival adaptation

Our future is determined by ________. a. our environment b. our personality c. our past experiences d. all of the other answers are correct

d. all of the other answers are correct

"Psychological self-defense" describes ways that our cognitive system protects ____________. a. our self-worth b. our perception of our selves c. our ability to feel good about ourselves d. all of the other options are correct

d. all of the other options are correct

Neoteny is associated with _____. a. cuteness b. a large head relative to the body c. helplessness d. all of the other options are correct

d. all of the other options are correct

The deficits exhibited by feral children demonstrate that human contact is imporant for the normal development of _________. walking social behavior talking d. all of the other options are correct

d. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following can result from self-stigma? a. mental health problems b. avoidance c. isolation d. all of the other options are correct

d. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following contribute to self-stigma? a. prejudices b. discrimination c. stereotypes d. all of the other options are correct

d. all of the other options are correct

Which of the following rely on proximate causes, at least to some extent, to explain human behavior? a. The Theory of Reciprocal Altruism b. The Bystander Effect c. Deindividuation d. all of the other options are correct

d. all of the other options are correct

Our current understanding of the adolescent brain, and the world more generally, suggests that an appropriate focus of adolescent education in the future should be _____________. a. all of the other options are correct b. testing c. formal logic d. cognitive control

d. cognitive control

Which of the following refers to the tendency of people to bring their behaviors, attitudes, and/or beliefs in line with group norms and pressures? a. groupthink b. the bystander effect c. altruism d. conformity

d. conformity

The independent variable that is manipulated in this experiment was the _________. (the study was a baby picture manipulated to look even cuter, and see the effect the pictures had on the participants and their mood) a. mood of participants b. the word search c. how nurturing people felt d. cuteness of the baby pictures

d. cuteness of the baby pictures

Behavioral characteristics of adolescents should be ________. a. all of the other options are correct b. discouraged c. modified d. embraced

d. embraced

Which of the following refers to the mechanisms associated with the genetic transmission of information that was acquired through experience? a. evolution b. natural selection c. genetics d. epigenetics

d. epigenetics

This definition of epigenetics is more _________ than the definition offered in the previous video. a. accurate b. useful c. all of the other options are correct d. focused on mechanism

d. focused on mechanism

Which of the following describes a way of thinking and behaving in groups whereby decisions are made not as a result of rational considerations and weighing of evidence, but as a result of group members not wanting to adversely affect group morale, make waves, or appear disloyal to leaders? a. dehumanization b. deindividuation c. the bystander effect d. groupthink

d. groupthink

Which of the following parts of "baby schema" are most similar to the Japanese concept of Kawaii, which was introduced in the previous video? a. all of the other options are correct b. round head c. soft surfaces d. large head relative to body

d. large head relative to body

Which of the following refers to the hypothesis that the language humans speak influences the way they think? a. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis b. translation c. linguistic determinism d. linguistic relativity (linguistic relativism)

d. linguistic relativity (linguistic relativism)

A male peacock has bright feathers even though this could potentially make him a target for predators. Which of the following best explains his bright feathers? a. the contradictory effect b. survival of the fittest c. genetic selection d. mating advantage

d. mating advantage

Unlike Piaget's stages, Kohlberg's stages focus on ________ development. a. psycho-sexual b.. psycho-social c. cognitive d. moral

d. moral

Which of the following is an ultimate cause? a. fear b. all of the other options are correct c. hunger d. morality

d. morality

Behavioral characteristics of adolescents should be __________. a. all of the other options are correct b. stigmatized c. punished d. nurtured

d. nurtured

Dehumanization refers to ____________. a. the tendency for people to be less likely to offer assistance in an emergency when there are other people there who might reasonably be thought able to help. b. a way of thinking and behaving in groups whereby decisions are made not as a result of rational considerations and weighing of evidence, but as a result of group members not wanting to adversely affect group morale, make waves, or appear disloyal to leaders. c. a lessening of self-awareness or identity within a group, leading to increased feelings of anonymity and reduced concern for how one's behavior will be evaluated by others in the group. d. one human being viewing another as less than human in some way - as a beast or an animal.

d. one human being viewing another as less than human in some way - as a beast or an animal.

Which of the following would be more difficult without having words to describe large numbers? a. hunting b. child rearing c. all of the other options are correct d. planning

d. planning

Which of the following phenomena is generally associated with dopamine? emotion all of the other options are correct pain reward

d. reward

The construct of "personality" is most closely related to which of the following? a. humanism b. psychoanalysis c. emotion d. self

d. self

The field of behavioral genetics, as described so far, relies primarily on ________ methodology. neuroscience experimental neuropsychology statistical

d. statistical

Of the following, which are more closely associated with trait theory [Allport] than the other theoretical approaches to personality described in this video (Psychoanalytic [Freud], Psychodynamic [Freud's students], Social-Cognitive [Bandura], & Humanistic [Maslow])? (check all that apply) a. Thematic Apperception Test I b. Personal Control c. Rorschach Test d. Internal vs. External Locus of Control e. The "Big Five" f. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory g. Unconscious Influences h. "Ideal" vs. "Feared" Selves i. Self Actualization j. Free Association k. Reciprocal Determinism

e. The "Big Five" f. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

A behavioral trait that is completely genetically determined would undermine the concept of _________. phenotypes all of the other options are correct free will adaptation

free will

This new research focuses on which of the following levels of analysis? phenotypic behavioral neural genotypic

genotypic

Identity is _________. a. equally influenced by all past experiences b. equally influenced by all personality traits c. all of the other answers are correct d. constructive

i think d. constructive (not all the above thought)

The Theory of _____________ stresses the fact that natural selection operates on the level of ___________. a. inclusive fitness; genes b. inclusive fitness; organisms c. reciprocal altruism; genes d. reciprocal altruism; species

inclusive fitness; genes

Each person's awareness of, and ideas about, his or her own individual nature, characteristics, and existence is known as ___________. a. attribution b. self c. cognitive dissonance d. impression management

not a

Which of the following is true of adolescent brain development? a. The neural characteristics of adolescence have been advantageous over evolutionary time. b. The neural characteristics of adolescence can result in danger for individual adolescents. c. All of the other options are correct d. High intelligence with high openness is associated with innovation.

not a

Which of the following results from a hyperactive dopamine system? a. hormonal imbalance b. immature behavior c. positive bias d. all of the other options are correct

not all of the above

Adolescence is a time of __________. a. raging hormones b. higher baseline dopamine c. all of the other options are correct d. higher dopamine responsiveness

not all the above

Which of the following results from a hyperactive dopamine system? a. immature behavior b. hormonal imbalance c. positive bias d. all of the other options are correct

not all the above

According to the NOBA Epigenetics reading, there is evidence of epigenetic influence on which of the following? cognition stress response personality traits all of the other options are correct

not b

One epigenetic mechanism that has been identified directly affects ________. protein acetylation histone modification methylation patterns all of the other options are correct

not b

Over the course of the lifespan of a given individual, adolescence is the a time when ________ is lowest. a. impulsivity b. none of the other options are correct c. reasoning ability d. intelligence

not c

Risky behavior in adolescents was selected for over evolutionary time because it is associated with a higher probability of _____________. a. safety b. adaptation c. reward d. all of the other options are correct

not c

Personality refers to ______. a. characteristic ways that people differ from one another. b. people's unconscious processes. c. a person's feelings, thoughts, and attitudes d. the unique ways people learn behaviors.

not c, i think a.

The Kitty Genovese murder is the classic example of which of the following? a. the bystander effect b. deindividuation c. groupthink d. dehumanization

the bystander effect

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change; differences in traits that aren't due to changes in DNA sequence

bystander effect (diffusion of responsibility)

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

alturism

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

theory of reciprocal altruism

view that altruism is long-term cooperation; one individual may help another but that assistance will be reciprocated at some time in the future