Psych unit 2

Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of

double-blind procedure

To study the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among boys and girls in the school yard. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv employ?

naturalistic observation

If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are

negatively correlated

Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate

overconfidence

In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a

placebo

The complete set of cases from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)

population

If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are

positively correlated

To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of

random assignment

To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of

random sampling

Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?

replication

Evelyn wants to know how consistent her bowling scores have been during the past season. Which of the following measures would be most relevant to this specific concern?

standard deviation

When the observed difference between the means of an experimental group and control group are not likely due to chance, researchers conclude that this difference is

statistically significant

A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method?

survey

Researchers at the Allied Mental Health Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of depression are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the independent variable in this study?

the type of psychotherapy used to treat depression

According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example of

theory

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the independent variable?

Time of day

Which of the following is the best definition of illusory correlation?

a perceived but nonexistent correlation

Dr. Martinez is studying the effects of diet on mental alertness. Each morning for two weeks, subjects in Dr. Martinez's study eat a breakfast that is either high in carbohydrates or high in protein. Dr. Martinez then measures the subjects' abilities at solving geometry problems. What is the dependent variable in this study?

ability to solve geometry problems

An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates

an operational definition

Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of

hypothesis

After carrying out the appropriate statistical calculations of their data, the researchers concluded that the probability of obtaining the results, if random factors alone were operating, was less than 1 chance out of a 100. The researchers used _____, and can conclude that the results are _____.

inferential statistics; statistically significant

Which of the following defines ethical principles that should guide human experimentation?

informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

Using a frequency polygon, Sydney plotted the incomes of families living in the Ritz Crescent area of town. She discovered that very few families had low incomes, about a quarter had medium incomes, and the majority had high incomes. It would appear that the distribution of family income in Ritz Crescent:

is negatively skewed

When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?

mean

When Mrs. Sanderson plotted the math test scores of her sixth graders in a frequency polygon, the distribution turned out to be positively skewed. This indicates that:

most students had low scores

In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is

$10,000

Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?

+0.60

The closer a correlation coefficient is to _____, the stronger the relationship between the two variables.

+1 or -1

The IQ scores of the five members of the Duluth family are 100, 82, 104, 96, and 118. For this distribution of scores, the range is

36

If scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are normally distributed, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what percentage of scores will fall between 85 and 115?

68

Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is

8

During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read 2 books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25. The median number of books read by these individuals was

9

Tyler wants to know how much the scores in his data differ from each other and whether the scores are widely spread out. Tyler would be well advised to use:

A measure of variability

A researcher who publishes the results of a case study might be most worried about violating which ethical principle of human experimentation?

Confidentiality

A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?

Debriefing

In Dr. Foster's study, one group is given a new medication that is believed to reduce anxiety. Another group is given a medication that looks like the real medication but it has none of the active ingredients in it to affect anxiety. In this experiment, the experimental group is the:

Group that receives the new medication

Yoshiko decided to organize the data from her frequency distribution graphically in a type of bar chart in which the bars were vertical and touched each other. Yoshiko's graph is called a:

Histogram

In 1920, behaviorist John B. Watson conditioned an 8-month-old infant, Albert. He was turned over to Dr. Watson without permission. This violates which ethical principle developed by the American Psychological Association?

Informed consent

In the hypothesis "Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep," what is the dependent variable?

Number of terms remembered

The Merchant Marketing Company wanted to target 18- to 25-year-old males for a new product, so they selected a random, representative subset of this group for test marketing. In this example, the target group is the _____ and the random, representative subset of the group is the _____

Population; sample

In a(n) _____ distribution most people have low scores, whereas in a(n) _____ distribution most people have high scores.

Positively skewed; negatively skewed

In order to determine the variability of the scores on the midterm exam, Professor Ainslie subtracted the mean from each score, squared each of these deviations, added them, divided the result by the total number of scores, and finally took the square root of that number. Professor Ainslie has calculated the:

Standard deviation

The _____ is an example of a symmetrical distribution.

Standard normal curve

Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment?

The experimental group receives the experimental treatment

Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?

The experimental treatment is absent.

In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head damaging the functioning of the frontal lobes. This instance provided evidence that the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and behavior. Researchers have continued to study Gage's brain to better understand this link. Which research method is being used?

case study

Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college grades?

correlation coefficient

Basing decisions or conclusions on observable evidence describes which of the following?

empirical approach

A researcher interested in proving a causal relationship between two variables should choose which research method?

experiment

Professor Smith told one class that alcohol consumption has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that alcohol consumption has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of

hindsight bias